Matematika Terapan

BAB. SATU
MATRIK DAN DETERMINAN
 Jurusan Teknik Sipil
 Politeknik Negeri Semarang

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1. Definitions & Types of Matrices

 By the end of this topic, you should be

able to
 Define a matrix and the equality of matrices

 Identify the different types of matrices such as

row, column, square, zero, diagonal, upper
triangular, lower triangular, identity, and
symmetry matrices.

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CONTENT

 1. Definition and Types of Matrices

 2. Operation on Matrices

 3. Determinant of Matrices

 4. Inverse Matrices

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A Matrix
C1 C2  Cj  Cn
 A Matrix A is a rectangular Row 1  a11 a12  a1 j  a1n 
  a2 n 
array of numbers arranged Row 2  a21 a22  a2 j
     
in rows and column and  A
Row i  ai1 ai 2  aij  ain 
enclosed in brackets
     
 
Row m  am1 am 2  amj  amn 

 The numbers aij in the matrix are called the elements of

the matrix (element in the ith row and jth column)
 A matrix with m rows and n columns is said to be of order
m n

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Equality of Matrices
 Two matrices are equal (A = B) if
 They have the same order
 Their corresponding elements are equal
 Examples
  a b   1 5 
    a  1, b  5, c  4
 c 21  4 21 
  3 
    3 2  (Different order)
2
  1 5   1 51
   (not all corresponding elements are equal)
 4 21   4 21 

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Types of Matrices
 Row Matrix
 A matrix with 1 n order 1 2   1 2
 Column Matrix 1 
 A matrix with m 1 order  2  2 1
 
 Square Matrix 1 3
 A matrix with the same number of rows & column 2 4  2  2
 
 Null (Zero) Matrix , O 0 0 
Ο 
 A matrix where all the elements are zero
0 0 
 Identity Matrix, I 1 0 
 A square matrix where the elements in the main I 
diagonal are all 1’s & the others are all zeros  0 1 

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Types of Matrices
 Diagonal Matrix a 0
 A square matrix where all its elements 0 b
zeros, except for those in the main diagonal  
 Symmetric Matrix
1 2
 A square matrix where the elements are 2 4
symmetrical about the main diagonal  
 Upper Triangular Matrix 1 3 
 A square matrix where all the elements 0 2
below the main diagonal are zeros  

 Lower Triangular Matrix 1 0 

 A square matrix where all the elements 3 2 
above the main diagonal are zeros  

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2. Operation on Matrices

 By the end of this topic, you should be

able to
 Perform operations on matrices such as
addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and
multiplication of two matrices.
 Define the transpose of a matrix and show its
properties

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2.1. Addition
 Two matrices A and B of the same order can be
added by adding the corresponding elements of
A and B . a b   p q
If A =   and B =  
c d  r s
a b   p q  a  p b  q 
Hence, A  B =   +  r s    c  r d  s
 c d     

 Addition of matrices
A+B = B+A
 Commutative, that is
A + B  C  =  A + B  + C
 Associative, that is

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Example 1 (Addition)
4 2 6   3 9 0
 Given the matrices A , B   ,
 1 3 7   4 1 8 
2 5  1 6 
C  , and D   find
 , the following
 3 4   7 12 
matrices if exist.

1) A + B 2) A + C 3)C + D 4)D + C

 If show that C + O = C
0 0
Ο 
 0 0 

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2.2. Subtraction

 Two matrices A and B of the same order

can be subtracted (A - B ) by subtracting
the corresponding elements of B from A.
a b   p q
If A =   and B =  
 c d   r s 
a b   p q  a  p b  q 
Hence, A  B =      
 c d   r s   c  r d  s 

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Example 2 (Subtraction)
4 2 6   3 9 0
 Given the matrices A , B   ,
 1 3 7   4 1 8 
2 5 
and C   . Find the following
 3 4 
matrices if exist. 1) A  B 2)B  C

 If D   p 7 q show that D + B = A , find

 
 r 4  15 
the values of p, q and r.

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2.3. Scalar Multiplication
 For a matrix A and real number k, the matrix
kA is obtained by multiplying each element in
A by k.
a b 
If A =   then,
c d 
 a b   ka kb 
kA = k     where k is real number
 c d   kc kd 
If A and B have the same order, then for any scalars h and k , we have
k  A  B  = kA  kB
 h  k  A = hA  kA
h  kA  =  hk  A

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Example 3 (Scalar multiplication)

 Given the matrices

 3 21   9 12 
     4 9   5 1
A  16 4  , B   9 14  , C    , and D   ,
3 8  7 9   3 10   13 5 
   

find the following matrices if exist.

