CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Photography knowledge may be the easiest measuring tool for directing

cinematography that puts aesthetics first. This is indeed quite reasonable in today's era.

Nowadays, photographic cameras are generally equipped with the ability to record motion or

video. The similarity of the recording method with the camera device for photos and videos,

makes the manufacturers of photographic cameras, equip the camera with video recording.

This impact also reached the realm of DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) cameras, which

added this feature. Advances in camera sensor technology allow photography users to record

video to create increasingly visually aesthetically quality movies. The large sensor,

supported by a complete photographic lens, makes it easy for a filmmaker who departs from

digital photography to learn easily. The question is how the standard rules of photography

differ and contrast with cinematography on DSLR cameras. In line with Ablan's (2002)

thinking, those with traditional art backgrounds including photography and analog

cinematography, are helped a lot when entering the realm of digital art. This includes

entering into digital cinematography that relies on digital SLR cameras. With an

understanding of photography, someone who will learn cinematography will be facilitated in

learning it. There are many rules in photography that can be implemented in

cinematography. The virtue that can be gained from this research is the ease with which

photographers can try to take advantage of video recording facilities to create

cinematographic works. In the presentation, there will be a comparison of the rules

photography with cinematographic rules. In this regard, many technical similarities of

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photography are used also in the realm of cinematography, for example the parameters of

lens & camera wear, lighting, object layout with DSLR-based video cameras

B.PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. What are the Technical Aspects of DSLR Camera Cinematography?
2. What Are the Technical Aspects of DSLR Camera Photography?
3. How to DSLR for photography and cinematography ?
(dibuat pertanyaan)

C. AUTHOR BENEFITS
1. Learning tools for authors to write scientific papers
2. Means to increase knowledge of cinematography with DSLR cameras
3. Graduation and graduation requirements at Madrasah Aliyah PPMI ASSALAAM

D. RESEARCH METHODS
In writing this paper, I as the author use several methods, namely:
1. Libraries
Literature is a list of books or books that are used as a reference source to
compose an author using several sources from the internet.

E. WRITING SYSTEMATICS
In this paper, the author will divide this paper into 4 chapters:
1. The first chapter is an introduction that contains the background, problem
formulation, author objectives, and writing systematics.
2. The second chapter is the foundation of the theory, containing the theories that
will be discussed in this paper, including the notion of cinematography, the
technician aspects of DSLR camera photography, DSLRs for photography and
cinematography.
3. Chapter three contains a discussion of how DSLRs for Photography and
cinematography.

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4. The fourth chapter is the final chapter which is the conclusion and the means

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 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

A. Analyzing Cinematography

Cinematography is a field of science that studies how to capture and combine images into

a series of images that tell a story. Cinematography is a language in which there is a vocabulary

of language about lenses, composition, visual design of lighting, image control, continuity,

movement, and point of view, where "poetry" can be created with that language (Brown, 2012).

Cinematography as an applied science still has a connection with the field of photography.

Technically, photography talks about how to capture images, while cinematography discusses

how to combine a series of images in order to convey a message or information.

Cinematography is basically not just shooting but includes the construction of ideas, words,

actions, emotions, tones and various formats of non-verbal communication and concocting them

in visual works (Brown, 2012).

One of the products of cinematography is film. Film is an entertainment medium that is

often found in people's lives. Film as an audio-visual communication medium has a message to

convey to its connoisseurs. The message can be informational, educational, or entertainment.

Film is currently defined as a genre of audio-visual-based storytelling, or stories told to the

audience through moving images (Zoebazary, 2010). Films can be categorized into several types,

namely, documentaries, short films, feature-length films, and other types of films such as,

company profiles, television commercials, television programs, and video clips (Effendy, 2009).

According to Block (2008, pp2-3), images are almost always encountered in life, be it

static images such as books and magazines, or dynamic images in the form of movies and videos.

