GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2 Matrices

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2.1 Basic Concepts For example,

Following tabular data shows the number of cars each

dealer sold in a month.
2 5 4
DEALER 1 DEALER 2 DEALER 3 A 
SPORT CARS 4 2 5
6 3 0 
CITY CARS 3 4 2
Matrix A is a 2 x 3 (‘two by three’) matrix or
we can write as A23
FAMILY CARS 6 1 3

Entry Each number in the matrix aij is the entry in

We can organize the tabular data in the form of the ith row and jth column of matrix.
D1 D2 D3
Sport cars 4 2 5
3 For example, let’s find a13 in matrix A above.
A  City cars  4 2 
Family cars  6 1 3 
2 5 4
Or A 
4 2 5 6 3 0 
 
3 4 2
So, a13 is the entry in the first row and the third column
6 1 3 

a13  4

This above arrangement is known as a matrix. 2.1 Example

A matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular
arrangements of numbers in rows and columns. 4 2 5
Let A   3 4 2

 a11 a12 a13  a1n   6
a   1 3 
 21 a22 a23  a2 n  
 a31 a32 a33  a3n   m rows
  a) Find the dimension of matrix A.
     
 b) Write the entries in 2nd row.
 am1 am 2 am 3  amn  

c) Write the entries in 1st column.
n colums
d) Find a13 , a33 , a21 and a32 .
The terms in matrix:
Rows : Horizontal lines Solution
Columns : Vertical lines
a) Dimension of matrix A is 3  3 or A33
Dimension (order) : Number rows and
3 4 2
number of columns b) 2nd row:
4
st
c) 1 column: 3
A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be a
6
matrix of order m  n (read as ‘m by n’)
d) a13  5 , a33  3 , a21  3 and a32  1

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2.2 Example 2.4 Example

4 7 6 Write the A23 matrix where A  [ aij ] such that aij  I  J .

Given that C   5 2 8

9 3 1  Solution

Find the value of: a a a13 
A23   11 12
(1) C11 4) C21 7) C31 a a
 21 22 a23 

(2) C12 5) C22 8) C32 Since aij  I  J , then

(3) C13 6) C23 9) C33 a11  1  1  2 , a12  1  2  3 , … , a33  3  3  6

So,
Solution
2 3 4
A23   
3 4 6 

2.5 Example

Write the dimension of the following matrices and

2.3 Example
find the given entries.
6 7 Matrices Dimension Entry
Given that C    find the value of:
9 2  1 3 a12 
A 
 5 6 a22 
1) C11 (3) C21
k b11 
2) C12 (4) XC21 B   9  b13 
 4  b21 
Solution
C  14  0 2.5 c14 
c21 
 1 5 4 1 7  d 23 
 3 7 7 3 8  d 42 
D 
 4 3 3 1 10 d 35 
 
12 1 9 4 4  d 41 

Solution

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2.6 Example 2.2 Types of Matrices

Write the A44 matrix where A  [ aij ] such that aij  j i 1 . Square matrix is a matrix with same number of rows
and columns.
Solution
2.7 Example

1 0 
4 2  2  2  Dimension (order) is 2
 

 1 0 2 
 0 0 0  3  3  Dimension (order) is 3
 
 0 0 0 

Rectangular matrix is a matrix with different number of

rows and columns.

2.8 Example

 3 2 0
 5 7 9  2  3
 

Row matrix is a matrix with only one row.

2.9 Example

 2 4 8 0 3  1 5

Column matrix is a matrix with only one column.

2.10 Example

9
 
 2   3  1
 1 

Zero matrix is a matrix whose entries are all zero.

2.11 Example

0 0   0 0 0 
0 0   0 0 0 
 , 

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Identity matrix is a square matrix whose main diagonal Lower Triangular matrix is a square matrix in which
elements are 1 and whose other elements are all zero. all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.

2.12 Example 2.16 Example

1 0 0   4 0 0
1 0   6 2 0
I   I  0 1 0   
0 1  0 0 1   1 6 9 

Note

0 1 
2.3 Equal Matrices
1 0 is not an identity
 
Two matrices (A and B) are equal if they have the same
dimension and their corresponding entries are equal.
Diagonal matrix is a square matrix in which all the
entries except the main diagonal entries are zero.
a b c   p q r
Let A    , B  and A  B ,
2.13 Example d e f   s t u
then a  p , b  q , c  r , d  s , e  t and f  u .
2 0 0
8 0   0 4 0 
0 1   Note
 
 0 0 5 
1 
1 2 3 2 Because 1 3   3 1

Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal  3
elements all contain the same number.
2.17 Example
2.14 Example
 x  y 2   1 2 
 4 0 0  Given  7  , find x, y, z .
 1 0   0 4 0   3  z y  2

 0 1  
   0 0 4 
2.18 Solution

7 z z 7
Upper Triangular matrix is a square matrix in which
x  y  1
all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.
3  y  2 x  (1)  1
3  2  y x  1  1
2.15 Example
1  y  y  1 x0

5 3 2 
 0 3 0 
 
0 0 1 

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2.1. Exercises 4) State the types and dimensions of the given matrices
 2
1) Given  
a.  -1
 x  y 2  4 2   1 
 5 
 1   z y  2

2 0 0
Find x, y, z . 
b. 0 2 0 
Solution 0 0 2 

1 0 -1 2
-1 1 1 -3
c. 
1 1 -1 1
 
3 2 -3 4

Solution
2) Given
2 x  3 y 0  4 0 
 1 
 2 y   1 3x  6


Find x  y .

