1. Define heat transfer.

1. Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one

region toanother due to temperature difference.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation.
3. What is conduction?
i. Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high
temperature toa region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or
gases] or different medium in direct physical contact.
4. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
1. The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal
to thedirection of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that
direction.
2. Q α – A dT
/ dxQ = -
kA dT /dx
3. Where, A – Area in m2.
4. dT / dx – Temperature gradient,
K/mk – Thermal conductivity,
W/mK.
5. Define Thermal conductivity.
a. Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat. What is conduction?
i. Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high
temperature toa region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or
gases] or different medium in direct physical contact.
b. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
1. The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal
to thedirection of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that
direction.
2. Q α – A dT
/ dxQ = -
kA dT /dx
3. Where, A – Area in m2.
4. dT / dx – Temperature gradient,
K/mk – Thermal conductivity,
W/mK.
 c. Define Thermal conductivity.
1. Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
d. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
1. Heat transfer, Q = ∆
Toverall / RWhere, ∆ T =
T1 – T2
i. R = L / kA – Thermal
resistance of slabL –
Thickness of slab
ii. K – Thermal
conductivity of slabA
– Area
e. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
1. Heat transfer, Q = ∆
Toverall / RWhere
a. ∆ T = T1 – T2
i. R = 1 / 2πLk in [r2 / r1] – Thermal resistance of slab.
ii. L – Length of cylinder
iii. k – Thermal
conductivityr2
– Outer radius
iv. r1 – Inner radius
f. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
i. Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure
1. d. Temperature e. Structure of material.
6. What is meant by free or natural convection?
1. It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from
temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural
convection.
7. Define Grashof number [Gr].
1. It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to
the square of viscous force. Gr = Inertia force x Buoyancy force / [Viscous
force]2
8. Define Stanton number [St].
1. It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number
andPrandtl number. St = Nu / Re x Pr.
9. What is meant by Newtonion and non-newtonion fluids?
1. The fluids which obey the Newton’s law of viscosity are called
Newtonionfluids and those which do not obey are called no-newtonion
fluids.
10. What is meant by laminar flow ?
i. Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of
flow, the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous
path. The fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without
mixing with each other.
11. Define Convection.
12. Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surfaceand a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures.
13. Define Reynolds number [Re].
14. It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
15. Re = Inertia force / Viscous force
16. Define Prandtl number [Pr].
17. It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
18. Pr = Momentum diffusivity / Thermal diffusivity
19. Define Nusselt Number [Nu].
20. It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unittemperature
gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a
stationary thickness [L] of metre.
21. Nusselt Number [Nu] = qconv /qcond
22. State Newton’s law of convection.
23. Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation.
24. Q = h A = [Tw - T∞]
25. This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling.Where h = Local
heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.
26. A = Surface area in m2.
27. Tw = Surface [or] Wall temperature in K.T∞ = Temperature of
fluid in K.
28. What is forced convection?
29. If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like ablower or fan,
that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
30. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
31. Reynolds number [Re].
32. Nusselt number [Nu].
33. Prandtl Mention Stefan boltzman contant.
34. σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
35. Define Stefan boltzman contant.
36. Stefan Boltzman law states that the total emissive power of a perfect black body is proportional tofourth power
of the absolute temperature of black body surface
37. Eb = σT4
38. σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
39. Define Emissive power [Eb].
40. The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit timeand unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
41. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ]
42. The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions is known as
monochromatic emissive power.
43. What is meant by absorptivity?
44. Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.Absorptivity, α = Radiation
absorbed / Incident radiation.
45. Define Radiation.
46. The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as
 radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
47. Define Emissivity.
48. It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the ratio
of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a blackbody of equal temperature.
49. Emissivity, ε = E / Eb.
50. Define Emissive power [Eb].
51. The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by abody per unit time
and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
52. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ]
53. The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit areain all directions is
known as monochromatic emissive power.
54. What is meant by absorptivity?
55. Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
56. Absorptivity, α = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.
57. What is meant by reflectivity?
58. Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incidentradiation.
59. Reflectivity, ρ = Radiation reflected / Incident radiation.
60. What is meant by transmissivity?
61. Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incidentradiation.
62. Transmissivity, τ = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
63. What is black body?
64. Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
65. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wav e length anddirection.
66. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black
body.
67. What is meant by gray body?
68. If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length,
the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that
of the black body.
69. What is heat exchanger?
70. A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from ahot fluid to a cold
fluid.
71. What is meant by Direct heat exchanger [or] open heat exchanger?
72. In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by directmixing of hot and
cold fluids.
73. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
74. In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids couldbe carried out by
transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
75. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?
76. In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
77. What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger?
78. In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel butopposite
directions.
79. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
80. In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each
81. other.
82. What is meant by Shell and tube heat exchanger?
83. In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle of tubes enclosed by
a shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the
tubes.
84. What is meant by LMTD?
85. We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger
varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore
based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean
temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
86. Q = U A [∆T]m Where, U=Overall heat transfer co-efficient [W/m2K], A=Area, m2
[∆T]m = Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
87. What is meant by Effectiveness?
88. The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum
possible heat transfer.
89. Effectiveness ε = Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer = Q / Qmax
90. Define Mass Transfer and Different between Heat and Mass transfer.
a.