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At its core it's all just a picture. Each image consists of a story, visuals, and sound. Each image

can be broken down into three basic elements such as, story, sound, and visuals. The basic

element of the visual itself is the basic visual component. This visual component can be found in

every image both moving and motionless. A film is basically a series of moving images and

certainly has a basic visual component. Parts of the film such as actors, locations, props,

costumes, and scenery become forms of the visual component. The function of the visual

component is to communicate moods, emotions, ideas, and provide visual structure to the film.

Greenbook is a comedy-biographical drama film produced in 2018 directed by Peter

Farrelly. The film is set in 1962 inspired by the true events of a Deep South music tour

conducted by a classical and jazz pianist of African-American descent named Don Shirley with

his driver and bodyguard, Tony "Lip" Vallelonga. It tells the story of Don Shirley's journey

together with Tony in visiting places where Don Shirley's music concerts are held. Interestingly,

there are many unexpected events experienced by the two. Greenbook became a film that

received many positive reviews from critics and awards. Dalam Toronto International Film

Festival 2018, film tersebut memenangkan People’s Choice Award. In addition, the most

prestigious award is to be the winner in the 91stAcademy Awards with the Best Picture category.

Based on the foregoing, the researcher wanted to analyze how the basic visual

components present in the Greenbook film. Analysis on the film has been done before as done

by Essa Karina who analyzed about the technique sinematografi pada film Paranormal Activity.

The analysis carried out regarding the application of cinematography techniques includes image

direction, shot size, and image movement (Karina, 2016). Another study is cinematographic

analysis of Polem Ibrahim's films and Forbidden to Die in Their Own Land. Nalisis is done by

looking for cinematographic elements such as composition , frame, lighting, angle, and color to

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find differences between the two films (Yuwandi, 2018). Green Book as a film that gets a lot of

positive reactions and is the best film in the 91stAcademy Award must certainly fundamentally

have an interesting visual component. In accordance with the theory expressed by Bruce Block

that the basic visual component or the basic visual component is very influential in

communicating mood and emotions. The results of the basic visual component analysis include

space, line, shape, tone, color, movement , and rhythm.

B. Advantages and Disadvantages of DSLR Cameras

For now, it is this camera that seems to be the most popular among professionals and

amateurs. This camera has a shape that is no different from an analog SLR camera because of

how it works and the parts inside are similar. One big difference is that it displaces the film and

replaces it with a sensor as an image capturer, as well as an LCD screen on the back of the

camera to see the results. Usually, digital SLR cameras still have a viewfinder to peek at objects,

and cannot see images before shooting. The image on the screen will appear as soon as we press

the shutter button.

Even so, the viewfinder on a DSLR is not just a complement. Of all the camera types, the

viewfinder DSLR is the most accountable for its accuracy. This is because the image we are

peeking at is a pure reflection of the lens passed through the prism glass, in contrast to the

viewfinders of non-DSLR cameras which sometimes display images that are too convex or too

far away from the original image. The development of technology on DSLRs then allows us to

see objects live view on the monitor. Once the shutter button is pressed, the image is then stored

in memory that is easy to retrieve (external). If the photo looks ugly, we can delete it

immediately.

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 Exploring further, we will be even more pleased that the camera provides complete data

ranging from the time of capture as well as technical, correction (e.g. highlights), as well as the

type of lens used. This important data is useful if we want to learn the mistakes of mistakes in

shooting. Be careful when we process our photo files into a photo editing program. Some

important exif data can be illegible. It's better for us to maximize the function of our camera than

to process it completely on our computer.

Later, digital SLR cameras also added a moving image recorder feature in the form of

video (e.g. high definition movie). This increasingly perfect feature makes this type of camera

even more likable. Two tools that can now be melted into one.