1) 3A + B 2) B  A + C 3) 2C + 5C  4D
4) - A + 3  B - A  5) 2 3C  - 7 D 6)  A  2  D + C 

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2.4. Multiplication
 The product AB is defined only if the number of columns of
A is equal to the number of rows of B.

 In general, A.B = P
me en mn

 Multiplication is done by
 Taking a row from the 1st matrix & a column from the 2nd
matrix
 Multiplying the corresponding elements from the row &
column
 Adding the products

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Example 4 (Multiplication)
 Given the matrices

 4  2 1  3 2 1 
A   , B    , and C   ,
 3  3 7   2 4 6 

find the following matrices if exist.

1) AB 2) BA 3) CA 4) BC 5) CB

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2.4. Multiplication ...
 Multiplication of matrices is

 Associative, that is A  BC  =  AB  C

 Distributive, that is
A  B + C  = AB + AC and  A + B  C = AC + BC

 In general AB  BA

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Example 5 (Multiplication)
 Given the matrices

 4 3 1 2  2 1
A , B    , and C   ,
 7 1 5 3  2 4 

find the following matrices if exist.

1) AB 2) BA 3) A 2 4)  AB  C

 Is AB = BA ?

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2.5. Transpose of a matrix
 The transpose of a m  n matrix is the n  m
matrix obtained by interchanging the rows &
column
T
 The transpose of A is denoted by A

a b a c 
 Example, If A    , then A  
T

c d b d 

 Properties :  A 
T T
 A and A  B
T
 AT  BT

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Example 6 (Transpose)
 Given the matrices

 4  2 1  3 2 1 
A   , B    , and C   ,
 3  3 7   2 4 6 

find the following matrices if exist.

1) A T 2) B T 3) CT 4) A T B 5) BCT

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3. Determinant of Matrices

 By the end of this topic, you should be

able to
 Define the determinant, minor, cofactor and
adjoint of a square matrix

 Discuss the properties of determinants

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Determinant of 2  2 Matrices

a b 
1. If A =   the determinant of A,
c d 
a b
det  A   A =  ad  bc
c d
2. For a square matrix A,
A = AT
3. For any two square matrices A and B of the same order,
AB = A B

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Example 7 (Determinant)
 Given the matrices

 4 3 1 2  2 1
A , B    , and C   ,
 7 1 5 3  2 4 

find its determinant if exist.

 Then show that

1) A  A T 2) AB  A B

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Determinant of 3  3 Matrices
 Use Special Formula
 a11 a12 a13 
If A   a21 a22 a23  , then the determinant of A,
 a31 a32 a33 

 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12

A   a21 a22 a23  a21 a22
 a31 a32 a33  a31 a32
 a11a22 a33  a12 a23a31  a13a21a32  a12 a21a33  a11a23a32  a13a22 a31

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Example 8 (Determinant)
 Given the matrices

 1 2 3 3 1 5   1 2 3
     
A   4 5 6  , B   0 2 8  , and C   2 2 3  ,
7 8 9  0 0 3   3 3 3
     

find its determinant if exist.

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Minor of an element
Let A be an m  n matrix and k an integer with 0 < k , k  m, and k  n.
A k  k minor of A is the determinant of a k  k matrix obtained from
A by deleting m - k rows and n - k columns.

There are a total of m  n minors of size k  k .

Thus we have, 9 minor as below;
Example
The minor of the element a11 in the determinant a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
M11 = M12 = M13 =
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a33
a11 a12 a13 a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
a a23 M 21 = M 22 = M 23 =
a21 a22 a23 , denoted by M11 = 22 a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a32 a33
a31 a32 a33 a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
M 31 = M 32 = M 33 =
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
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Cofactor of an element
1. The cofactor of an element in a determinant is the minor of the element
  
together with the asociate sign given in the diagram   
  
a11 a12 a13
a12 a13
2. In general, if A = a21 a22 a23 , the cofactor of a21 , c21 =    M 21
a32 a33
a31 a32 a33

Example a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

c11  M11  c12  M12   c13  M13 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a33
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
c21  M 21 = c22  M 22  c23  M 23  
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
c31  M 31 = c32  M 32   c33  M33 
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
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Matrix of Cofactors & Adjoint
matrix
 a11 a12 a13   c11 c12 c13 
1. If A   a21 a22 a23  the matrix of cofactors is , C= c21 c22 c23 
 a31 a32 a33   c31 c32 c33 
a22 a23 a21 a23
where c11  , c12   and so on
a32 a33 a31 a33

2. The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of A is the adjoint

matrix, denoted by Adj A
T
 c11 c12 c13   c11 c21 c31 
Adj A  CT  c21 c22 c23   c12 c22 c32 
 c31 c32 c33   c13 c23 c33 

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Example 9 (Minor and cofactor)

 Given the matrices

 1 2 3  4 5 2
   
A   4 5 6  , and B   2 8 1  ,
7 8 9 6 0 3
   

find all its minor and cofactor. Then write down

the adjoint matrix.

