Seminar 1 - Prop of DM

Done By: Padminee Krishnan
1 st year PG
Department of Pedodontics
optical
Structural
relaxation SRM dental college, Ramapuram
Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

 The science of dental materials involves a study of the
composition and properties of materials and the way in

which they interact with the environment in which they are
placed.
 Many materials used in dentistry are supplied as two or
more components which are mixed together to undergo a

chemical reaction, during which the mechanical and
physical properties change dramatically.

 The acceptance of such products by the dentist, depends
upon the
 Properties of unmixed materials
 Properties during mixing
 Properties during setting
 Properties of the set material
McCabe JF, Walls AW, editors. Applied dental materials. John Wiley & Sons; 2013 May 7.

Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips'
science of dental materials. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2013.

RHEOLOGY

 Rheology
Study of the deformation and flow characteristics of
matter.
 Viscosity
Resistance of a fluid to flow.
 Dilatant
Resistance to flow increases as the rate of deformation
increases.
 Thixotropic
Property of gels and other fluids to become less viscous
and flow when subjected to steady shear forces.
 Pseudoplastic
Viscous character that is opposite from Dilatant behaviour.
Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
• Fluid to solid transformation intra-orally or extra-orally
• The ways in which these materials flow or deform when
subjected to stress are important to their use in dentistry.
 A liquid at rest cannot support a shear stress
 Most liquids when placed in motion resists imposed
forces that cause them to move.
 This resistance to fluid flow is controlled by the
internal frictional forces within the liquid.
Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for Formulators of

Semisolid and Liquid Dosages. Academic Press; 2015 Oct 15.

 Viscosity is measured in units of Megapascals (MPa)
per second, or Centipoise (cP).
 Pure Water – 1.0cP
 Agar hydrocolloid – 281,000cP
 Light Body impression material – 109,000cP
 Heavy body/ Putty – 1,360,000cP
 Curves depicting shear stress versus shear strain rate
are used to characterize the viscous behavior of fluids.
 An ideal fluid produces a shear stress proportional to
the strain rate
 The greater the force applied, the faster the fluid
flows, and the plot is a straight line.
 This is known as newtonian viscosity
•The faster they are stirred,
forced through a syringe or
squeezed, the less viscous and
more fluid they become.
•This is pseudoplastic viscosity.
•Liquids that show opposite
behavior are dilatant and
become more rigid as the rate of
deformation increases.
•The faster they are stirred,
more resistant to flow they
become. Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for
Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages.
Academic Press; 2015 Oct 15.
PSEUDOPLASTIC
DILATANT
Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages. Academic Press; 2015 Oct 15.
 Some classes of materials behave like a rigid body until
some minimum value of shear stress is reached.
 These fluids which exhibit rigid behavior initially an
then attain constant velocity, are referred to as plastic.
 BINGHAM CHARACTERISTIC
Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages. Academic Press; 2015 Oct 15.
 Fluids that become less viscous on repeated
application of pressure.
pressure
Viscosity
 CREEP
Time dependent plastic strain of a solid under static

load or constant stress.
 SAG
Irreversible (plastic) deformation of metal frameworks

of fixed dental prosthesis in the firing temperature
range of ceramic veneers.
Permanent
Displaced atoms are Change in shape or
deformation of
unstable contour of solid
substance
Stress relaxation –
Introduction of
Trapped internal Warpage or
thermal/
stresses Distortion of
mechanical energy
materials
Atoms return to
System not in
equilibrium LACK OF FIT
equilibrium
positions

Unbending of bent
wires at higher
temperatures due
to stress relaxation
Elastic deformation in
elastomeric Distortion of dental
impression materials waxes and warpage of
Pappas P, Bollas D, Parthenios J. stress relaxation of shape memory polymer resins
alloy wires. Smart Materials and Structures. 2007 Oct 31;16(6):2560.
 If a meal is held at a temperature near its melting point and
is subjected to constant applied stress, the resulting strain

will increase over time.
 Metal creep usually occurs as the temperature increases to
within a few hundred degrees of the melting range.
 Dental alloys have high melting ranges and hence don’t
creep intra-orally except for DENTAL AMALGAM.
 Dental amalgams contain 42% to 52% of mercury by
weight and begin melting slightly above room temperature.
 Because of its low melting range, amalgam can undergo
creep at restored tooth site under periodic sustained stress,

such as would be imposed by patients who clench their
teeth.
 ADA specification No.1 for dental
amalgam allows creep to be <3%.