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 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION

1. What are the Technical Aspects of DSLR Camera Cinematography ?

The initial concept of a DSLR was a photographic camera. But the development

of sensor technology allows this camera to have the ability to record video with a quality

that is actually better than a video camera for ordinary people. This is also supported by

its ability to switch lenses. However, not every photographer takes advantage of this

video recording ability. This may be determined by their lack of understanding of the

technical aspects related to video and cinematography in particular. In fact, good

photography skills make it easier for one to step into cinematography using a DSLR

camera. The technical aspects of DSLR cinematography are as follows:

1. Compression & Bit Rate

Compression here refers to the method of trimming the data size of the recording

image, especially those using DSLRs. Generally DSLRs use the same compression

standards when it comes to photography. The two standards are JPEG for

compression and RAW for higher results. As for video, it generally uses H264 and

AVCHD compression. For lighter streaming purposes, the Mpeg-4 standard is also

provided. DSLR video recording has limitations in duration, unlike video cameras

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 that are specifically for recording moving images. The definition of bit rate is the

average number of bit values needed by video or audio data to produce sound or

visuals in one second. The larger the bit rate, the better the sound and visual quality,

of course, this also affects the file size.

2. Frame rate

The number of sequences seen every second is called the frame rate. A normal

frame rate takes 24 images in 1 second. This happens at the beginning of film

cameras (motion picture). This frame rate is referred to later on most DSLR cameras

that have a video recording mode.

But because there are differences in the working principle of film with video, the

frame rate in the video emitted for television shows, has different standards in

several countries. So we often hear the terms PAL, NTSC and SECAM, which are

actually the standard readings of the color signal associated with the frame rate.

Indonesia is a country that adheres to the PAL standard. Generally, this frame rate

refers to 25 fps (frames per second). This also applies when we do video editing, must

understand this aspect of frame rate

3. Aspect Ratio & Frame

The width and height of a video frame is called a frame size, which uses pixel

units, for example a video with a frame size of 720×576 pixels. For digital video, the

frame size in question is the resolution.

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The higher the resolution of the image, the greater the information loaded, the greater the

memory requirement to read the information.

Aspect ratio is used as the main reference in the frame width and height

comparison standards that will appear in the media in the future. The main standard that

prevailed from the television era used a 4:3 ratio, at which time the need for video

cameras to support the broadcasting industry standards. Currently, to get a standard ratio

that corresponds to the "cinematic look"or the spectacle is close to cinema, is a 16:9

standard that is widely implemented in televisions with LCD, plasma or LED tv

technology. This is in line with image recording devices or cameras that are starting to

adopt high-tech sensors with a 16:9 ratio, with a choice of 720p HD resolution or higher

1080p Full HD. Some cameras in certain series even support Ultra HD or 4K resolution.

Generally, DSLRs as of this writing are made, the highest resolution is full HD or the

equivalent of 1920 x 1080

atau about 2.1 megapixels per frame. When compared to the photographic

resolution capability that can reach 36 megapixels for each image, it feels too far apart.

However, the video is not read per frame, but the total duration of each shot, so the video

still requires a larger storage media, of course.

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 https://www.imagingpixel.com/p/in-camera-image-aspect-function_4.html
Figure 1 Aspect Ratio & Frame

4. Progressive dan Interlaced

Interlace is a system created to eliminate the flashing effect of tube-based

television screens. To make it easier, you can try by watching a dvd or vcd movie

that contains fast-moving scenes, then we press pause, then the audience will see

some kind of image piling up or shadows on each other. Why is this happening?

Because the working principle of television is different from the working principle of

a film projector in a cinema. Interlace is a system created to eliminate the flashing

effect of tube-based television screens. To make it easier, you can try by watching a

dvd or vcd movie that contains fast-moving scenes, then we press pause, then the

audience will see some kind of image piling up or shadows on each other. Why is

this happening? Because the working principle of television is different from the

working principle of a film projector in a cinema. The television screen works to

form an image in a horizontally outlined pattern. Meanwhile, the film projector by

highlighting/'spraying' (progressive) the beam containing the image projection of the

film tape. From this explanation we can understand that DSLR cameras are video

cameras, not film cameras, where the rules used are television standards. Although

the direction of development towards cinema cinema already exists, it is not very

popular, because it is still limited to professional users

Along with the development of technology, a more advanced interlace pattern was

created to approach the cinema-style ' spraying' (progressive) pattern. Here, the number

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 of interlaces is doubled. The simple meaning is that video images can

display/duplicate 50 images even though the number of frames remains at 25 (25fps).