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Determinant of n  n Matrices
 The determinant of a n  n matrix is the sum of the
products of the i row (or j column) elements with
their corresponding cofactors
n
A   aik cik  ai1ci1  ai 2ci 2    ain cin
k 1

 a11 a12 a13 

If A   a21 a22 a23  , then the determinant of A,
 a31 a32 a33 
a11 a12 a13
a a23 a a23 a a22
A  a21 a22 a23  a11c11  a12c12  a13c13  a11 22  a12 21  a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
or
a11 a12 a13
A  a21 a22 a23  a11c11  a21c21  a31c31 or else.
a31 a32 a33
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Example 10 (determinant)
 Given the matrices
 3 7 8 9
 1 2 1   
   0 2 5 7
A   0 3 2  , and B  ,
3 2 0  0 0 1 5
   
0 0 2 4

Use cofactor to find its determinant.

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4. Inverse Matrices
 By the end of this topic, you should be
able to
 Define the inverse of a matrix & its
properties
 Apply the elementary row operation to
obtain the inverse of matrices
 Find the inverse matrix using the adjoint
matrix

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Matrix inverse
 A square matrix A is invertible or nonsingular if there exist
a square matrix B, called an inverse of A, such that
AB = I and BA = I
B is called an inverse of A  B  A 
1
 and
 A is called an inverse B  A  B 1 

 An invertible matrix A has only

1
one inverse (The inverse is
unique) & is denoted by A . So,
AA -1 = I and A -1 A = I
1
 When A  0, A does not exist and A is called
noninvertible or singular matrix
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Properties of Inverse
 If A and B are nonsingular matrices (invertible),
 AB 
1
 B 1A 1

 The inverse of an invertible matrix is also is

invertible. So,
A 
-1 1
A

 Any nonzero scalar product of an invertible matrix

is invertible.
1 1
 kA   A
1

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Inverse of a 2  2 Matrices

a b 
1. If A =   the inverse of A is,
c d 
1 1  d b  1  d b 
A  
A  c a  ad  bc  c a 
 

2. A is invertible if only if A  ad  bc  0

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Example 11 (Inverse)
 Given the matrices

1 4   1 3  1 1
A , B    , and C   ,
1 5   2 6 2 3 

find its inverse if exist.

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Example 12 (Inverse)
 Given the matrices

 2 2   4 5   2 1
A , B    , and C   ,
 3 4  2 h   k 1
 If AC = I, find the value of k
 If |B| = 2 |A|, find the value of h
 Find the inverse of A 2

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1. Find Inverse Matrix by
Elementary Row Operation
 To find A 1 , if it exist, do the following

 Find the reduced row echelon form (by elementary

row operation) of the matrix [A:I], say [B:C]

 If B has a zero row, STOP. So, A is noninvertible.

Otherwise, go to Step 3.

1
 The reduced matrix is now in the form [I: A ]. Read
the inverse A 1

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Row Echelon Form
 Consider the following conditions on a matrix:
1. All zero rows are at the bottom of the matrix (at least one row is
nonzero)
2. The leading entry of each nonzero row after the first occurs to the
right of the leading entry of the previous row.
3. The leading entry is any nonzero row is 1.
4. All entries in the column above and below a leading 1 are zero

 If a matrix satisfies the 1st two conditions, it is in row echelon

form
 If a matrix satisfies the all four conditions, it is in reduced row
echelon form

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Elementary Row Operation
 The elementary row operation of a
matrix consist of the following:

 Elimination : Adding a constant

cR j  Ri  Ri
multiple of one row to another

 Scaling : Multiplying a row by a cRi  Ri

nonzero constant

 Interchange : Interchanging two row Ri  R j

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Example 13 (Inverse)
 Given the matrices

 1 2 2   2 3 4
   
A   3 1 1  , and B   2 1 1  ,
 2 1 0   1 1 2 
   

Use Elementary Row Operation to find its

inverse.

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2. Find Inverse Matrix by Adjoint
Matrix

1. If A  0, then A has an inverse A 1 given by,

1 1 1 T
A  adjA  C
A A

where C is Cofactor Matrix

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Example 14 (Inverse)
 Given the matrices

 1 2 2   2 3 4
   
A   3 1 1  , and B   2 1 1  ,
 2 1 0   1 1 2 
   

Use adjoint matrix to find its inverse.

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 Thank You

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