Solution

5) Find a14 , a22 , a34 in the matrix ,

5 7 4 8

A= 0 3 6 9 

(UN 2010 PAKET A)
0 8 5 1 
 4a 8 4  12 8 4 
   
3) A   6 1 3b  , B   6 1 3a  Solution
 5 3c 9  5 b 9 
  

If A  B then a  b  c  ?

Solution

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2.4 Operations on Matrices 2.20 Example

4.1 Addition and Subtraction  x 2  2 7 3 5  6 0

Given     
1 6  y 0 2 z  4 2
Two matrices can be added or subtracted only if they
Find x  y  z .
have same order.
Solution
To add or subtract matrices, just add or subtract the
 x 2   2 7   3 5  6 0
corresponding elements.  1 6    y 0    2 z    4 2 
      

 x  (2)  3 2  7  (5)   6 0
 1  y  2 
Let A  
a b c   p q r
and B    6  0  z   4 2 
  , then
d e f   s t u

a  p b  q cr 
x  (2)  3  6
A B   1  y  2  4
d  s e  t f  u  x5  6  y  1  4
and x 1 y5

a  p b  q cr  60 z  2
A B  
d  s e t f  u  6 z  2
z  4

So, x  y  z  1  5  (4)  2
2.19 Example

0 8 2 4
Given A    and B   8 , Find A  B .
5 6  3  Properties of Addition

Let A, B, C be matrices with m  n dimension.

Solution
a) A  B is also m  n matrix.
0  (2) 8  (4) 
A B  
 58 6  3  b) A B  B A
 2 4  c) A  B  C    A  B  C
 
13 3
d) A0  A
e) A  (  A)  (  A)  A  0

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2.21 Example 2.23 Example

Given 8 3 9 1
Given A    , Find A
 2 1 7  0 4 5 2 1 4  2 9 4  2
A  , B  , and C   .
3 0 4 5 3 2  8 0 1 
Solution
Find A  B , A  B , A  B  C and A  C  B .
1 1 1 
Solution 1  2  (8) 2
3 9
2 
A 
2  1 2 1
 (9)
1 
4
 2 2 2 
 3 9 
 4 2 2 
 
1  9 2 
 2 

(UN 2012/B25) 2.24 Example

2.22 Example
0 2   3 12 
Given A   1 4  and B   6 4 
3 y   x 5  3 1
A  B  C    5 2   0 1
 5 1 ,  3 6  ,  y 9

 8 5x 
If A  B  C    then x  2 xy  y  ? Find 3 A,  B and 2 A  3B
  x 4 
Solution
Solution

2.25 Example
4.2 Multiplication by Scalar
 6 -1 4   1 4 2
To multiply matrices by a scalar, just multiply each entry Given A    ,B 
 2 4 3  -1 5 0 
by the scalar.
Find
a. –A b. 2A-3B c. 5A + B
a b c 
Let A    and k  IR , then
d e f  Solution
k  a k b k  c 
k  A  A k   
k  d k  e k  f 

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4.3 Multiplication of Matrices 2.27 Example

If matrix A has dimension m  n and B has dimension -2 4 2

1 0 3  
p  q , then A  B exists only if n  p and the dimension a.  2 -1 -2   1 0 0   ?
  -1 1 -1
of A  B is m  q .  
3 4  1 0
b.  -2 ?
 5   0 1

1 2   -1 2 
c. 1 ?
 1   1 -1

Solution

-2 4 2 
1 0 3   -5 7 -1
If cij is element of A  B , then a.  2 -1 -2   1 0 0   -3 6 6
  -1 1 -1  
cij  ( ai1  b1 j  ai 2  b2 j    ain  bnj )  
3 4  1 0  3 4
b.  -2 
 5   0 1  -2 5 
For A  B , we use rows of A and columns of B as follows:
1 2   -1 2  1 0 
c.  
1 1   1 -1  0 1

2.28 Exmaple

 0 3  1 7 
Let A    and B   
 2 6   2 4
Show that AB  BA .
2.26 Example
Solution
0 8 2 4
Let A    and B   8 .  0 3   1 7   0   1  3  2 07  3 4 
5 6 3  AB   
 2   7  6  4 
 
 2 6   2 4   2    1  6  2
Find A  B
 6 12 
AB   
Solution 14 10 

 1 7   0 3   1  0  7   2   1  3  7  6 
 0 8   2 4  BA     
A B     2 4   2 6   2  0  4   2  23 46 
 5 6   8 3 
 0  (2)  8  8 0  (4)  8  3   14 39
 BA   
 5  ( 2)  ( 6)  8 5  ( 4)  ( 6)  3  8 30
 64 24 
 
 58 38 So AB  BA

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4.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication 2.30 Example

Let A, B , C be matrices whose products are defined and 3 2 1986

Let A =  Find A .
0 3
k  .

Solution
1) A   B  C    A  B  C
First we calculate A2 .
2) A   B  C   A  B  A  C and 3 2 3 2  9 0  1 0 
A2  AA     9   6I
0 3 0 
3 0 9 
0 1 
 A  B  C  A C  B  C
A1986   A2 
993 2
3) k   A  B    k  A   B  A   k  B  , substitute A in the equality

9I   9993  I 993 Since I  I we get

993
4) In general, A  B  B  A 993

5) If A  B  A  C , then in general B  C
 9993 0 
6) If A is a square matrix and n   then 9993  I   
 0 9993 
A0  I , A1  A, A2  AA, A3  AA2 , , An  AAn 1

7) A I  I  A
2.31 Example
2
2.29 Example  4 x  1 0 
Solve  
 x 4   0 1


0 3 2006
Let A =   Find A . Solution
2 0
2
 4 x  4 x   4 x  16  x 2 0 
 x   
Solution  4   x 4    x 4   0 16  x 2 

First we calculate A2 .
Equate corresponding entries and solve the resulting
0 3  0 3  6 0  1 0 
A  AA  
2
  6   6I equations.
2 0   2 0   0 6  0 1 
16  x 2  1
A2006   A 
2 1003 2
, substitute A in the equality x 2  17
x  17
6I 
1003
 61003  I 1003

Since I
1003
 I we get

 61003 0 
61003  I   1003 
 0 6 
.