This is for the PAL standard, known as the 50i. As for NTSC, it is different, which is

60i which means there are 60 images in 30 frames. The goal of this is all to approach

smoother image quality. Although the results of this image in the eyes of clouds are

sometimes difficult to distinguish, but if the audience sits for a long time watching

two televisions with different image patterns, the discomfort will be seen for a long

time. The next technology is progressive, in which the interlace lines when paused

are not visible. Some DSLR cameras are equipped with this technology, which can

display both 50p and 60p images.

https://av-workshop.com/av-workshop-video-transfer-hd-upres/
Figure 2 In a moving image, when paused, there is a visible vibrating or interlace line .

This knowledge must be known to DSLR users for cinematography,

because it will be felt during the video editing process. The editing system has

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 different types of ways of reading images. Some start from an odd count, termed

upper field first or from an even count, called lower field first. If it is turned

upside down, then the image that appears on the television screen will appear

striped or vibrate. In Indonesia, which uses the PAL standard, for the DV-PAL

format, it usually uses a lower field first. The final editing result will usually be

played according to the format of the broadcast media. When aired on tube

television, LCD TV or just streaming on the internet, the results will be greatly

influenced by the final editing and rendering process .

2. What Are the Technical Aspects of DSLR Camera Photography

In this section, the author outlines the basic aspects in photography that

use DSLR digital cameras related to cinematography.

1. Sensor Size
Today's cameras have replaced the light-capturing field, from film to light-
sensitive sensors. In fact, this sensor is not a new technology. Video cameras more than
20 years ago have used this technology. As the digital age entered photography, the
development of sensors developed rapidly. One measure of sensor quality is in the size
of the sensor. At first, the manufacturer still had difficulty designing a 35mm film field-
sized sensor on an SLR camera. As technology has evolved, sensor sizes in photographic
cameras have found a standard that is standard among world-renowned camera
manufacturers. On popular DSLR cameras, there are two commonly used sensor sizes,
namely: (1) APS-C size: 22 x 15 mm, which has a crop factor of 1.5 smaller than the 35
mm film size on analog cameras. This type of sensor is most widely used on DSLR

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 cameras with a more economical price range. Canon's camera manufacturer, the APS-C
sensor is slightly smaller, with a crop factor of 1.6. (2) Full Frame Size: 50 x 39 mm, this
sensor is 35mm film equivalent, hence the name full frame. With this large sensor size,
many advantages are gained on image quality. Greater resolution, pixel density and
lens compatibility With more and more cameras, because initially analog cameras were
available a lot of lenses as well. Another advantage is the wider setting for selecting a
sharp depth of field with aperture or related depth of field or bokeh, a popular term in
photography. In addition to the above sizes, there are still many smaller sensor sizes,
generally used in compact camera as well as camera embedded in smartphones.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format

Figure 3 Sensor size on a digital camera

2. Lens & Focal Length

The lens becomes a very important part of the camera. Its function of passing
light to the field of the image-forming sensor becomes absolute. Lenses vary in size, as
results will vary in the sensor plane according to size. Lens size is expressed in focal
length. Focal length refers to the distance from the optical center of the lens to the focal
point located on the sensor in mm. The field of view is determined by the angle of view
from the lens to real conditions that can be measured horizontally or vertically. Lenses
with a focal length of 50mm It is called a normal lens because it is without undergoing
reduction or magnification and produces the image exactly like a normal human
perspective. Wide angle and telephoto lenses are the opposite of normal lenses. Wide-
angle wide lenses are suitable for image scenes, while narrow-angle telephoto lenses
make it easier to get close to objects.

