obtained: lines.

a Number of objects with masses less than 20g 4 = 0 objects.

b Arranged in ascending order, the mass of the 100th object = 50g.

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However, we Press these
can calculate - Review Copy from the information given in the table
estimates
without drawing the polygon.

Investigate the possible methods that we can use to calculate these two estimates.

1.5 Comparing di!erent data representations

Pictograms, vertical line graphs, bar charts and pie charts are useful ways of displaying
qualitative data and ungrouped quantitative data, and people generally "nd them easy
to understand. Nevertheless, it may be of bene"t to group a set of raw data so that we
can see how the values are distributed. Knowing the proportion of small, medium and
large values, for example, may prove to be useful. For small datasets we can do this by
20 constructing stem-and-leaf diagrams, which have the advantage that raw values can still be
seen a#er grouping.

In large datasets individual values lose their signi"cance and a picture of the whole
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- Cambridge We Press
University can use frequency
- Review Copytables to make a compact summary by
grouping but most people "nd the information easier to grasp when it is shown in a
graphical format, which allows absolute, relative or cumulative frequencies to be seen.
FAST FORWARD
Although some data are lost by grouping, histograms and cumulative frequency graphs
have the advantage that data can be grouped into classes of any and varied widths. In Chapter 2 and
Chapter 3, we will see
The choice of which representation to use will depend on the type and quantity of data,
how grouping
the audience and the objectives behind making the representation. Most importantly, the the methods we
e!ects
representation must show the data clearly and should not be misleading in any way. to "nd measures of
use
The following chart is a guide to some of the most commonly used methods of data central tendency and
measures of
representation.
variation.

Qualitative
data Pictogram, vertical line graph, bar
Ungrouped
chart,pie chart, sectional bar
Discrete chart
quantitative
data Small Stem-and-leaf
Grouped amount diagram
Large
amount Histogram
Continuous
data Cumulative frequency
graph

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EXERCISE 1D

1 Jamila noted each student’s answer when her year group was asked to name their favourite colour.