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2.32 Example  2  3  0 1
Y3 =  
 6 11   2 3
2 0 0 1
Given X=  and Y=  .
1 1 2 3  2  0  ( 3)  2
=
2  1  ( 3)  ( 3) 
 ( 6)  0  11  2 ( 6)  1  11  ( 3) 
Find XY , YX , X2 , Y2and Y3
 6 11 
=
Solution  22  39 

2 0 0 1
XY = 
1 1 2
 3
2.2. Exercises
 20  02 2 1  0  (3) 
=
1 0  (1)  2 11  (1)  (3)  1. Calculate the products

 0 2  3 1   3 6 
=  a.  1 2   5 7   ?
2 4    

 1 1 1   2
 1 1 1   2  ?
b.    .
0 1  2 0
YX=   1 1 1  2
2 3 1 1

 0  2  1 1 0  0  1  ( 1)   2 0 3
=   
 2  2  ( 3)  1 2  0  ( 3)  ( 1)  2. Given A= 1 0 1  . Find A2 and A3
 0 2 0 
 1  1
= 
 1 3  2 0
3. Given function f  x   x 2  5 x  2 and A   .
4 5

2 0  2 0 Find f  A
X2 = 
1 1 1 1
Solution
 2  2  0 1 2  0  0  ( 1) 
=
 1  2  ( 1)  1 1  0  ( 1)  ( 1) 

 4 0
=
 1 1

0 1 0 1
Y2 = 
2 3 2
 3

 0  0  1 2 0  1  1  ( 3) 
=
 2  0  ( 3)  2 2  1  ( 3)  ( 3) 

 2  3
=
6 11 

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.3. Exercises

 3 2 
 1 5 1 2 5  .
1) Given A    and B   
 3 2 0 
 1 1
Find A  B and B  A .

 2 7   3 1
2) Given A    and B   .
 1 5  2 2
Find A  B and B  A

(UN 2010 PAKET B)

 c 2   4 a
A  B 
3)  1 0 ,  b  5 6 

 1 3   4 b
C   D 
 0 2   2 3 
,
If 2 A  B  CD , then a  b  c  ?

2 0
4) If X   then X 2  ?
1 5

0 3
5) If A    , then A  ?
206

2 0
Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.4. Exercises Solution

1 3 1 
 
1) A 2 4 7 
 2 0 1 


3 3 2
 
B  2 2 2
0 2 4 


 1 2 4 
 
C  2 3 0 
1 2 5 

are given. Find:
1. 3A 2. –B
3. -3C 4. 2A – B
5. A – 2B 6. A + B
7. A + B + C 8. A + B – C
9. 3B – A + 2B 10. 3C – 2A + 2B

2) Given that
4 9 2 1
 
A3 1 1 2 .
5 1 2 3 

Find the matrices:

(a) 3A + 2A – 4A. (b) 5A + 9A – 8A – 7A.

1 1 3 1 1 1
(c) A  A  A (d) A  A  A
4 2 4 2 3 6
(e) A + 2B + 3A + 4A. (f)  A  A

10 1  y2 1 
3) Given that A    and B   
2 5 2
1
2
y 
2

If A = B then find the matrix 2A + 2B

 3  x 1   2x  9 1 
4) Given that A   2  and B   
 x  x 3 2 3

If A = B then find the value of x.

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

5) Given that Solution

5 2  7 2 
2A B   and A  2 B   
8 1   10 5 

Find the matrix: 4A + 5B

6) Given that
 6 11   11 15 
3A  2B    and 5 B  2 A   
 1 0  8 22 

Find the matrix A – B

7) Given that
 4 1
 
3 A  2 B  3C   4 1
 4 1 


 13 5
 
2 A  3B  5C   13 5
 13 5 


 21 12 
 
7 A  5 B  4C   21 12 
 21 12 

Find the matrix 10A + 20B + 30C.

8) Given that
0 3 2 1
A=  
1 3 2 0

1 1 3 
 
0 0 2 
B 
2 0 1 
 
3 1 2 

Find AB

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

1 3 2 1 Solution
9. Given that A    B  
 3 1 3 0
Find;

A) AB C) AB – BA

B) BA D) AB + BA

1 
 
0
10) Given that D = (2  113) and  
 2
 
1 
Find
(a) DE
(b) ED


3
11) Given that A    and B  (313 2) Find
5
a) AB

b) AB + AB

12) Given that
1 2 1 3 1 2
   
A 2 1 0 B  2 2 0
0

 1 2  1
 2 1 

1 1 0
 
C  2 2 0 Find
3 1 2 

(a) AB (b) BC
(c) AC (d) BA
(e) CB (f) CA
(g) AB – BA (h) BC – CB
(i) AC – CA (j) A – AB
(k) B – AB (l) (AB). (BA)

(m) (BA). (AB) (n) AB + C

(o) AB – C (p) (AB) C
(q) A (BC) (r) A (B + C)


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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.5 Transpose of a Matrix 2.34 Example