3. Iso & Noise

In the beginning, ISO was defined as a measure of the degree of sensiveness of
the film to light. After the advent of the sensor, this function was considered to replace
the film function. The higher the ISO setting, the more sensitive the sensor is to light.
The noise that occurs in digital images is often compared to the grain in a photo

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 produced by a film. Historically, cinematography has often included grain elements in its
images. Because in the beginning, film cameras did use celluloid tape as in film for
photography, although they were different in size. Grain on film, is considered part of a
certain beauty or aesthetic. While noise on digital sensors does not always reflect the
aesthetic side, because the "feel" produced by grain with noise is not always considered
the same.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjarakpandang.com
%2Fmemahami-tentang-noise-grain%2F&psig=AOvVaw34RgbeBdzLVf23oSk-
Figure 4 The noise in this photo is digitally engineered, it doesn't look different from the
grain on film at a glance.

4. Bokeh & Depth of Field

This term is very popular now among photography enthusiasts. Bokeh comes
from a Japanese word that means blurry or blurry. This vague effect is in the
background or foreground of the sharp main object. The blurred visuals that bring out
the main object become an aesthetic value in photography. This effect is influenced by
the use of a diaphragm or aperture at the largest opening or the smallest f number (e.g. f
2.8 or f1.8 etc.). The understanding of bokeh is closely related to the term Depth of
Field. The development of large-sized photography sensors, with a crop factor of 1.5 to
full frames,

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 makes DSLRs in demand as video recorders. The bokeh effect and lens pairing ability
are the main reasons besides the economical side of using a DSLR.

https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ugMnuzOz1Fc/YO2st8AsmgI/AAAAAAAAOhE/
9RMZvXCGs5ozyt8Q3nX3WEjfD39bp3ubACLcBGAsYHQ/s849/simply.png
Figure 5 Macro photos or close-up shooting, with large apertures make it easy to achieve
bokeh effects and narrow sharp spaces

The definition of Depth of Field is the range of sharpness/focus of the subject

of the photo. It is convenient to call the depth of space. DoF is divided into two, namely
wide doft, which means that the sharp space between the closest and farthest objects has
an even sharpness. Narrow doft means that only a certain part has an area of sharpness,
the rest is out of focus or blur. This sense is closely related to the concept of bokeh,
which makes use of a narrow doft to display the aesthetics of photography. In the past
video cameras that used cassette tapes, it was generally still using a small sensor size and
this affects the depth field in addition to the use of the lens and
aperture/diaphragm/aperture. The large dslr sensor enables shooting that can select a
more complete range of sharpness.

5. Exposure & Aperture

Exposure means the time limit of light that is allowed to enter the camera
sensor through the lens and aperture. When used for shooting, DSLRs use a mechanical
shutter to capture the duration of incoming light. It is the same with analog cameras.

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According to Koo (2012), shutter speed refers to how long light is allowed to enter the
sensor. In video mode, on the other hand, DSLRs use an electronic shutter, where the

sensor is regularly "on-off" to receive light according to the choice of parameters we

choose.
https://www.yangcanggih.com/2022/01/21/canon-eos-r5-c/
Figure 6 Mechanical shutter on a DSLR. In video mode, what works is an electronic
shutter based on the "on-off" duration parameter on the sensor.

Aperture refers to the aperture of the lens when it receives light passing through
the lens. It is generally indicated by the term F-stop with a definite number in the lens.
For example f 1.8, f 2.8, f3.5, f 4, f5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22. These figures are related to
previous statements about the bokeh effect and methods for finding sharp spaces or
depths of field.

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 https://id.depositphotos.com/stock-photos/aperture-kamera.html
Figure 7 The aperture on a lens opens large and small based on the aperture numbers.

