BKC2473

HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES AND UNITS

CO1: Understand the basic principles of heat transfer and solve

problems related to thermal conduction in steady-state and
unsteady-state systems.

PO1 Engineering Knowledge - Apply knowledge of mathematics,

natural science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
1 specialisation as specified in WK1 to WK4 respectively to the
solution of complex chemical engineering problems.
 TOPIC OUTCOMES

By the end of this session, students should be

able to:

Explain the principle and mechanisms of heat

transfer
Utilize units involving heat transfer.
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CONTENTS
1.1 Units and Dimensions
1.2 Energy and Heat Units
1.3 Introduction of Heat Transfer
1.4 Conservation of Energy and Heat
Balances
1.5 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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1.1 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
 Dimensions are:
▪ properties that can be measured (e.g..: length,
time, mass, temperature).
▪ properties that can be calculated by multiplying or
dividing other dimensions, (e.g.: velocity).

 Units are:
▪ means of expressing the dimensions (e.g.: ft, m
for length, h, s for time).

 Every valid equation must be dimensionally

homogeneous.
 Use conversion factor if the units are not
consistent.
 Conversion factor is a ratio of equivalent values of a
quantity expressed in different units 4
 UNITS SYSTEM
There are TWO units system:
a) SI system
b) English system
This is the list of base unit:
Dimension (symbol) SI system English system
Length (L) meter (m) foot (ft)
Mass (M) kilogram (kg) pound mass (Ibm)
Time (t) second (s) second (s)
Temperature (T) kelvin (K) degree Fahrenheit (ͦF)

This is the derived units (by multiplying or dividing base units)

Dimension SI system English system
Force m∙kg/s2 ft∙Ibm/s2
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Energy m2∙kg/s2 ft2∙kg/s2
 UNITS
-Multiple units
Prefix Abbreviation Multiplier
pico p 10-12
nano n 10-9
micro μ 10-6
milli m 10-3
centi c 10-2
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
6
tera T 1012
1.2 ENERGY AND HEAT UNITS

Table: Units and Conversion Factors for Energy and Heat Measurements

Dimension Symbol SI unit English unit

Energy Q 1J 9.4787×10-4 Btu
Heat Transfer Rate q 1 J/s OR 1 W 3.4123 Btu/h

Heat Flux q" 1 W/m2 0.3171 Btu/h ft2

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1.3 INTRODUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER
What is HEAT TRANSFER?

The amount of Movement/flow

thermal energy
available in
atom/molecules
for activities like
translation,
rotation,
vibration.

Heat transfer is movement of thermal

energy due to a temperature different.
Heat always transfer from warmer place to 8

cooler place.
1.3 INTRODUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER
- HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATION

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1.4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
& HEAT BALANCES
 Energy balance:
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑄𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

Net energy Change in

transfer by heat, internal, kinetic,
work and mass potential, etc.
→ Law of conservation energy:
All energy entering a process is equal
to that leaving plus that left in the
system.

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1.4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
& HEAT BALANCES
 Heat transfer balance:
(Rate of heat in) - (Rate of heat out) + (Rate of generation of heat)
= (Rate of accumulation of heat)

 If we assume
- no heat generation.
- steady-state heat transfer

 rate of heat in = rate of heat out

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1.5 MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfers in three ways:

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

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CONDUCTION

When you touch a hot

object, the heat you
feel is transferred
through your skin by
conduction.

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CONDUCTION

 CONDUCTION= the transfer of heat

between substances (solid, liquid or gas)
that are in direct contact with each
other and the substances are different in
thermal energy.

➢ Regions with greater molecular kinetic

energy will pass their thermal energy to
regions with less molecular energy
through direct molecular collisions until
the same temperature (thermal
equilibrium)

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We also knew something
about convection…

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CONVECTION
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a
gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out and

become less dense.

This effects fluid movement.

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HEAT
FLUID MOVEMENT

Please guess → Warmer liquids and gases r___

ise up.
Because less dense.

Cooler liquids and gases f___.

all
Because more dense

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CONVECTION
 Convection uses the motion of
fluids (gases or liquids) to
transfer heat.

 In a typical convective heat

transfer, a hot surface heats the
surrounding fluid, which is then
carried away by fluid movement
such as wind.

 The warm fluid is replaced by

cooler fluid, which can draw
more heat away from the
surface.

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WHY IS IT WINDY AT THE SEASIDE?

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THE THIRD METHOD OF HEAT TRANSFER

How does heat energy get

from the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles
between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.

RADIATION
?

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RADIATION
 Radiation is the transfer of energy through
space/gases by electromagnetic waves.
 Example: the transfer of heat from the sun to the
earth.
 Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter
 Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases.
 Does not require presence of a medium.

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Wavelength
for
radiation

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 C=?
A=?

B=?
D=?

Conduction: the transfer of heat from a atom to another atom touching each
other.
Convection: the transfer of heat by circulation or movement through fluid
(liquid or gas).
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Radiation: the transfer of heat from an object traveling through a space until
absorbed by another object.
 A

CONDUCTION – FOURIER’S LAW

qx dT
q =
"
x = −k
A dx

q’’x : heat flux (W/m2) x1 x2

qx : heat-transfer rate in the x direction (W or J/s)
k : thermal conductivity (W/m. K)
dT/dx : temperature different in the x direction
A : cross sectional are normal to the heat flow (m2)

Minus sign because heat flows from high T to low T

qx T2 − T1 T1 − T2
After integration q =
"
= −k =k
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
x
A 24
CONVECTION: NEWTON’S COOLING EQUATION

q
q = = h(Ts − T )
"

q“ : heat flux (W/m2)

q : heat transfer rate (W)
Ts : temperature of solid surface (K)
T∞ : average temperature of bulk fluid flowing to the
solid
h : convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2. K)
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A : area (m2)
RADIATION: STEFAN-BOLTZMANN EQUATION

q
q = =  (Ts − Tsurr )
" 4 4

q“ : heat flux (W/m2)

q : heat transfer rate (W)
Ts : temperature of surface (K)
Tsurr : temperature of surrounding (K)
ε : emissivity (dimensionless)
σ : Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.676 x 10-8 W/m2. K4 )
A : area (m2)
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