International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics

ISSN: 1061-8562 (Print) 1029-0257 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcfd20

Numerical analysis of the flow around a circular

cylinder using RANS and LES

Jie Shao & Chao Zhang

To cite this article: Jie Shao & Chao Zhang (2006) Numerical analysis of the flow around a circular
cylinder using RANS and LES, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 20:5,
301-307, DOI: 10.1080/10618560600898437

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International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 5, June 2006, 301–307

Numerical analysis of the flow around a circular cylinder using

RANS and LES
JIE SHAO and CHAO ZHANG*

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5B9

(Received 2 August 2005; in final form 6 July 2006)

The present study is to simulate the flow past a circular cylinder at a Reynolds (Re) number of 5800,
which is based on free-stream velocity and the cylinder diameter. The cylinder is slightly heated and the
amount of heat is small enough to be considered as a passive scalar. Due to its complexity, the flow
around a circular cylinder is considered as a challenging problem for computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) simulation. Re-averaged Navier –Stokes (RANS) equations and large eddy simulation (LES) are
two commonly used approaches in turbulent flow simulation. In this study, these two methods are both
investigated by employing a CFD software called FLUENT. For two-dimensional (2D) simulation, the
renormalization group k– 1 model is used with enhanced wall treatment. Moreover, 2D LES is also
tested, which reveals the necessity for three-dimensional (3D) LES computations. For 3D simulations,
computations with the Smagorinsky – Lilly subgrid-scale (SGS) model and dynamic SGS model are
used. A phase-averaging technique is employed to study turbulence structure in the circular cylinder
wake. An instantaneous quantity is decomposed into a time-mean component, a coherent component
and an incoherent component (Reynolds and Hussain 1972). After the triple decomposition and
structural averaging, the coherent contributions to the Reynolds stresses and temperature variance can
be analyzed. The reference phase for phase averaging is calculated for the time history of the lift
coefficient CL. Both velocity field and temperature field are investigated and compared with the
experimental measurements.

Keywords: RANS; LES; Circular cylinder; Numerical simulation

1. Introduction flow structures are quite different among these three

Turbulent flows past bluff bodies have been studied
extensively due to their importance in many engineering
applications. The flows around a circular cylinder exhibit
different features at different Reynolds numbers (Re). The
flow with a Re of 350 – 400 , Re , 100,000 –200,000 is
defined as sub-critical flow or “transition in shear layers”,
which can be further categorized into three phases
(Zdravkovich 1997). For the flow in the sub-critical state,
the near wake is surrounded by laminar free shear layers,
which later become turbulent and roll up into turbulent
eddies. Vortex shedding occurs and the separation point is
not fixed by the geometry. A vortex street exists at a certain
distance from the circular cylinder. All these characteristics
of circular cylinder flow make the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) simulation a challenging task.
Tritton (1988) divided the wake into several zones:
a near wake (x/D , 4 or 5), an intermediate wake (5 or
6 , x/D , 50) and far wake (x/D . several 100). The
zones. Many experiments have been performed to study
the organized motion in the wake of a circular cylinder.
Cantwell and Cloes (1983) investigated the flow
transportation in the near wake of a circular cylinder at
Re ¼ 140,000. Hussain and Hayakawa (1987) studied the
method of educing coherent structures in a turbulent
circular cylinder wake up to a downstream distance of
40D. Zhou and Antonia (1993) detected the turbulent
vortices in the circular cylinder wake at Re ¼ 5600 and
tried to find a kinetic model for the flow. Besides the
investigation of the velocity field, Matsumura and Antonia
(1993) carried out a study about heat transfer in the
intermediate wake at Re ¼ 5830.
The circular cylinder flow has also attracted extensive
attentions in CFD simulations. Beaudan and Moin (1994)
employed a large eddy simulation (LES) with high-order
upwind schemes (UDS) and O-mesh to simulate the
circular cylinder flow at Re ¼ 3900. Simulations without a
subgrid-scale (SGS) model and with a SGS model,