3. How to DSLR for photography and cinematography ?

The history of image recording tools or cameras for film and photography has
similarities. The combination of the image-capturing field is a celluloid tape containing
an emulsion that reacts chemically because the light transmitted by the lens is actually
tantamount to photography. When this method of analog recording was replaced by
digital due to the development of light-capturing sensors, the digital revolution in film
and photography was inevitable. The ease with which people can shoot images without
depending on movies makes it difficult for almost everyone to be able to shoot without a
long process. Analog SLR cameras turned into DSLRs (Digital Single-Lens Reflex).
DSLRs are currently evolving into hibryd cameras, capable of recording both photos and
videos at the same time.

https://www.wirerealm.com/guides/top-10-best-dslr-video-cameras
Figure 3 Different types of dslr cameras that have the facility of recording video

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 The difference is that photographic equipment captures a single image, while

cinematography captures a series of images. The delivery of visual ideas in photography

makes use of a single image, while in cinematography it makes use of a series of images.

So cinematography is a combination of visual photography with delivery techniques in a

series of images. Historically cinematography is related to film in the sense of being a

medium of storage as well as as a genre of art. The film in question is in the form of

celluloid tape functioning as a storage medium for light-sensitive chemical emulsions. It

was this thing that was always used as a storage medium at the beginning of the growth

of cinematography.

There are several aspects that must be studied in cinematography, namely

about cameras and lens devices, lighting, color, grain film or ISO and editing or

directing. The process of recording images on movies is carried out with a certain

camera according to the standard film used. Some use digital video cameras or no longer

use video tape as a recording medium. The existence of this change in storage

technology making the production process also undergo changes. In cinematography,

there are several aspects that are covered, namely: camera and lens aspects, lighting,

color, grain emulsion film (noise), composition in the form of staging & blocking.

In line with the development of storage media in the field of cinematography,

the notion of film has shifted. A story film can be produced without the use of celluloid

(film media). Instead, digital storage media in the form of hard drives in various shapes

and sizes, meaning in the form of memory cards that are popularly called sd cards,

compact flashes, flasdisks and the like. Because DSLRs are generally widely used for

television programs today, knowledge of television screen formats is a must because it is

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 related to accuracy in setting up supporting equipment such as cameras, computer

editing and making animated graphics with digital techniques.

CHAPTER IV
CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION
Departing from all the descriptions above, it can be concluded as follows:

1. Cinematography as an applied science still has a connection with the field of

photography. Technically, photography talks about how to capture images, while

cinematography discusses how to combine a series of images in order to convey a

message or information.

2. Many aspects are used to make it easier for someone to step into cinematography using a

DSLR camera.

3. The combination of the image-capturing field is a celluloid tape containing an emulsion

that reacts chemically because the light transmitted by the lens is actually tantamount to

photography. When this method of analog recording was replaced by digital due to the

development of light-capturing sensors, the digital revolution in film and photography

was inevitable. The ease with which people can shoot images without depending on

movies makes it difficult for almost everyone to be able to shoot without a long process.

B. SUGGESTION

The author's suggestion for the company is that the programs produced will have value if

only the program makers are able to understand well the use of cinematography techniques

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to look attractive to the audience or audience. The Portrait program has been well presented

so that information can be conveyed well to the audience, for program makers are expected

to continue to develop cinematogarfi techniques so that messages can be more conveyed to

the audience because the visuals in a program are of higher quality.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MIYARSO, Estu. Peran Penting Sinematografi dalam pendidikan pada era teknologi

Informasi & Komunikasi. Majalah Pendidikan, 2011, 18.2.

SANTOSO, Ensadi J. Bikin video dengan Kamera DSLR. MediaKita, 2013.

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Irsyad Dwi Nugroho

Place and date of birth : Boyolali, 04 Maret 2005

Hobby : Volley Ball

Address : Badranrejo,RT 07 RW 11 Kemiri,Mojosongo,Boyolali

Email : irsyaddwi5@gmail.com

Instagram : irsyaddwi5_

Educational experience :

 MA PPMI Assalaam, Kartasura 2020-2023

 MTs PPMI Assalaam, Kartasura 2017-2020
 MIN 1 Boyolali 2011-2017

Organization background :

 Secretary of Scout Movement Coordinator Section 2021-2022

 equipment section of Chandradimuka 2022-2023

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