 Creep may also lead to an unacceptable fit of fixed
dental prosthesis frameworks when a cast alloy with
poor sag resistance is veneered with porcelain at
relatively high temperatures.
 Absorption
The extent to which light is absorbed by the material in an
object.
 Color
Sensation induced from light of varying wavelengths
reaching the eye.
 Esthetics
Principles and techniques associated with development of
the color and appearance required to produce a natural,
pleasing effect in the dentition.
 Reflection
The amount of light that reflects from the surface of an
object.
 Refraction
The degree to which light is bent when it passes from one
medium to another
 Opaque
The extent to which light does not pass through a material.
 Translucency
The quality of light passing through an object in diffuse
manner, only to reveal a distorted image that can be viewed
through the material.
 Transparency
The extent to which light passes through a material and to
which an undistorted image can be seen through it.
 Transmittance
The amount of light passing through an object.
 Hue
Dominant color of an object.
 Chroma
Degree of saturation of a particular hue.
 Value
Relative darkness or lightness of a color.
 Metamerism
Phenomenon in which the color of an object under one
type of light source appears to change when illuminated by
a different light source.
 An important goal of dentistry is to restore or improve
esthetics – the color and appearance of natural dentition.
 Since esthetic dentistry imposes several demands on the
artistic abilities of the dentist and technician, knowledge of

the underlying scientific principles of color and other
optical effects is essential.
 Electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the
human eye. The human eye is sensitive to 400nm to 700nm

wavelength.
 For an object to be visible, it must reflect or transmit light
incident on it from an external source.
 The incident light is usually polychromatic (i.e., white).
Light from an Incident light falls Converted to nerve
object on retina impulses
Cone cells of retina Pschophysiological

Transmitted to
are responsible for perception of color
brain
color vision by brain.
Human eye is
highly sensitive to
colors placed side
by side

 The nature of the restorative material, or that of any object
under view determines how that object will appear.
Electromagnetic radiation in visible region interacts with

object through reflection from its surface
Interaction
absorption Refraction Transmission
Resulting phenomenon
Opaque Transparent translucent

Light • Scattered in many directions
reflected from • Mirror like smooth appearance
rough surface • Specular reflectance
Light • Dull appearance

reflected from • No uneven angles
a flat surface • Diffuse reflectance
•Enamel is a composite material consisting of hydroxyapatite

crystals in a protein matrix.
•When light strikes enamel, some is reflected, some
refracted, some absorbed, and some transmitted.
•Enamel has a refractive index of 1.65 and is translucent
 Verbal descriptions of color are not precise enough to
describe the appearance of teeth.
 The definition of a particular color is complex, too variable
and ambiguous.
 To overcome this problem, color perception is described by
3 objective variables.
HUE
VALUE
CHROMA
COLOR
Setchell JS. Colour description and communication. InColour Design 2012 (pp. 219-253).

 In dental practice, color matching is most often performed with
the use of a shade guide.
 Vitapan system groups shades in the order of HUE (A=Red-Brown,
B=Red-Yellow, C=Gray, D=Red-Gray).
 Recently the trend is to arrange the shade guides in decreasing

order of VALUE (Lightest to Darkest : B1, A1, B2, D2, A2, C1, C2, D4, A3, D3,
B3, A3.5, B4, C3, A4, C4)
 Additional information – Drawings, Descriptions and

photographs
Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM. Craig's restorative dental materials-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012 Jul 16.

 Signals of color are sent to the human brain from 3 sets of
receptors in the retina called cones which are especially sensitive
to red, blue and green.
 At low light levels, the rods in the retina of human eye are more
dominant than the cones, and color perception is lost.
 As the brightness becomes more intense, color appears to change
(BEZOLD-BRUCKE EFFECT)
 Also if an observer looks at red color for a longer time, receptor
fatigue causes a green hue to be seen when he or she looks at a
white background.