*Corresponding author. Email: czhang@eng.uwo.ca

International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics

ISSN 1061-8562 print/ISSN 1029-0257 online q 2006 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
DOI: 10.1080/10618560600898437
302 J. Shao and C. Zhang
Smagorinsky – Lilly model and dynamic model, were
investigated, respectively. In the near wake, it showed that
the dynamic model predicted mean velocities and
Reynolds stresses better than the other two cases, i.e.
without a SGS model and with the Smagorinsky – Lilly
model. Beyond this region, in the intermediate wake, the
differences between the results computed with or without a
SGS model became smaller. Ong and Wallace (1996)
conducted an experiment at the same Re to validate the
LES simulation carried out by Beaudan and Moin (1994).
The comparison revealed that the LES simulation over-
predicted the velocity deficit at the centerline. As regards
the velocity statistic, the LES simulation had a good
agreement with experimental result in the near wake
(x/D ¼ 4). However, in the intermediate wake, for x/D ¼ 7
and 10, LES simulation underpredicted the Reynolds
stresses. Breuer (1998) studied the numerical and
modeling aspects of the LES for the circular cylinder
wake at Re ¼ 3900. Influences of SGS modeling,
discretization scheme and grid resolution were investi-
gated. The results showed that the simulation using
dynamic model and central differencing scheme gave the
best agreement with the experimental data. Circular
cylinder wake with a high Re ¼ 140,000, was simulated by
Breuer (2000). It revealed that the deviations between the
results from different SGS models increased with higher
spanwise resolution. Nevertheless, doubling the domain in
the spanwise while maintaining the same spanwise
resolution would not affect the results much (Breuer 2000).
As mentioned previously, the velocity field of the
circular cylinder wake, especially in the near wake, has
been investigated numerically by many researchers.
However, most of these numerical simulations were
focused on isothermal flows. In the current study, the
main objective is to simulate the flow past a slightly heated
cylinder and investigate both the velocity field and
temperature field in the intermediate wake. A commercial
CFD software, FLUENT, is employed for the numerical
simulation. Meanwhile, the phase-averaging technique is
applied to examine the contributions of coherent structures
to global quantities, using a different reference phase. The
numerical results are compared with the experimental data
performed by Matsumura and Antonia (1993) and Zhou
et al. (2002).
2. Mathematical model
Navier– Stokes equations are able to describe turbulent
flow without any turbulence modeling. For direct
numerical simulation (DNS), Navier –Stokes equations
are solved directly. However, DNS is quite demanding
computationally since all the lengthscales and timescales
should be resolved without any modeling. It is estimated
that the number of mesh cells required for incompressible
free turbulence is about Re 9/4. The application of DNS is
limited to flows at moderate Re due to the prohibitive
computational cost. The Re-averaged Navier – Stokes
(RANS) equations and LES are currently two commonly
used approaches in turbulent flow simulations.
2.1 RANS
The RANS equations solve the Reynolds equation for
mean flow quantities only. Thus, the computational
expense is reduced. RANS is widely used for practical
engineering calculations. The key point to close the RANS
equations appropriately is the modeling of the Reynolds
stress, 2rui uj . The Boussinesq hypothesis is adopted in
k –1 models,
2
tij ¼ 2nt Sij 2 kdij
3
nt ¼ C m k 2 =1
where nt, is the turbulent kinematic eddy viscosity; k, is
the turbulence kinetic energy; 1 is the turbulent kinetic
energy dissipation rate; and Sij, is the mean strain-rate
tensor. For a standard k –1 model, two additional transport
equations need to be solved, and nt is computed as a
function of k and 1. In the current study, RNG k– 1 model
is employed. This model is derived using renormalization
group theory (Fluent 2005). It has additional terms in
the transportation equations for k and 1, and the closure
coefficients in these equations are different from those of
the standard k– 1 model. The standard k –1 model is a
high-Re-number model, while the RNG k – 1 model is
more appropriate for flows with a low Re-number.
2.2 LES
LES is capable of solving three-dimensional (3D) and
transient turbulent flow problems. The large scales are
solved directly, whereas the small scales are modeled
by a SGS model. Considering the computational cost,
LES is between the DNS and RANS methods. However,
LES is computationally much more expensive than
RANS methods.
In FLUENT (2005), the finite-volume discretization
provides the filter operation:
ð
1


FðxÞ ¼ Fðx0 Þdx0 ; x0 [ v
V
v
where V is the volume of a computational cell. The
governing equations for LES are derived by filtering the
time-dependent incompressible Navier– Stokes equations,


