Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Financial Accounting
11e
9e
Libby • Libby • Hodge
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1-1 Recognize the information conveyed in each of the four basic
financial statements and the way that it is used by different
decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers).
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Understanding the Business
Stockholders Creditors
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Exhibit 1.1
The Accounting System and Decision Makers
Accounting System
provided to
Financing
Activities
Investing
Activities
Operating
Activities
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Why Study Financial Accounting?
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Your Goals for Chapter 1
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Learning Objective 1-1
1-1 Recognize the information conveyed in each of the four basic
financial statements and the way that it is used by different
decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers).
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The Four Basic Financial Statements: An Overview
BALANCE SHEET – reports the financial position (amount of assets,
liabilities, and stockholders’ equity) of an accounting entity at a point in
time.
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Financial Statement Time Period & Structure
The four basic financial statements can be prepared at
any point in time such as:
End of the year (for the year ended, annual reports)
Quarterly (for the quarter ended, quarterly reports)
Monthly (for the month ended, monthly reports)
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Balance Sheet
Stockholders’ Equity
The Balance Sheet is a Common Stock
financial snapshot at a Retained Earnings
specific point in time.
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Exhibit 1.2 Balance Sheet
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The Basic Accounting Equation
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Interpreting the Balance Sheet
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Income Statement
Elements of the
Revenues
Income
Cash and promises received
Statement
from delivery of goods and
services.
Examples:
Sales Revenue Expenses
Service Revenue Resources used to earn
Rental Revenue period’s revenues.
Interest Revenue
Examples:
Cost of Goods Sold
Wages Expense
The Income Statement is a Rent Expense
measure of performance of Depreciation Expense
the business. Insurance Expense
Repair Expense
Income Tax Expense
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The Income Statement Equation
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Exhibit 1.3 Income Statement
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Interpreting the Income Statement
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Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
Elements of the
Common Stock
Statement of
Amounts invested in the
Stockholders’
business by stockholders.
Equity
Beginning Common Stock
+ Stock Issuance
Ending Common Stock
The Statement of
Retained Earnings Stockholders’ Equity reports
Past earnings not distributed the change in each
to stockholders. stockholders’ equity account
during the period.
Beginning Retained Earnings
+ Net Income
− Dividends
Ending Retained Earnings
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Exhibit 1.4 Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
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Interpreting Retained Earnings
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Exhibit 1.5
Relationship Among LeNature’s Statements
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Statement of Cash Flows (1 of 2)
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Statement of Cash Flows (2 of 2)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Elements of the
Cash flows directly related to earning income, such as Statement of
cash collected from customers less cash paid for Cash Flows
operating expenses, such as cash paid to suppliers and
employees.
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Interpreting the Cash Flow Statement
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Notes (or Footnotes)
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Financial Statement Formats
Include the monetary unit sign ($)
beside the first dollar amount in a
group of items and by group total
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Learning Objective 1-2
1-2 Identify the role of generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP) in determining financial statement content and
managers’, directors’, and auditors’ responsibilities for ensuring
the accuracy of the financial statements.
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
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How are GAAP Principles Determined?
The SEC has worked closely with accountants and other interested
parties to work out the detailed rules that become GAAP principles.
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What Concepts Guide the Setting of Accounting
Standards?
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Why is GAAP Important to Managers and External
Users?
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International Perspective
Financial accounting standards and disclosure requirements are
adopted by national regulatory agencies.
In the U.S., the SEC now allows foreign companies whose stock is
traded in the United States to use IFRS.
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Ethical Conduct
Intentional misreporting of financial statements is unethical and illegal.
However, many situations are less clear-cut and required individuals to
weigh one moral principal (e.g., honesty) against another (e.g., loyalty
to a friend).
3. Choose the one you would like your family and friends to see
reported on your local news. That is usually the ethical choice.
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Consequences of Unethical Behavior
After it was determined that the financial What if the
statements for Le-Nature’s Inc. were misleading, numbers are
the consequences for the defendants were severe. wrong?
Crime clearly did not pay for Podlucky and his co-conspirators.
The auditors who missed the fraud agreed to pay $50 million to the creditors.
Wachovia Capital Markets, which marketed the loans, agreed to pay $80 million.
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Responsibility and the Need for Controls
Companies should take three important steps to assure investors that the
company’s records are accurate:
1. Maintain a system of internal controls over the records and assets of the
company.
2. Hire external independent auditors to audit the fairness of the financial
statements.
3. Form a committee of the board of directors to oversee the integrity of
these other safeguards.
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Supplement A: Types of Business Entities
Advantages of a Corporation:
Stockholders have limited liability
Continuity of life
Ease in transferring ownership (stock)
Opportunity to raise large amounts of money by selling
shares of stock to a large number of people
Disadvantage of a Corporation:
May be subject to double taxation (income taxed when earned
and again when distributed to stockholders as dividends)
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Supplement B: Employment in the
Accounting Profession Today PROFESSIONAL DESIGNATIONS
Employment by Organizations
Internal accounting such as management, cost
accounting, profit planning, information systems
management, internal auditing and more.
External reporting
Tax planning
Many other functions