Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI

Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Title : Visual Acuity and Refraction (PI – 3)

Group : ……………………………….
Date : ……………………………….
Tutor : ……………………………….

EYE AS AN OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT

Lens focal length Lens optical power
Spherical +120 mm
Spherical +62 mm
Spherical +400 mm
Spherical -1000 mm
Spherical-Cylindrical +307 mm
Spherical-Cylindrical -128 mm

Questions
1. What are the optical medium of the eye? Explain how light is refracted in the eye.

How does the image formation on the retina?

2. Why don’t we see things upside down?

Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
3. How do you adjust the lens in accordance to the varied light source distance? What similar
process takes place in the human eye? Explain the mechanism.

Lens Near Point

+62 mm
+62 mm and +400 mm on slot B
+120 mm and +400 mm on slot B

Questions
4. Why does changing the lens power change the near point? What does a real human eye
do to change the focal length of its crystalline lens?

What happened to the image’s brightness and clarity after the round pupil is placed at slot
A?

What is the normal far-vision lens?

5. Wide pupil causes spherical aberration. What is spherical aberration, and how does pupil
diameter settings can prevent this?
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Image Image Correction

Experiment formed formed
(Near) (Far) Lens Type Focal Length Axis

Hypermetropia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Aphakia Near: Near:
Far: Far:

Questions
6. What cause hypermetropia and myopia? How do the disorders affect the refraction of light
in the eye?

7. Why do the correction lens for astigmatism requires a certain axis?

8. One treatment for cataracts is to surgically remove the crystalline lens, creating aphakia.
Why does a person with aphakia need two different eye-glasses? How does the optical
power of the eye-glasses compare to human crystalline lens?
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

VISUAL ACUITY, REFRACTION, AND CORRECTION

Subject’s Visual Acuity Refraction Correction (If necessary)

Name Right Left Right Left Right Left

Questions
9. What is the normal minimum visual angle? How does this visual angle used to create
Snellen chart?

Tutor’s Signature

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Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Title : Visual Field and Other Visual Processes (PI – 4)

Group : ……………………………….
Date : ……………………………….
Tutor : ……………………………….

PERIMETRY

Subject’s Visual Field

Right Left
Temporal
Lower Temporal
Bottom
Lower Nasal
Nasal
Upper Nasal
Top
Upper Temporal
Total Visual Field
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
1. How do abnormalities in the optic pathway cause visual field abnormalities?

DIPLOPIA, PUPIL REFLEX, NEAR RESPONSE

Questions
2. Explain the pupillary reflex pathway. What will happen if there is a defect in this pathway?
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
3. Why does the pupil constrict during near response? Relate your answer to spherical
aberration.

BLIND SPOT EXAMINATION

 Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL COLOR BLINDNESS

Name : Date :
Notes :
• Write down (x) on the appropriate answers
• Reading distance : < 75 cm
Subject’ TOTAL COLOR
RED – GREEN COLOR BLINDNESS
No. s Normal BLINDNESS
Results Complete Not complete Complete Not complete
1 12 12 12 12 12
2 8 - - 3 3
3 5 - - 2 2
4 29 - - 70 70
5 74 - - 21 21
6 7 - - - -
7 45 - - - -
8 2 - - - -
9 - - - 2 -
10 16 - - - -
Follow the Follow the blue
11 - - Follow the blue line
green line line
Slight Protanomaly:
can read both numbers
but the number 5 can
5: Protanopia & be read more easily
severe than number 3
protanomaly
12 35 - -
Slight
3: Deuteranopia Deuteranomaly:
& deuteranomaly can read both numbers
but the number 3 can
be read more easily
than number 5
Slight Protanomaly
can read both numbers
but the number 6 can
be read more easily
6: Protanopia &
than number 9
severe
13 96 - - protanomaly
Slight
Deuteranomaly:
9: Deuteranopia
can read both numbers
& deuteranomaly
but the number 9 can
be read more easily
than number 6
Protanopia & severe protanomaly:
The purple line is easy
Slight Protanomaly:
The purple line is easy and the red line is
Follow the
difficult
14 purple & - -
Deuteranopia & severe deuteranomaly:
red line
The red line is easy
Slight Deuteranomaly:
The red line is easy and the purple line is
difficult

CONCLUSION:
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
4. Why do our eyes have blind spots? What structure composes these blind spots?

5. What structure in the retina that allows us to see colors? Explain how we can see the color
spectrum.

6. What happened in the retina of colorblind people? Explain why there are people who suffer
from total color blindness, while others are only partially color blind, to varying degrees.

7. What is the mechanism of functional color blind? Explain.

Tutor’s Signature

(……………………..………)
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Title : Taste (PII – 2)

Group : ……………………………….
Date : ……………………………….
Tutor : ……………………………….

TASTE
Investigating the Sense of Taste (Draw the Diagram of Tongue below)

SP 1 SP 2

Questions
1. Explain how taste sensation from chemical substances in the tongue can be perceived in
the brain.

2. Did the subject’s tongue respond to the four taste sensations in more than one area?
Explain.
 Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

INVESTIGATING TRESHOLDS FOR TASTE SENSATION

Sweet Sour Salty Bitter

% Dilution
SP 1 SP 2 SP 1 SP 2 SP 1 SP 2 SP 1 SP 2

Subject’s Name:

100%

50%

25%

………….

………….

………….

………….

………….

………….

………….

Questions
3. Were the taste thresholds for all the solutions the same? Explain.

4. What factors can cause differences in taste threshold?

Tutor’s Signature

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Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Title : Balance, Hearing (PIII-2)

Group : ……………………………….
Date : ……………………………….
Tutor : ……………………………….

BODY EQUILIBRIUM AND BALANCE

Semisircular Canals Model
Questions
1. Explain what happens to the fluid in the semicircular canals when semicircular canals
model were first rotated, rotated at a steady pace, and stopped abruptly.

2. What is the analogy of fluid in the semicircular canals model in the human vestibular
system? Explain how the movement of the fluid can create sensation in the vestibular
system.

3. Besides the semicircular canals, what other structures are involved in constructing the
vestibular system? Explain the process of how sensation is created in these structures.
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Experiment Subject’s Name Event

A Simple
Experiment for
Semisircularis
Canals

The Effect of
Normal Head
and Eye
Position to
Balance

Questions
4. Explain how other sensory systems influence balance in the human body.
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

BARANY CHAIR EXPERIMENT

Experiment Subject’s Name Event

Nystagmus

Past Pointing
Test of Barany

Fall Test

Sensation

Questions
5. What causes nystagmus? Explain the nerve pathway.

6. Describe the position of the semicircular canals in the human vestibular system. How does
this position can be used on the fall test?
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
7. Are the sensations felt by the subject in accordance to the direction of the seat rotation?
Explain.

HEARING TESTS USING TUNING FORK

Subject’s Result
Interpretation
Name Rinne Weber Schwabach

Questions
8. How does the air waves from a tuning fork can be perceived as sound?

9. In the tuning fork test, sound conduction through of bone and air were examined. Explain
how this test can be used to diagnose the type of hearing loss.
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

AUDIOMETRY
Attach the Audiogram here

Pure Tone Average

Questions
10. How do you interpret the results of audiometry examination?
Department of Physiology and Department of Medical Physics FMUI
Review Sheet – Special Senses Module

Questions
11. Describe the results of audiometry that will occur in various hearing loss conditions (e.g.
presbycusis, conductive deafness, etc.).

Tutor’s Signature

(……………………..………)