›u
i › ›p
› ›u
i ›u
j ›tij ›u
i
þ ð
uj u
i Þ ¼ 2 þ n þ 2 ; ¼ 0;
›t ›xj ›xi ›x j ›x j ›x i ›x j ›x i
where tij is the SGS stress tensor defined by
tij ¼ ui uj 2 u
i u
j :
 Numerical analysis using RANS and LES
A SGS model is required to model the SGS eddy
viscosity. For the Smagorinsky–Lilly model,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
mt ¼ rL2s 2S
ij S
ij
 to break the symmetry of the calculation domain. For the
Ls ¼ min kd; Cs ðDxDyDzÞ1=3 bigÞ
where Ls is the mixing length for the subgrid scales; d is
the distance to the closest wall; k is the von Karman
constant; and Cs is the Smagorinsky coefficient. It has
been found that Cs ¼ 0.1 yielded the best results for a
wide range of flows (FLUENT 2005). Dynamic
Smagorinsky – Lilly model is also available in FLUENT,
where the Smagorinsky coefficient Cs is dynamically
calculated from the resolved scales (FLUENT 2005).
3. Numerical method
The finite-volume method is used to discretize the
governing equations, which is employed to perform
RANS and LES simulations. The geometric model setup
and mesh generation is carried out by GAMBIT, which is
the preprocessor of FLUENT.
3.1 Computational domain and boundary conditions
Two-dimensional (2D) simulations have been commonly
used in the RANS approach. In the current study, the
physical domain of the 2D RANS (Run B) simulation is the
same as the cross-sectional plane of the 3D LES simulation,
which has a dimension of 30 diameters (D ¼ 12.7 mm) in
the streamwise direction (2 8 , x/D , 22), and 16
diameters in the lateral direction (2 8 , x/D , 8). For
the 3D LES simulation, the spanwise length equals pD.
Over the spanwise length, both 10 gird points (Run C1, C2)
and 20 grid points (Run D1, D2) are used. In all simulations,
the grid points are clustered in the vicinity of the cylinder.
The length of the first cell of LES at the cylinder surface is
3.12 £ 1023D, the corresponding yþ is in the order of one.
A 2D LES simulation (Run A) is also performed due to its
relatively lower computational cost in comparison with the
3D LES. Curvilinear O-type grids are generated for the 2D
LES. The radius of the computational domain is 15D. Table
1 gives the overview of different simulations performed in
this study.
Table 1. Overview of all simulations performed.
Run Nodes Model SGS
A 29070 2D LES S –L
B 15885 RNG k–1 – QUICK
C1 315535 LES S –L
C2 315535 LES D B-CDS
D1 602385 LES S –L
D2 602385 LES D B-CDS
S– L: Smagorinsky– Lilly model; D: Dynamic model; B-CDS: Bounded central
differencing scheme.
303
A constant inlet velocity of U1 ¼ 7 m/s is applied in
all simulations. For the RANS case, the inlet turbulence
intensity is set to 0.4%, the same as the value measured
in the experiment (Zhou et al. 2002). One cycle
sinusoidal lateral velocity is imposed to the flow inlet
LES case, no perturbation is added since they will be
highly damped since the grid is clustered near the
cylinder surface (Breuer 1998). A symmetry boundary
condition is imposed to the lateral upper and lower
boundaries, and a pressure outlet boundary condition is
set for the flow outlet. In the spanwise direction of the 3D
LES case, periodicity of the flow is assumed. No-slip
boundary condition and constant temperature is applied
to the circular cylinder wall.
3.2 Discretization schemes
The segregated implicit solver is used for all simulations.
Second-order implicit temporal discretization is adopted.
Time step Dt ¼ 0.0001s is selected for the LES to ensure
that convergence can be obtained in each time step. For
the RANS simulation, second order UDS is used for the
equations of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic
energy dissipation rate, as well as the energy equation.
QUICK is used for the momentum equation. For the LES,
second order UDS and bounded central differencing
scheme (B-CDS) are employed for momentum equations.
SIMPLEC and SIMPLE are used for the pressure –
velocity coupling of RANS and LES, respectively.
4. Results and discussion
To investigate the influence of different turbulence
models, the 2D RANS, 2D LES and 3D LES are
performed to simulate the circular cylinder wake at
Re ¼ 5800.
Surprisingly, the calculated results of the 2D LES are
not reasonable. The instantaneous velocity magnitude and
static pressure are shown in figures 1 and 2.
Scheme
CDS
UDS
UDS
Figure 1. Contour of instantaneous velocity magnitude (2D LES).
304
Figure 2. Contour of instantaneous static pressure (2D LES).
It is shown that the vortices shed from the cylinder do
not move downstream along the centerline. Figure 3 shows
the time evolution of the drag coefficient CD and the lift
coefficient CL. The drag coefficient is fluctuating and the
value is much higher than the experimental data of White
(1991) in which the CD is about 1.05. It can also be
observed from figure 3 that the average of the lift
coefficient CL is not zero, which means that the vortex
shedding is asymmetric. All computed results indicate that
the 2D LES is not able to reproduce the flow past a circular
cylinder. Thus, the data of the 2D LES (Run A) will not be
further discussed in the following paragraphs.
4.1 Mean integral quantities
Several integral quantities are calculated and compared
with the experiment data and other simulations. These
quantities include the mean drag coefficient kCDl, the
mean back pressure coefficient kCpbl, the mean recircula-
tion length Lr, and the Strouhal number (St). Table 2 lists
the comparison of these quantities.
Figure 3. Drag and lift coefficients of 2D LES.
J. Shao and C. Zhang
Table 2. Comparison of integral mean quantities.
Run kCDl -kCpbl Lr/D St
Zhou et al. (2002) – – – 0.21
White (1991) 1.03 – – 0.205
Jordan and Ragab (1998) 1.01 1.02 – 0.206
B 0.64 0.57 0.97 0.236
C1 1.39 1.59 0.49 0.218
C2 1.37 1.66 0.51 0.200
D1 1.14 1.13 1.16 0.200
D2 1.03 1.08 1.21 0.218
The St observed by Zhou et al. (2002) is 0.21. The
experimental data of White (1991) shows that the mean
drag coefficient is about 1.03 and the St is about 0.205 at
Re ¼ 5800. Jordan and Ragab (1998) performed a LES of
the circular cylinder wake at Re ¼ 5600. The numerical
results are listed in table 2.
The mean drag coefficient calculated from the 2D
RANS is much lower than the experimental value from
White (1991) and the LES result from Jordan and Ragab
(1998), whereas the 3D LES with 10 spanwise grid points
(Run C1, C2) overestimates the mean drag coefficient.
The drag coefficients predicted from the 3D LES with 20
spanwise grid points (Run D1, D2) are close to the
experimental value of White (1991) and the LES result of
Jordan and Ragab (1998). Considering the back pressure
coefficient, Run D1 and D2 are also in better agreement
with the LES result from Jordan and Ragab (1998). There
is no experimental data available on the recirculation
length at Re ¼ 5800. However, it can be evaluated by the
results of other simulations in the same sub-critical
regime. For Re at 3900, the recirculation length Lr/D is
about 1.33 (Beaudan and Moin 1994). Breuer (2000)
performed the LES of circular cylinder wake at
Re ¼ 140,000 and Lr/D is about 0.5. Zdravkovich (1997)
mentioned that the recirculation length would be
shortened with the increase of Re in the sub-critical
regime. Hence, Run D1 and Run D2 seem to yield
reasonable Lr/D. The St is another key integral quantity to
describe the frequency of the vortex shedding. The Sts
obtained in the current study are in good agreement with
the experimental measurement except that the result of the
2D RANS is relatively higher.
4.2 Time-averaged mean flow and turbulence quantities
The time-averaged mean flow and turbulence quantities at
x/D ¼ 10 are summarized and compared with the
experimental measurements of Zhou et al. (2002).
The time histories of lift coefficient and drag coefficient
are shown in figure 4, which demonstrates the turbulence
characteristic of the circular cylinder wake. Accordingly,
to provide more reliable results, the flow and turbulence
quantities are time-averaged over 15 vortex-shedding
cycles.
The time-averaged streamwise velocity normalized by
U1 is shown in figure 5. The RANS approach (Run B) gets
 Numerical analysis using RANS and LES
Figure 4. Time histories of drag and lift coefficients.
higher velocity in the center point, whereas Run C2
obtains lower value in the center point. In the lateral sides,
all simulations yield little higher velocity in comparison to
the experimental measurements. Figure 6 illustrates the
time-averaged temperature normalized by the maximum
temperature difference between the heated flow and the
ambient flow. Fair results are obtained by all simulations
expect for Run B.
The normalized streamwise Reynolds stress at
x/D ¼ 10 is shown in figure 7. Again, Run B fails to
reproduce the streamwise Reynolds stress. As regards the
3D LES, the results calculated with 10 spanwise grid
points (Run C1, C2) are in better agreement with the
experimental data than the results calculated with 20
spanwise grid points.
Figure 8 shows the cross-stream distribution of lateral
Reynolds stress. Among all these results, the results
computed with higher spanwise resolution are in good
agreement with the experimental data. As shown in
Figure 5. Normalized mean streamwise velocity.
305
Figure 6. Normalized mean temperature.
figures 7 and 8, RANS approach yields much lower time-
averaged Reynolds stresses.
The normalized temperature variance u
* is illustrated in
figure 9. Run B shows two peaks whereas there is only one
peak in the experimental data. Run D1 obtains the highest
peak value among all these simulations. The experimental
data of Matsumura and Antonia (1993) showed the peak
value of u
* at about 0.45, which was higher than that of
Zhou et al. (2002). If this is considered then the result of
Run D1 remains reasonable.
The difficulty in predicting the Reynolds stresses in
near and intermediate wakes has been reported by many
researchers: Beaudan and Moin (1994), Breuer (2000),
Mittal (1996) and Franke and Frank (2002), etc. The
deviation between the simulation result and the exper-
imental data increases when the position is moved further
downstream. The relatively coarse grid downstream and
the diffusive numerical schemes contribute to the under-
prediction of the Reynolds stress.
Figure 7. Normalized streamwise Reynolds stress.
306 J. Shao and C. Zhang