The transpose of a matrix A is formed by writing its Find the transpose of each of the following matrices.

columns as rows and denoted by AT (or A ).  2

a. A =  
8 
 a11 a12 a13  a1n 
a a2 n 
 21 a22 a23  1 2 0
A   a31 a32 a33  a3n   0 
b. B =  2 1
 
      0 0 1 
 am1 am 2 am 3  amn  mn
 a11 a21 a31  am1  0 1
a  4
 12 a22 a32  am 2  c. C =  2
AT   a13 a23 a33  am 3  1 -1 
 
     
 a1n a2 n a3n  amn  nm Solution

a. AT = [ 2 8 ]
2.33 Example 1 2 0
 0
b. BT =  2 1
5 7 1  T 0 0 1 
Let A    , then Find A .
 3 6 2 
0 2 1
c. CT =  .
Solution 1 4 -1

2.35 Example

 cos  sin  
Find A  A .
T
Given A  
  sin  cos  

Solution

 cos  sin   cos   sin  
A  AT  
5.2 Properties of Matrix Transposition   sin  cos    sin  cos  

Let A and B are square matrices and c   , then  cos 2   sin 2   cos   sin   sin   cos  
A  AT   
  sin   cos   cos   sin  sin 2   cos 2  
 A  B
T
a)  AT  B T
1 0 
b) A 
T T
A Since sin 2   cos 2   1 we get A  AT   I
0 1 
c  A
T
c)  c  AT

d)  A  B T  B T  AT

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.5. Exercises 2.6. Exercises

1) Write the transpose of each of the following 1) Find the transposes of the following matrices.
matrices.  6 -1 4   1 0
A   B 
 2 4 3  -1 5 
 4 1 2 
a) A   3 6 9   AT   1
1 1   -2 
 5 4 7 
C   2 -3 D 
 1
4 -2 -1  
b) B   1  BT   0
 5 

c) C  3 7 2  C T   -2 3   3 0
2) Given A   , B   2 and
 1 -3   1 

(UN 2007 PAKET B)  2x-1 3 

 A  B
T
  
 1   3 y -5 
x y x   1  x
2) If A   2  and A  B ,
T
 , B 
 y x  y  2 y 
3  Find x and y.

then x  2 y  ? Solution

1 1
3) For what value of x and y, the matrices A   
 2 1

1 x 
and B    satisfy the relation ( A  B )  A  B .
2 2 2

 4 y 

Solution














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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.6 Determinant of Matrix 6.2 Laplace Expansion Method

Every square matrix can be assigned a real number a a a 

 11 12 13 
which is called the determinant of the matrix. Let A   a a a  then
 21 22 23 
a a a 
6.1 Determinant of 2 x 2 Matrix  31 32 33 

det( A)  A
Let’s have 2  2 matrix, for example

a b   a11 a22 a23  a12 a21 a23  a13 a21 a22
A 
c d  a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

The determinant of matrix A is
a b Note
det( A)  A   ad  bc
c d a b
 ad  bc
c d
2.36 Example
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
A  a11  a12  a13
3 7 a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
Evaluate the determinant of matrix  .  a11 (a22 a33  a23 a32 )  a12 (a21a33  a23 a31 )
1 2
 a13 (a21a32  a22 a31 )

Solution
3 7
 3  (2)  (7) 1  6  7  1 2.37 Example
1 2
0 2 1
 
Evaluate the determinant of matrix 1 7 3  .
Determinant of 3 x 3 Matrix
5 0 4
The determinant of 3  3 matrix can be found by the
following method. Solution

Sarrus Method 0 2 1
7 3 1 3 1 7
1 7 3  0  2  ( 1) 
0 4 5 4 5 0
 a11 a12 a13  5 0 4
A   a21 a22 a23   0  (28  0)  2  ( 4  15)  1  (0  ( 35))
 a31 a32 a33   0  38  35
Let then
3

det( A)  a11a22 a33  a12 a23 a31  a13 a21a32
a13 a22 a31  a11a23 a32  a12 a21a33

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.7. Exercises

1) Evaluate the determinant of each matrix.

3 2
a) 1 5 
 

a b
b)  
 0 0

2  k 3
c)  k
 3 

103 101
d)  
102 100

 1 0 2 
e)  4 2 3 
 
 1 5 4 

 7 0 2
f)  4 2 5 
 
 3 1 0 

Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.8. Exercises Solution

1) Given that
 15 7  3 12 
A  B  
4 2 3 9 

8 6   21 4 
C   D  
 6 5   11 2 

Find the values of the following determinants.

1
1. 3B 2. A
2

1
3. C 4.  3 D
4

1 T
5. A 6. B

7. AB 8. BA

9. ABC 10. ABCD

T 1 T 1
11. A B 12. A B

1 T T 1 T
13. C D 14. A B C

1 T 1 1 1 T
15. B C D 16. 2C D B

T T 1 T
17. ( BC) D 18. ( AB) C

1 T T 1
19. ( ABC) D 20. (BCD) A

1 T 1 T
21. (2 AD) C 22. (2 AD) (3 BC)

1 T 1 1
23. ( ABCD) 24. (2 ABC D )

2 3
25. A 26. B

2
27. C D

2 T 2
28. ( AB ) CD

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2) Find determinant of each matrix. Solution

