VIVA GUIDE

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 PANELS
OPTICS/ REFRACTION
PATHOLOGY/ INSTRUMENTATION
BINOCULAR VISION
PHOROMETRY

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 OPTICS/ REFRACTION
1. Give examples of the following:

Ametropia

High myopia

Convergence insufficiency

Low myopia

2. What is the significance and application of

decentration? Solve.

3. What do the following VA readings mean?

6/24

LP/No projection

4. Discuss 4 ways you can prescribe a prescription

for your presbyopic patient with photosensitivity.

5. State the uses to which duo chrome chart can

be put, giving examples where necessary.

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6. What is EVP? What is the EVP of a 3x
telescope?

7. If an upper segment of a lens was neutralized

with + 0.5Ds and the lower segment neutralized
with - 2.00Ds. What is the prescription?

8. Mention 2 techniques of neutralization.

9. Why is the eye referred to as an imperfect

optical system?

10. What are the types of aberration?

11. Relate pupil size to age and Ametropia.

12. Put in an Optical cross: -2.00Ds/-1.25Dc x 90

13. Neutralize the given schematic eye.

14. What do we use the trial lens case for?

15. Mention pupillary light reflex defects and

tests for them.

16. A patient says the letters on the green are

sharper and clearer, what does it signify to a
myope?

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17. In a nutshell, describe accommodation with
relevance to when the eye changes fixation from
near to a distant target.

18. Identify the types of astigmatism from the

prescriptions given.

19. If the PD of frame is bigger than the PD of

your patient, what effect will it create?

20. How will you remedy the situation?

21. What is that new centre called?

22. What is the aim of paraxial rays?

23. What are paraxial rays?

24. What is AC/A ratio?

25. When is AC/A ratio considered during

prescription, say a first time wearer or a myope
of 10 years?

26. Describe JCC and state the function.

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27. How do you perform retinoscopy on a patient
that has opacity?

28. What is the clinical significance of the duo

chrome chart?

29. What will be the refractive error of a child

who has stayed inside the mother’s womb for 10
months?

30. What refractive error does a premature baby

come with?

31. Explain the term "Conical beam."

32. What are the applications of decentration?

33. What is the use of duochrome chart?

34. Perform a near V.A test and then perform any

test to improve PFV apart from the synotophore.

35. Give 5 tests for malingering patients.

36. What are the four steps to determine the

refractive status of a patient?

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37. What is a cylindrical lens?

38. What is a cylindrical lens used for?

39. What is the optical principle of the

retinoscope?

40. What tests do you perform to confirm that

your subjective refraction result is correct?

41. How can you perform retinoscopy on a

cataract patient?

42. What is the principle of an

autorefractometer and its set up?

43. What are the causes of premature presbyopia?

44. What refractive error is seen in aphakic

patients?

45. What is the optical principle of a keratometer?

46. Identify WTR and ATR astigmatism.

47. How do we check VA for the following?

a. Babies
b. Illiterates

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c. Infants
d. Undergraduates

48. What will you do if a patient comes to your

clinic with reduced V.A?

49. How would you fit a frame with PD less than

the IPD of your patient?

50. Define: Antimetropia, Oblique astigmatism,

Convergence insufficiency, Low myopia and mixed
astigmatism.

51. What is the effect of pinhole on visual acuity?

52. How will you bring the centre of least

confusion of a hyperopic eye that's behind the
retina to the retina?

53. Calculate the minimum AA of a 20years old

patient.

54. Transpose +2.00/-1.00 @ 45 to

spherocylinder and Crosscylinder. Put the answer
in an optical cross.

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55. With respect to the circle of least confusion,
define myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.

56. What is bioblique astigmatism?

57. Mention five accessories of the TLC and their

functions.

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 PATHOLOGY/
INSTRUMENTATION
1. What is Broadman area 17? What are the
primary functions and what are the layers?

2. What is the average keratometry reading?

3. What is the normal keratometry range?

4. What is Keratomalacia?

5. What is the treatment plan for POAG?

6. Perform retinoscopy.

7. How do you perform retinoscopy in children?

8. Outside a clinic setting, if a patient presents

with signs that are making you suspect ocular
hypertension and there are no equipment to
confirm your suspicion, what do you do?

9a. Demonstrate Perkins tonometer.

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9b. if there is an error on the reading scale what
do you do?

10. If patient walks into your clinic complaining of

dark shadows at his central vision, what will you
do?