 Because the spectral distribution of light reflected from or
transmitted through an object is dependent on the spectral

content of incident light, the appearance of an object is
dependent on the nature of light under which it is viewed.
 Objects that appeared to be color matched under one type of
light may appear different under another type. This

phenomenon is called METAMERISM.

Wavelengths Energy absorbed
Tooth absorbs shorter than that by tooth converted
light visible to human to longer
eye wavelengths
Emitted light – Tooth becomes

FLUORESCENCE
400 to 450nm source of light

 X-rays a form of electromagnetic radiation, lie at high
energy end of the spectrum.
 Hence the interaction of the dental biomaterials with x-
radiation may be classified as an optical property.
 The amount of X-ray energy absorbed by an object depends
on the density and thickness of the material and the energy

of radiation. Atomic number
X-ray absorbance
& contrast

 To impart radiopacity to dental materials, often heavy
metal compounds or Barium or Strontium are added.
 Dentin has radio-density similar to that of Aluminum while
enamel’s is twice that of Aluminum.
 Understanding the concepts of properties of the dental
materials is very essential for the clinician to be able to

select materials accordingly without ambiguity.
 To enable successful treatment outcomes and good
esthetics, knowledge on optical effects is necessary.

 Paravina Rade D: Dental Color Matcher/an
online education and training program for

esthetic dentistry.
https://dentistry.uth.edu/directory/profile.ht
m?id=186fa526-f2a5-4b5e-a9b0-1be0bfea8257

 McCabe JF, Walls AW, editors. Applied dental materials. John Wiley & Sons; 2013
May 7.
 Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2013.

 Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM. Craig's restorative dental materials-e-book. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2012 Jul 16.

 Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and
Liquid Dosages. Academic Press; 2015 Oct 15.

 Pappas P, Bollas D, Parthenios J, Dracopoulos V, Galiotis C. Transformation
fatigue and stress relaxation of shape memory alloy wires. Smart Materials and
Structures. 2007 Oct 31;16(6):2560.
 Setchell JS. Colour description and communication. InColour Design 2012 (pp.
219-253).

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Done By: Padminee Krishnan

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

composition and properties of materials and the way in

 Many materials used in dentistry are supplied as two or

more components which are mixed together to undergo a

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

 Properties during mixing

 Properties during setting

 Properties of the set material

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

 Most liquids when placed in motion resists imposed

forces that cause them to move.

 This resistance to fluid flow is controlled by the

internal frictional forces within the liquid.

Kulkarni VS, Shaw C. Essential Chemistry for Formulators of

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

per second, or Centipoise (cP).

 Pure Water – 1.0cP

 Agar hydrocolloid – 281,000cP

 Light Body impression material – 109,000cP

 Heavy body/ Putty – 1,360,000cP

some minimum value of shear stress is reached.

 These fluids which exhibit rigid behavior initially an

then attain constant velocity, are referred to as plastic.

Time dependent plastic strain of a solid under static

Irreversible (plastic) deformation of metal frameworks

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

is subjected to constant applied stress, the resulting strain

 Metal creep usually occurs as the temperature increases to

within a few hundred degrees of the melting range.

 Dental alloys have high melting ranges and hence don’t

creep intra-orally except for DENTAL AMALGAM.

weight and begin melting slightly above room temperature.

 Because of its low melting range, amalgam can undergo

creep at restored tooth site under periodic sustained stress,

 ADA specification No.1 for dental

amalgam allows creep to be <3%.

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

dental prosthesis frameworks when a cast alloy with

poor sag resistance is veneered with porcelain at

relatively high temperatures.

esthetics – the color and appearance of natural dentition.

 Since esthetic dentistry imposes several demands on the

artistic abilities of the dentist and technician, knowledge of

human eye. The human eye is sensitive to 400nm to 700nm

 For an object to be visible, it must reflect or transmit light

incident on it from an external source.

 The incident light is usually polychromatic (i.e., white).

Cone cells of retina Pschophysiological

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Electromagnetic radiation in visible region interacts with

absorption Refraction Transmission

Opaque Transparent translucent

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Light • Dull appearance

•Enamel is a composite material consisting of hydroxyapatite

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

 Recently the trend is to arrange the shade guides in decreasing

 Additional information – Drawings, Descriptions and

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram