Sing Yin PhO 21-22 Solutions

Section A

1. B Take the reference frame of A.

To minimize the distance between A and B, the direction of B should be chosen as d A
8
N (90 − cos −1  ) E . Then, the relative velocity of B relative to A is 102 − 82 = 6 m s–1
 10  600 m
8
The distance to travel to become closest to A = 600  = 480 m 8
10 B
480 10
The time required to become closest to A = = 80 s
6

2. D By cosine law, the change in momentum = 302 + 502 − 2(30)(50) cos120 = 70 kg m s −1

pf – pi
p
By Fnet = , net force = 70 N. pi
t
 30cos 30 
For direction, consider cos −1   = 68.2º pf
 70 

3. B In equilibrium, the friction between the wall and one leg should be 300 N.
300
As f   R , we have 
240
The minimum value of coefficient of friction is 1.25. f

4. C Let the original mass of D be 4M. Then, the removed disc has mass M and the mass of the remaining object is 3M.

3M ( xcm ) + M ( R) −R
The centre of mass of them is at the origin. So, =0 ➔ xcm =
4M 3

5. C Take the reference frame of the belt. The initial speed of the block relative to the belt is −2 m s −1 .
f = −  R = −  mg = ma ➔ a =  g = −5 m s −2
v 2 − u 2 02 − (−2)2
The final displacement is relative to the belt is s = = = 0.4 m
2a 2(−5)

6. D The tension in the spring is 2mg, acting downward on mass m.

Together with its own weight, it experiences a net force of 3mg when the disc below is suddenly removed.

5
7. B Let the length and the height of the container be 5L and L respectively.
3
In equilibrium, the three forces should meet at the same point (so that there is
no net moment about the point). The height of this point above the bottom is
2L 5 5 3L 3 3
+ L = (2 3 + )L . Hence, tan  = = .
tan 30 3 3 (2 3 +
5
)L 11 θ R 5
L
3 3
30º

3L 2L L
8. A Let F be the forward force by the engine.
Moving up: F1 = f + mg sin  … (1)
Moving down: F2 = f − mg sin  … (2)
Horizontal: F=f
 fV = v1 ( f + mg sin  )
Same power ➔ fV = F1v1 = F2 v2 ➔
 fV = v2 ( f − mg sin  )
V V 2v v
Eliminate mg sin  , we have f − f = f − f ➔ V= 1 2 .
v1 v2 v1 + v2

9. C Since the rods are rigid, the velocity components along the rod of all the masses when θ = 180º.

By conservation of horizontal momentum, the velocities of masses m and 3m are zero when θ = 180º.

By conservation of energy, we have

2m
1
2mg (1) cos 0 = (2m)v2 2
2
L θ L
Hence, we have v2 = 4.12 m s −1 .
m 3m

10. A Springs in parallel ➔ keq = 2k

The buoyant force, just like the gravity, does not affect the frequency of the spring mass system, but only affects its
equilibrium position.
m HV
Hence, we have the period T = 2 = 2
keq 2k

11. D Just before hitting the plane, v = 2 gh = 20 m s −1

Elastic collision ➔ After collision, the ball moves at the same speed in the
direction 30ºbelow the horizontal.
Consider the projectile motion afterwards, we have

1
y = 20sin 30t + (10)t 2 and x = 20cos30t
2

Solving y = 20, we have t = ( 5 − 1) s. Hence, x = 20 cos 30( 5 − 1) = 21.4 m

1
12. D By energy conservation, it is when the elastic potential energy is of the total energy, i.e.
3
1 2 1 2 1 A
kx = kA  ➔ x=
2 2 3 3

13. A Take the reference frame of the accelerating box.

Objects in the box experiences a pseudo-force to the right.
It is equivalent to having a horizontal component of gravity to the right.
Then, the strings will move to align with the “tilted gravity”.
Hence, A moves to the right and B moves to the left.
 u
14. B The centre of mass of the system moves in a speed vcm = = 2 gL to the right.
3
When they are separated the most, both masses move at vcm = 2 gL .
By energy conservation,
1 1 1 6mg 2
m(6 gL ) 2 = (3m)(2 gL ) 2 + ( )e ➔ e = 2L
2 2 2 L
The maximum separation is 3L.

15. B The planet moves fastest near the aphelion on the major axis.
When it arrives the minor axis, the line joining the planet and the star
has swept an area as shaded in the figure.
By Kepler’s second law, the time required is proportional to the area 4b 5b
swept. Hence, the minimum time required is
5 b 2 − 6b 2 3b
T = 0.15 year .
20 b 2

GMm
16. A PE = − = −U
r

GMm v2 GM
For circular orbit due to gravity, = m ➔ v=
r2 r r

1 2 1 GMm 1
KE = mv = = U
2 2 r 2
1 −1
Total energy = −U + U = U
2 2

By Kepler’s third law, when T → 8T, r → 4r

U −1  U  −1 3
When r → 4r, U → . Hence, the total energy increase =  − U = U
4 24  2 8

17. C For the tension to be zero, the mass 2m accelerate downwards at g and the ladder
accelerate upwards at g.
Let the force between the ladder and the man be F.
The mass of the ladder is m.
Consider the ladder. m
By Newton’s second law, we have F − mg = mg … (1) 2m
Consider the man.
By Newton’s second law, we have F + mg = ma … (2) m
Solving (1), (2), we have a = 3 g
Relative to the ladder, the acceleration of the man is a ' = 3 g + g = 4 g
 1 2
18. D By energy conservation, we have mv  mgR(1 − cos  ) … (1)
2 N

v
From (2), we have v  2 gR(1 − cos  ) … (2)

mg
v2
By Newton’s second law, we have mg cos  − N = m … (3)
R

To keep touching the surface of the hemisphere, N  0 . Hence, v  gR cos  … (4)

From (2) and (4), we have gR cos   2 gR(1 − cos  ) .

2
Hence cos   2 − 2cos  ➔ cos   ➔   48.2
3

19. D Let the velocities of the 1st ball and 2nd ball be v1,1 and v2,1 respectively after the 1st collision.
By conservation of momentum, 2mu = 2mv1,1 + mv2,1 …. (1)
By law of restitution, v2,1 − v1,1 = u …. (2)
1 4
Solving (1) and (2), v1,1 = u and v2,1 = u .
3 3
4
Because the 2nd ball and 3rd ball have same mass, after an elastic collision, the 3rd ball will move at v3 = u and the
3
2nd ball becomes at rest.
2
1 41 4
The 1st ball will collide with the 2nd ball again. Similarly, we have v1,2 =   u and v2,2 =   u = u , which
3 33 9
4
cannot catch up v3. So, the final velocity of the 2nd ball is u .
9

20. C After explosion, the centre of mass will continue in the

parabolic path.

At time t = 3 s, the height of CM will be

1
yCM = 40sin 30(3) − (10)(3) 2 = 15 m .
2

Since the parts have equal mass, part A will be 30 m above

the ground.
Section B

1. a. Consider the force diagram of the whole system,

A
By symmetry, the two normal reactions on B and C are equal.

3W
N= B C
2

N N

3W
A
b. For A, net vert. force = 0
➔ W = 2R cos 30o + 2 f sin 30o C
W= 3R + f ------------------- (1) R R
R
f
For C, net moment about centre of mass is zero. f f
W
So, the two frictions must be of the same magnitude.
N
Net hor. Force = 0 W
f
➔ f + f cos 30o = R sin 30o

3 R
f (1 + )=
2 2
R = (2 + 3) f ---------- (2)
Sub. (2) into (1),
W= 3(2 + 3) f + f = (4 + 2 3) f

W 1
➔ f= = (2 − 3)W
4+2 3 2

From (2),

1  W
R = (2 + 3)  (2 − 3)W  =
2  2

c. fN and f   R

f
Since R < N, therefore f   R ➔  = 2− 3
R

d. When  is slightly smaller, the friction between A and C becomes kinetic (and is smaller in magnitude). So, net
moment about the centre of mass is clockwise. So, C rolls clockwise.
 b
2. a. extension of the string =
sin 

mg b mg
Tension on ring = k × extension =  =
b sin  sin 
Fnet on ring = T sin + mg = 2 mg (Take downward as positive.)
So, initial acceleration = 2 g (downwards)
b. Fnet = 0 ➔ T sin o = mg
 mg MN 
   sin  o = mg ➔ MN = b ➔ o = tan−1 (b / L)
 b sin  o 
c. Let vertical displacement of ring from M be x. (downward as positive)
Fnet = mg −T sin 

 mg x + b  mgx g
mg −    sin  = ma ➔ − = ma ➔ a= − x
 b sin   b b

b
So, the motion is SHM, with period = 2
g
d. The amplitude of the SHM is 2b. So, when the ring at lowest position, its distance from Q = 4b.

g
e. vM =  A = 2b = 2 gb
b

GMm v2 GM
3. a. 2
=m ➔ v=
R R R

v sin 
b. i. k R vP = Rv sin  ➔ vP =
k

GMm 1  sin    GM 
2
GMm 1 2 GMm 1 GMm 1  GM 
ii. − + mv = − + mvP 2 ➔ − + m =− + m   
R 2 kR 2 R 2  R  kR 2  k   R 

1 1 1 sin 2 
➔ − =− + ➔ k2 − 2k + sin2  = 0 ➔ k = 1  cos 
2 k 2 k2
Since k < 1, k = 1 − cos
iii. k’ is the other root the quadratic equation in (b)(ii), so k’ = 1 + cos 

kR + k ' R
iv. semi-major axis = =R
2
By Kepler’s 3rd law, its has the same period as the circular orbit with radius R.
➔ Period = T
4. a. By cosine formula, (h + 1)2 = 12 + x2 − (2)(1)(x) cos 120o ➔ h2 + 2h = x2 + x -------------- (1)
b. PE gain of Y = PE loss of X ➔ mgh = (1.6m) g (x sin 30o) ➔ 5h = 4x ------------------------ (2)
2
 4x   4x  5
  + 2  = x + x ➔
2
Put (2) into (1), x= m
 5   5  3
c. highest speed ➔ a = 0 ➔ net force on Y = 0 and net force on X = 0

8 
T cos  =  mg  sin 30o and T = mg
5 

4
➔ cos  = ; sin  = 1 − cos  = 3/5
2
5

1 x
Using sine formula, =
sin  sin(180 − 120o −  )
o

1 x 4 3 −3
➔ = ➔ x= = 0.655 m
sin  sin 60o cos  − cos 60o sin  6

5 3 −6
d. using (c) and (1): h2 + 2h = x2 + x ➔ h= = 0.443 m
6

8  6−3 3 
total PE loss =   mg ( x sin 30o ) − mgh = mg 
 10 
= 0.0804 mg
5  
1  8m  2 1
 vX + mvY
2
KE gain = 
2 5  2

The two balls should have same velocity component along the direction of string, therefore, vY = vX cos  = 4vX / 5
Therefore,
 6−3 3  1  8m  2 1  4vX 
2
30 − 15 3
mg  + ➔ = 0.839 m s−1
 10    X
2  5 
= v m vX = g
  2 5  56