3 5 2
1)  2 3 4

1 0 1 


1 7 5
2)  8 3 0

4 6 0 


1 3 2
3)  1 4 7

1 8 4 


 20 50 60 
4)  40 0 70 

 30 0 80 


2 2 2 
5)  2 1 0 

 1 1 2 


4 3 1
6)  2 1 2 

 2 2 1


1 2 3
7)  4 5 6

7 8 9 

T
1 2 3
8)  4 5 6

7 8 9 


1 2 1  2 2 3
9)  3 1 2
 
3 0 2

0 2 3  1 4 2 
  

 3 2 4  4 1 3
10)  1 
3  2

 2 1 2

 4 2 1   3 2 0 
  

1 2 1
11)  3 1 2

2 1 2 


1 2 1
12) 5  3 1 2

2 1 2 


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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

 3  2  3
T
1 1 1  Solution

13) 1
  
 0 1 . 2 2 3 
 2 1 0  3 0 0
  
1 0 0   2 1 3 T 
    
14)  0 1 0  1 3 2  
 0 0 1   1 2 3  
    

1 3 1   2 4 3  1 2 2 
     
15)  2 0 0   1 0 1   2 3 1 
 3 1 2   5 0 4  1 4 2 
     

 2 0 0 3 0 0
   
16)  0 2 0   0 3 0 
 0 0 2   0 0 3
   
3 0 0  2 0 0
   
17)  0 3 0   0 2 0 
 0 0 3  0 0 2 
   
 12 1 12 2 
 
18)  2 12 3 1 
0 1
2 12 
 2

0 1 3
19)  2 0 4

5 6 0 


5 3 0
20)  4 0 1

0 2 1 


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6.3 Minor and Cofactor According to example above,

the cofactor matrix of matrix A is
A "minor" is the determinant of the square matrix
formed by deleting one row and one column from some
 M 11  M 12 M 13 
larger square matrix. C A    M 21 M 22  M 23 
 M 31  M 32 M 33 
Since there are lots of rows and columns in the original  28 19 35 
  8 5 10 
matrix, you can make lots of minors from it. These
 1 1 2 
minors are labelled according to the row and column you
deleted.
2.38 Example
For example,
Find cofactor matrix of the following matrix
0 2 1
Let A  1 7 3  , we will have the minor  1 0 2 
5 0 4 A   4 2 3 
 1 5 4 
M
11 , M 12 , M 13 ,..., M ij , where
Solution

7 3
M 11   28
0 4
1 3
M 12   19
5 4
1 7
M 13   35
5 0
2 1 2.39 Example
M 21   8
0 4
Find cofactor matrix of the following matrix
0 1
M 22  5
5 4  7 0 2
B   4 2 5 
0 2  3 1 0 
M 23   10
5 0
2 1 Solution
M 31   1
7 3
0 1
M 32  1
1 3
0 2
M 33   2
1 7

Cofactor Matrix of some square matrix is a square matrix

with element

cij  (1)i  j M ij

where M ij is the minor.
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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

6.4 Adjugate (Adjoint or Adjunct) 2.42 Example

The adjugate of a square matrix is the transpose of its Find the adjugate of the following matrices
cofactor matrix. 9 2
A 
adj( A)  C T
4 7

 7 0 2
2.40 Example B   4 2 5 
 3 1 0 
3 2
Find the adjugate of matrix 
1  5 
Solution

Solution

M 11  5, M 12  1, M 21  2, and M 22  3

 5 1 5 1
C  
(2) 3  2 3 

3 2  5 2
adj   
1 5   1 3

2.41 Example

0 2 1
Let A  1 7 3  , find the adjugate of matrix A.
5 0 4

Solution

Base on previous example (previous page), we have

 28 19 35 
C A   8 5 10 
 1 1 2 
, then
 28 8 1
adj( A)  C  19 5 1
T

35 10 2 

Note

A  adj( A)  det( A)  I

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.7 Inverse of a Matrix 2.43 Example

Let A be a square matrix, the inverse of A is denoted by 2 5

Find the inverse of matrix A   
1 3
A1 such that

A1 A  AA1  I Solution

Remark, properties of adjugate
1  3 5
A  adj( A)  det( A)  I A1 
2( 3)  5(1)  (1) 2 


If we divide both sides by det  A  , then 1  3 5


1  1 2 
A  adj( A) det( A)  I
 3 5
det( A) det( A)  
 1 2 
 1 
A  adj( A)   I
 det( A ) 

And we know AA1  I , therefor 2.44 Example

1
A 1   adj( A)  -1 2 1 -2 
Let A =   and B =  .
-1 
det( A)
 -1 1 1
A matrix which has an inverse is called an
invertible matrix.
Show that A and B are inverses of one another.

A matrix which does not have an inverse is called a Solution

noninvertible (or singular) matrix. Using the definition of an inverse matrix

7.1 Properties of Inverse Matrix  -1 2 1 -2   -1  2 2 -2  1 0 

AB = 
1  1 -1 
=   
 -1   -1  1 2-1   0 1
a) A 
1 1
A 1 -2   -1 2   -1  2 2 -2  1 0 
BA =  = 
b)  AB 1  B 1 A 1 1 -1   -1 1   -1  1 2-1   0 1

A 
T 1
  A1 
T
c)
Since both product matrices are the 2 x 2 identity matrix

7.2 Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrix for multiplication. A and B are inverses of one another.

a b 
Let A    is an invertible matrix such that
c d 
det(A)  ad  bc  0 , then the inverse of matrix A is

1  d b 
A1  
ad  bc  c a 

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.45 Example 2.46 Example

 
-3 m 1 2 5 1 2
Let A = 
  . If A  A then find A. Solve the equation    X   3 4
 2 m 3   1 3  

Solution Solution

Since A  A1 , AA1  AA  I 1

 2 5   1 2
X    
 -3 m   -3 m  1 3  3 4 
A A    2  m 3 
 2  m 3   1  3 5  1 2 

6  (5)  1 2   3 4 
 9  2m - m 2 3m  3m 
A A     3 5   1 2
  6  3m  6  3m 2 m  m2  9   
 1 2   3 4 
 -m 2  2m  9 0  1 0   3  15 6  20 
A A      
 0  m 2
 2 m  9  0 1   1  6 2  8 
 18 26 
-m 2 +2m+9=1  
 5 10 
m 2  2m  8  0
Solve the quadratic equation .
m1  4 m2  2 2.47 Example
 -3 4  -3 4
So A1    and A2    Show that A and B are inverses of each other.
 2 3  2 3

 1 2 1 2 
A  B 
7.3 Equation of Matrices  1 1  1 1

Let A, B, and X are invertible matrices, Solution

AX  B
A1 AX  A1 B
IX  A1 B
X  A1 B

XA  B
XAA1  BA1
XI  BA1
X  BA1

Note AB  BA

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.48 Example 2.9. Exercises

Find the Inverse of the following matrices 1  

4 6
1. Find A if A =  .
1 3   2 1  1 2 
A  B 
 1 2 3 4   1
a 3  . If A  A1 then find a.
2. Let A =  
Solution 1 b
12 
3. For which value of x does the matrix
2 4 
A=   have no inverse?
 3 log x 

Solution
2.49 Example

 x 1 2
For which value of x does the matrix  have no
 6 3

inverse?

Solution

2.50 Example

 2 4  1 2
Solve   X   3 4
1 3 

Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.10. Exercises Solution

A) Find the inverse of each matrix:

3 1
(1)  
4 0

 1 2 
(2)  
3 5 

6 7
(3)  
7 2

1 0
(4)  
0 1

2 0
(5)  
0 2

1 0
(6)  
0 1

2 0
(7)  
0 2

1 1
(8)  
1 2

1 2
(9)  
3 4

 12 1
3 
(10)  
1
1
2 

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

B) Given that
5 7  1  9 4
A  B  
2 3 4 2

3 2  1  6 11 
C   D  
 10 7 3 6 

Find the following matrices.

1) B
2) D
3) ( BD)1

4) ( DB)1

5) ( AC)1

6) (CA)1

7) ( AB)1

8) ( DC ) 1

9) ( ABC )1

10) ( BCD)1

11) ( A1 B)1

12) ( B 1 C )1

13) ( ABCD)1

14) ( BCAD)1

15) ( ABAD) 1

Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.8 Solving Equation Systems 8.3 Cramer’s Rule Method

Let’s solve the following system of linear equations x  2y  5

x y 8

x  2y  5 Let D be the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the

x y 8 above system, and let Dx be the determinant formed by
replacing the x-column values with the answer-column
8.1 Elimination and Substitution Method
values and also Dy.
x  2y  5
x  y  8_

1 2
D  1  (2)  3
3 y  3 1 1
y 1 5 2
Dx   5  (16)  21
x y 8 8 1
x 1  8
1 5
x  8 1 Dy   85  3
1 8
x7

Cramer’s Rule
8.2 Matrix Equation Method
Dx Dy
x and y 
Matrix representation of system above is D D

Dx 21 D 3
x  2y  5
1 2  x  5 Therefore, x    7 and y  y   1
      D 3 D 3
x y 8 1 1   y  8

Remark, AX  B  X  A1 B
1
 x  1 2  5
 y   1 1  8
     
1  1 2  5 

1  (2)  1 1  8
1  5  16 
 
3  5  8
 21 
3
 
3
 3 
7 
 
1 

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

8.4 Gauss-Jordan (Echelon form) Method 1 1 1 5  1 1 1 5 

  R2  2 R1  
 2 3 5 8    0 1 3 2 
x  2y  5 1 2 5   4 0 5 2   4 0 5 2 
 
x y 8 1 1 8  1 1 1 5 

R3  4 R1 
  0 1 3 2 
 0 4 1 18
We will now perform row operations until we obtain a
1 1 1 5 
matrix in reduced row echelon form. R3  4 R2  
  0 1 3  2
 0 0 13 26 
1 2 5 R2  R1  1 2 5  1 1 1 5
     1
R3  
1 1 8  1  1 1  ( 2) 8  5  0
13
1 3 2 
1 2 5 0 0 1 2 
  
 0 3 3 1 1 1 5
R2  3 R3  
1
R2 1 2 5  0 1 0 4
 
3
 0
0 1 1 0 1 2 

R1  2 R2 1 0 7  1 1 0 7 
   R1  R3  
0 1 1   0 1 0 4 
0 0 1 2 
1 0 0 3 
Other example of Gauss-Jordan method, 
R1  R2 
  0 1 0 4 
Solve the following system by using the Gauss-Jordan  0 0 1 2 

elimination method.
x yz 5
From this final matrix, we can read the solution of the
2 x  3 y  5z  8
4x  5z  2
system. It is x  3, y  4, and z  2 .

Solution

The augmented matrix of the system is the following.

1 1 1 5 
 
2 3 5 8
 4 0 5 2 

We will now perform row operations until we obtain a

matrix in reduced row echelon form.

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.11. Exercises 2.12. Exercises

Solve the following system of equations Use the matrices method to solve each system.
 5 x  2 y  19
 2x  y  3 (1) 
1)   3 x  4 y  17
 x  3 y  1
 7 x  y  10
 x  y  3z  4 (2) 
  6 x  5 y  28
2)  x  2 y  2 z  10
 3x  y  5 z  14
 5 x  3 y  2
(3) 
x  y  2
 x  2 y  3z  5

3) 2 x  4 y  6 z  3  x  2 y 1
 2x  3y  z  9 (4) 
  2 x  y  11

x  y  1
Solution (5) 
 2 x  3 y  18

4 x  5 y  7
(6) 
3 x  7 y  15

2 x  y  6
(7) 
 5 x  3 y  17

 x  y   13
(8) 
 2 x  y   21

Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.13. Exercises

Solve by matrices method.