Figure 8. Normalized lateral Reynolds stress.

Figure 10. Normalized global and coherent streamwise Reynolds stress.

4.3 Phase-averaged contributions variance can be computed through structural average

The phase-averaging technique used by Zhou et al. (2002)
1 Xk2
is employed in the current study to investigate the p~ q~ ¼ p~ q~ ;
contributions of coherent structures. However, the k1 þ k2 þ 1 2k
1
reference phase is calculated differently from Zhou et al.
(2002). It is computed from the time history of the lift where k1 is the number of samples before f ¼ 0 and k2 is
coefficient CL(t). Ma et al. (2000) used the same method in the number of samples after f ¼ 0 (Zhou et al. 2002).
the DNS investigation of circular cylinder flow. The calculated global streamwise Reynolds stress u*2
Reynolds and Hussain (1972) decomposed an instan- and the coherent component u~ *2 , together with the
taneous quantity by experimental data of Zhou et al. (2002) are shown in
figure 10. The simulation with low spanwise resolution

þq¼Q
Q¼Q
þ q~ þ qr
agrees with the experimental data quite well, except the

is the mean (time-averaged) component and q is coherent component is a little larger.
where Q
Matsumura and Antonia (1993) introduced the ratio of
the fluctuation component. The fluctuation component is
coherent to global contributions
further decomposed into coherent fluctuation q~ and
incoherent fluctuation qr. After the coherent components f ¼ Sc =Sg ;
of velocity and temperature are obtained, the coherent
contributions to the Reynolds stresses and temperature where
ð  ð
 
Sc ¼ p~ q~ dy * ; Sg ¼ jpqjdy * :

Table 3 shows the ratio obtained in the experiment, DNS

simulation and current study. The global quantities and
coherent contributions calculated in Run B are almost the
same, since the ratios are all around 100%. For Run C1 the
ratio u~ 2 =u2 is a little larger, whereas the other two ratios agree

Table 3. Contributions of the coherent structure to the global quantity

(%).
2
x/D ¼ 10 u~ 2 =u2 v~ 2 =v2 u~2 =u
Re ¼ 5830 exp 30.9 73.4 23.3
(Matsumura and Antonia 1993)
Re ¼ 3900 DNS 22.5 50.9 –
(Ma et al. 2000)
B 101.19 98.58 99.88
C1 44.46 67.56 26.97
C2 11.37 22.78 9.32
D1 16.87 38.87 12.91
D2 14.83 43.29 9.51
Figure 9. Normalized temperature variance.
 Numerical analysis using RANS and LES
with the experimental measurements (Matsumura and
Antonia 1993). The results of Run D1 and D2 are close to
the data of the DNS performed by Ma et al. (2000). Run D1
and D2 reveal that v~ 2 =v2 is considerably larger than other two
ratios, which can also be observed in the experimental data.
5. Conclusions
Numerical simulations with different approaches have
been carried out to study the flow around a circular cylinder
wake at Re ¼ 5800. The existence of the laminar boundary
layer, transition to turbulent in the shear layer and vortex
shedding make the simulation a challenging task.
Mean integral quantities such as the drag and lift
coefficients, back pressure coefficient and St are investi-
gated. Moreover, mean flow quantities and turbulence
statistics are studied. Phase-averaging technique has also
been employed to examine the contributions of coherent
structures to global quantities.
By comparing the predicted results with the experi-
mental measurements, the 2D RANS and 2D LES are
found not be able to reproduce circular cylinder wake. The
3D LES is necessary to simulate such complex flow. For
the spanwise resolution of the 3D LES, 10 grid points and
20 grid points have been tested. The spanwise resolution
with 10 grid points is inadequate to predict the flow field,
especially for the mean integral quantities. The overall
performances of simulations with the 20 spanwise grid
points are better. However, an underestimation of the
streamwise Reynolds stress is observed for the simulations
with high spanwise resolution.
The influences of the discretization schemes and SGS
models have also been investigated. It is found that they
have a strong impact on the simulations when the
spanwise resolution is low. However, for simulations with
a high spanwise resolution, their influence is small.
307
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