11. Your patient presents with blepharitis. What

possible treatments would you use?

12. Describe how to use an applanation tonometer

and how to read the values.

13. Your roommate complains of dry eyes and

gritty sensation, especially during contact lens
wear, describe what could be the possible
problem. What test can you perform? Perform
the test and record your findings.

14. What refractive condition can aphakia induce?

15. Set the slit lamp to parallel piped and change

the color to white.

16. How will you perform retinoscopy on a patient

with low reflex and an opaque cornea?

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17. What is symblepharon? What are the cause of
symblepharon?

18. What lessons will give rise to homogenous

hemianopsia?

19. Demonstrate a test to show the amount/

quantity of tear production.

20. What nerve innervates the eyelid? What type

of innervation is that?

21. Given a perimetry result, interpret it.

22. What are the cranial nerves found on the

human pons?

23. Examine the pupil. Record the reading

assuming it is not equal.

24. You bought a new contact lens, your roommate

saw it and liked it. Unfortunately, she had cornea
infection/ulcer. After treatment she decided to
get hers. What test would be carried out to be
sure she’s infection free before contact lens
fitting?

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25. What are the clinical features of a
glaucomatous disc?

26. What do you look for when examining the

pupil?

27. Mention the EOMs, their innervations and the

arc they subtend.

28. Mention the parts of a keratometer. Where

does it measure on the cornea?
29. Mention the characteristics of bacterial
corneal ulcer.

30. List the parts of the keratometer. Identify

the power switch.

31. Give the clinical features of vernal

conjunctivitis.

32. Explain the location of the photoreceptors in

the retina.

33. How can you treat blepharitis?

34. Give the distribution of Topical drugs.

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35. What is Bells Phenomenon and the muscles
involved?

36. Where are alpha and beta receptors located?

37. Your roommate came back from night class

and started complaining of dry eyes, what would
you do?

38. Mention three uses of Atropine.

39. What is the full meaning of MD?

40. Mention visual field defects.

41. What is Ora serrata?

42. What is afferent pupillary defect?

43. Why would you use Keplerian telescope
instead of Galilean?

44. Which nerve is responsible for closing of the

lids?

45. Identify a pachymeter. State its uses and

highest calibration.

46. What's iridocyclitis?

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47. State the pupillary reflex pathway.

48. What is graded occlusion?

49. Explain Javal's rule.

50. Account for the low concentration of glucose

in the vitreous.
51. State the muscles responsible for the control
of activities of the eyebrow.

52. State the 3 types of eyelids closure.

53. What are the characteristic features of

bacterial corneal ulcer?

54. What are the disadvantages of glaucoma

treatment?

55. What are the structures that pass through

the optic foramen?

56. Check the PD of your patient at far and at

near.

57. What is in the ganglion layer?

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58. What are the long term conditions that can
affect IOP?

59. Show Parallelepiped illumination on a Slit Lamp.

60. What nerve is responsible for innervation of

the eyelid and what are their innervations?

61. Which two sensory organs does the lateral

geniculate body sub serve?

62. What are the parts and uses of the Schiotz

tonometer?

63. What are the visual Field Defects in glaucoma?

64. Supposing you're in a rural area, explain and

demonstrate an alternative test to gonioscopy.

65. What is the keratometer used for?

66. What are the causes of iridocyclitis? Talk

about visual field printout.

67. What are the functions of the choroid?

68. Describe the Goldman tonometer and how to

use it.

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69. Enumerate 4 cornea age related changes.

70. What part of the cornea does metabolism

occur? What are the contents of metabolites?

71. A patient comes to your eye clinic with the

eye lashes touching the eyes, what test will u
carry out? Perform the test.

72. What are the theories of mechanism of

aqueous?

73. List 10 parts of a keratometer.

74. What is the point of neutrality in retinoscopy

and lensometery?

75. List the parts of a lensometer.

76. List conditions that can arise from chemical

splash to the eye.

77. What technique does the Humphrey visual

field analyzer use?

78. Mention the extra ocular muscles and their

innervations.

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79. What is the difference between
neutralization in lensometry and retinoscopy?

80. What is cornea ulcer? What are the signs and

symptoms?

81. A friend of yours complained of itching and

discomfort. On examination, you diagnosed
corneal ulcer with pus. Perform an EE to
determine whether the ulcer is active or inactive.