(1) 4 x  5 y  z 19
x  2 y  3z 11
3x  y  2 z 14

(2) 2 x  y  3 z   10
x  3y  z  7
4 x  2 y  5 z   16

(3) 7 x  y  2 z  35
x  5 y  3 z   39
5x  2 y  z  4

x  3 y  3 z  10
(4) 4 x  5 y  6 z  28
7 x  8 y  9 z  48

Solution

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2.9 Review Exercises Solution

1. Find (a) A + B, (b) A - B, (c) 2A, and (d) 2A – B

with the given matrices below.
1 2  -3 -2 
a. A =  ,B  
2 1  4 2


 6 -1  1 4
b. A   2 4  , B  -1 5 
 

-3 5   1 10 
2 2 -1 0 1
c. A  
1 1 -2 0 -1 

 1 1 -1 1 0
B
 -3 4 9 -6 - 7 

 3 -4 
d. A   2  , B   6  .
 
-1   2 

2. Find (a) c21 and (b) c13, where C = 3A – 2B.

 5 4 4 1 2 -7 
A=  and B  
 -3 1 2  0 -5 1 

3. Find (a) c23 and (b) c32, where C = 2A + 5B

 4 11 -9  1 2 -7 
 0 3 2  and B  -4 6 11 
A=    .
-3 1 1  -6 4 9 

4. Solve for x, y and z in the matrix equation:

a b  b c 4 a 
4   2   2
c -1 -a 1 5 - a 

5. Solve for x, y, z and w in the matrix equation:

n k  -4 3  l n
l     2 .
 m   2 - 1 m k 

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6. Solve the given matrix equations for a, b, c and d. Solution

 a - b 2b  c   -1 3
a. c - 2d a  d    5 - 2 
  

a  b b  c  2 -1
b. c  d 
 a  d  1 4 

7. Find (a) AB and (b) BA with the given matrices:

 2 -1  0 0
a. A =  , B   
 1 4  3 -3 

 3 -1  1 -3
b. A =  , B  
 1 3 3 1

1 -1   1 3
c. A =  , B  
1 1  -3 1 

1 -1 7 1 1 2
d. A   2 -1 8  , B   2 1 1 
3 1 -1  1 -3 2 

2
e. A = [3 2 1], B  3 
0 

8. Find (a) AB and (b) BA (if they are defined) with the
given matrices:
 2 1 0 -1 0
 
a. A = -3 4  , B   4 0 2  .
 1 6  8 -1 7 

0 -1 0  2 
 2  ,  
b. A =  4 0 B = -3 .
8 -1 7   1 

-1 3
  1 2 
c. A =  4 -5  , B   .
 0 2  0 7 

1 0 0 3 0 0
d. A  0 4 0  , B  0 -1 0 
0 0 -2  0 0 5 

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

0 0 -5  6 -11 4 Solution
e. A  0 0 -3  , B  8 16 4 
0 0 7   0 0 0 

 6
-2 
f. A   , B  10 12 .
 1
 
 6

1 0 3 -2 4 1 6
g. A  ,B   .
6 13 8 -17 20  4 2 

9. Compute the indicated power of A for the matrix

1 0 0
 0  .
A = 0 -1
0 0 1 

a. A29 b. A30

10. Solve the given matrix equations for A.

1 2 1 0 
a. 3  A   
 5  0 1

2 -1 1 0 
b. 3 A  
 -2  
 0 1

11. Verify that AB = BA for the following matrices:

 cos  - sin   cos  - sin  
A  an d B
sin  cos   sin  cos  
.

12. Show that B is the inverse of A in the given

matrices:
-2 1
1 2  .
a. A =  , B=
3 4   3 - 1
 2 2

 2 -17 11  1 1 2 
 -7  ,  
b. A = -1 11 B =  2 4 -3  .
 0 3 -2  3 6 -5 

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1  Solution
2 0 0
2 0 0  
1
. A = 0 -3 0  , B  0 - 0
  3 
 0 0 4   
0 0 1
 4 

1 2 0 0 -7 6 4 -8 
2 1 2 0   
1 6 -3 -2 4
d. A =  , B=  .
0 2 1 2 5  4 -2 -3 6
   
0 0 2 1 -8 4 6 -7 

13. Find the inverse of each given matrix, if it exists.

1 2  1 -2 
a. 3 7  b.  
   2 -3 

2 4 11 1
c. 4 d. 
 8   -1 0 

1 1 1  1 2 2
3 5 4   9 
e.   f.  3 7
3 6 5  -1 -4 -7 

14. Find (a) (AB)-1, (b) (AT)-1, (c) A-2 with the matrices
given below:
 2 5  7 -3 
a. A-1 =  , B-1 = 
 -7 6  2 0 

 2 1 5 2 
 7 7 11 11 
b. A = 
-1
, B 
-1

 3 2 3 -
1 
 7 7  11 11 

1 -4 2  6 5 -3 
 3 ,
1
c. A  0 1 B-1  -2 4 - 1 
 4 2 1   1 3 4 

15. Prove that if A and B are diagonal matrices (of the

same order), then AB = BA.

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2.10 Review Tests 1 2

A
 1 2
and B  
5)   are given. If X  2 A  B ,
 0 2 1 5
10.1 Review Test 1 1
find X .