82. Talk about the perkins tonometer.

83. How will you determine the prognosis of your

patient with matured cataract?

84. What is secondary glaucoma and types?

85. Perform optical section on the slit lamp?

86. What is the effect of cycloplegics in anterior

uveitis?

87. Give 5 signs of anterior synechiae.

88. Give examples of cycloplegics.

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89. Differentiate between anterior and posterior
synechiae.

90. What are the fundoscopic features of optic

neuritis?

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 BINOCULAR VISION
1. What is amblyopia?

2. What are the different forms of duction?

3. Differentiate between Cover and alternating

cover test. Perform it.

4. Perform unilateral cover test and interpret it.

5. Identify fusion slides.

6. Perform alternate cover test. What are the

uses of the test?

7. What test(s) can you use to improve the

positive fusional vergence of your patient apart
from the synotophore? Perform the test.

8. State the primary and secondary positions of

gaze.

9. What are the conditions that cause monocular

diplopia?

10. State 3 ways of treating amblyopia.

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11. Your roommate has a paralysis of the dilator
muscle. Perform tests for this condition.

12. What is the limit of the binocular vision of

the visual field?

13. How can you test for second degree fusion?

14. How would you measure the IPD of a patient

with right eye esotropia?

15. What is anomalous retinal correspondence?

16. When do you do projection test?

17. What are the corneal reflex tests and

perform them. Perform accommodative reflex
test too.

18. What are the corneal reflex tests and

perform them. Perform accommodative reflex
test too.

19. List 3 grades of binocular vision. Maddox rod

is an example of what grade?

20. Determine phoria at near.

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21. What is convergence insufficiency?

22. What are the causes of diplopia?

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 PHOROMETRY
1. Perform right infraduction at far.

2. What is the significance of test #13b?

3. Perform test #15a

4. Give the parts of a phoropter.

5. Perform vertical phoria test at far.

6. Given values, calculate maximum AA.

7. Perform #14A

8. When performing #11, what will be the report

from your patient who is suppressing his OD?

9a. Given #7: -3.50Ds, 14B :( xxx), perform NRA

9b. State the significance of the test.

10, Using sheard’s criterion, perform test #19 on

a patient with -0.75Ds.

11. How does pupil size affect AC/A ratio?

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12. Perform negative fusional reserve test. What
is the significance of this test?

13. Perform induced phoria test from test #14a.

14. Determine at far, Positive Fusional Vergence.

What is its significance?

15. Perform lateral induced phoria using the

unfused cross cylinder findings.

16. Mention 10 parts of a phoropter.

17. What tests are used to determined limit of

accommodation?

18. Given #3: 2exo; #13A: 4eso; #7: +1.00DS/-

0.50DC X 90. Perform #13b.

19. Perform a test for vertical phoria at near.

20. Given Add of +2.00, calculate AA.

21. Perform a test to determine the entry

convergence ability of your patient at near.

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22. Determine the AA of your patient with a
subjective finding of -1.50DS who reported
sustained blur at a distance of 10cm.

23. #7 -0.50Ds, #14B +0.50, perform PRA.

{Implementation of NRA -2.25Ds}.

24. Perform a lateral phoria test through fused

Cross cylinder.

25. How do you calculate the ADD of your patient?

26. Perform a test that is done monocularly and

requires fogging the patient.

27. Perform vertical phoria at near

28. What is the significance of lateral induced

phoria at near?

29. With #7 of -1.00, perform #19 and find out

the AA o2f the patient.

30. What is the significance of #19?

31. Perform PRA test and record your findings.

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32. Measure the maximum convergence ability of
your patient (NPC).

33. Perform test #21. State its significance.

34. Perform the entry convergence of your

patient.

35. Given # 7: -0.25 and #14b: +1.00 perform

negative relative accommodation. Give the
significance of the test.

36. Why is blur not reported in test #11?

37. Perform test #17a.

38. Given #7 -1.00 & #14 Plano perform test to

determine the AA. What is the significance of
the test?

39. Determine the AA of your patient using

sheards criterion with #7 as -0.75D.

40. What will your patient report if the OD is

suppressed in #11?

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41. Perform the test that checks the limit to
which accommodation can be stimulated with
convergence at the plane of regard.

42. What is the significance of vertical phoria

test?

43. What are the lenses in place for a subjective

refraction?
44. Write down how test #12 will be recorded.
45. Perform Postive fusional vergence test.

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