 2 3 4 
 
1) If A   5 0 7  , then find the value of 1 2 3 2 1 2
2 4 0  A)   B)   C)  
  1 3 1 1  1 3
(a21  a32  a11 ) . 1 2 1 2
D)   E)  
1 3 1 3
A) 2 B) 4 C) 5
D) 7 E) 10
1 3
2 1  1   
6) If A  0 x  and A  2 2 , then x  ?
   
3 2  0 3 
2) A   3 A  2I 2 x 2  ?
1 2 A) -1/2
B) -1/3
C) 1/3
9 6  7 4  7 6 
A)   B)   C)   D) 1/2
3 6 1 8  3 8
E) 2/3
11 8  9 4 
D)   E)  
 5 4  1 6   2
x 1 3 
7) If A    , A 1  AT then what is the value of
 3 2  4   2 y
3) A  and B  3 are given. If A  C  C  2  B ,  3 
 1 1   
y x?
then which one the following is the matrix C ?
A) 1 B) 5 C) 1  5

6 10  8  5 5 1
A)   B)   C)   D) E)
10  6 6  3 3

 6 8   3 4
D)   E)  
10 6  5 3 5 0 
8) A  A ?
50

a 5

x y a b 
4) A  and x  y  z  t  3 . If A  A  
T
 ,
z t c d  50 1 0 100 1 0
A) 5   B) 5  
0 1  0 1 
then abcd ?
50  1 0  550 0
C) 25   D)  50 
A) 3 a 1 a 550 

B) 4 50  5 0
E) 5  
C) 5  a 5
D) 6
E) 7

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

1 0   x   2  6 5  x x   9 x 
9)  2 3 .  y   x 1  5  x  y  ? 13) A    and B    are given. If the
         5 3x  7 4 
determinant of A and B are equal, then find the possible
A) 3 values of x.
B) 4
C) 5 A) 3 or 4 B)-3 or 4 C) -4 or 3
D) 6 D) -4 or 5 -5 or 3
E) 7
1 0 2 
 
x 3 3 4 14) Find the determinant of  3 1 1 .
10) If  4 and  3 then x  y  ? 2 5 1 
y 1 y x  

A) 2 A) 24 B) 26 C) 28
B) 5 D) 30 E) 32
C) 7
D) 8 2 1  1 2 
15) Given matrices A   , B   and
E) 9  3 4  5 6

 a 1
C   . If the determinant of the matrix of
 1 1  1 1  2 3 
11) If A    and B  
2
 , what is (A+B) ?
 2 2   4 2  2 A  B  3C is 10, find the value of a .

 4 0  4 0   4 0 A) -5
A)   B)   C)  
 6 9  6 9   6 9 B) -3

4 0  4 0 C) -2
D)   E)  
 6 9   12 16  D) 2
E) -5

1 3 1 0  3x  y  z  9
12) If A   
 and I    satisfies the equation of 16) 2 x  y  2 z  8 then x  y  z  ?
 2 4  0 1  x  2 y  5z  3

A2  pA  qI , then p  q  ?

A) 0
A) 16 B) 1
B) 9 C) 2
C) 8 D) 3
D) 3 E) None of them
E) -1

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10.2 Review Test 2 4 5

6. Inverse of the matrix:   is…
2 1
2 1 4 0
1. If P    and Q    then,
0 3 5 6
1 1 5  1  1 5 
Q – 2P =…….. A.   B.  
6  2 4  62 4 

1  5 1  1 5 1
1 0   2  4 5 2 C.   D.  
A.   B.   C.   64 2  6  4 2 
 0 1 5 0 1 0 
1 5 1
 1 4   2 0 E.  
D.   E.   64 2
 0 5  2 4

8 2
1 4  2 1 7. If A    then (A). then (A-1).
2.     ........ 15 4
3 2  2 3
Then (AT) =…

10 13  10 10  10 13 

A.   B.   C.   1
 9 10  13 9  10 9  A. B. 1. C. 2.
2
10 9   9 10  D. 4 E. 6
D.   E.  
13 10  10 13 

8 17 
8. If B   3
 then det (B ) = …
0 1 4 9 
If R    then R  .....
3
3.
2 3

0 1   27 1 8 1 A. 1. B. 4. C. 16.
A.   B.   C.  
8 27  0 8 0 27  D. 64. E. 256.

 6 22   6 11 
D.   E.  
11 39   22 39  1 0 2
 
9. Determinant of matrix:  3 1  is…
2 5 1 

1 9
4. Given that Q    , determinant of matrix Q
7 2
A. 15. B. 16. C. 17.
is……..
D. 18. E. 20.
A. -61 B. 61. C. -11.
D. 11. E. 12.

2 2 1 1
5. Given that K    and M   
2 5 4 7
If N = M then,
determinant of matrix N is…

A. 8. B. 10. C. 12.
D. 14. E. 16.

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 GRADE 12 MATHEMATICS

2 1 1 LOGIC
 
10. Inverse of the matrix:  0 2 1  is...
3 3 2  Place a digit from 1 to 6 into each of the empty squares so

that each digit appears exactly once in each of the

four 6x6 grids and in each of the six-field outlined regions

1 1 1 
  (irregular or rectangle).
A.  3 1 2 
 6 3 4 


 1 3 6 
 
B.  1 1 3 
1 2 4 


 1 1 1 
 
C.  3 1 2 
6 3 4 


1 0 0
 
D.  0 1 0
0 0 1 


1 3 6 
 
E. 1 1 3 
 1 2 4 


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