Physiology IV

Sensory system

1. Define ​sensory system​? And what consist of ?

2. What include ​sensory information​ obtained after arrival of action potential
to the brain?
3. Differentiate ​somatic sensation​ and ​visceral sensation​?
4. What is ​sensory receptor​? And state ​its function​?
5. Classify ​receptors​ according to :
a. Traditional
b. Site of events
c. Type of stimulus
d. Structure
e. Degree of adaptation
6. List and explain ​properties of receptors?
7. What is the ​function of afferent neurons​ ( Sensory)?
8. What are the ​types of afferent neurons?
9. Mention the ​function of :
a. Somatic afferent neurons.
b. Autonomic afferent neurons.
10.Classify ​afferent neurons​, according to their degree of ​myelination​.
11. Where specialized receptors for ​proprioception & touch​ send their
impulses?
12.Where free nerve endings for ​pain​ and ​visceral​ sensations send their
impulses?
13.What is the difference between ​lemniscal tract ( DCT )​and ​anterolateral
tract​ ( ​STT​ )?
14.Why neurons of ​STT​ are damaged in ​Syringomyelia​ whereas neurons of the
DCT​ remain intact?
15.What include sensory signs of ​syringomyelia​?
16.What is meant by ​dissociated sensory loss ?
17.What result damage of motor neurons in ​syringomyelia​?

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18.Within spinothalamic tract, where touch and pain fibers mainly ascend?
19. Why ​extramedullary tumors​ present with loss of pain and temperature
sensation in the buttocks and lower limbs whereas ​intramedullary tumors
present with sensory loss at higher level?
20. What is site that receives sensory tract? Sate it's types?
21.What is the function of sensory cortex?
22.Why cortical area for lips, tongue and hands are very large, compared with
the cortical areas for the trunk and the back?
23.What is result cortical lesions specially SI and SII lesions?
24.What do you understand coding of sensory information?
25.How the brain can discriminate different sensory information?
26.Define pain? What are the receptors for pain? And what is substance that
release tissue damage?
27. What is regarded as physical reaction that accompanies pain?
28.Accordingly quality of pain differentiate pricking and burning pain?
29.List Seven of pain producing substances which are released by tissue
damage?
30.How ischemia and spasm produce pain ?
31.What are afferent neurons for pain?
32.What is the afferent neurons of pain that release neurotransmitter glutamate?
33.Name area that is regarded as gate for pain?
34.Mention three tissue insensitive to pain ?
35.How frontal lobotomy abolishes the emotional reaction to pain ?
36.Why thalamotomy is used some times to treat severe pain?
37.Explain types of the pain.
38. Ischemic pain in muscle is a classical deep somatic pain, how this occurs?
39.Examples of ischemic pain include angina pectoris and intermittent
claudication what is caused these pain?
40.Why exercise induce pain?
41.What is referred pain?
42.State dermatomal rule.

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43.Where is felt pain originating from :
a. Heart
b. Renal & ureter
c. Diaphragm
d. Deep structures in brain & teeth.
e. Uterus.
44.Explain mechanism of referred pain.
45.What is Analgesia?
46.Explain how the perception of pain may be inhibited within the central
nervous system?
47.Morphine-like peptides is highly increased during stress. They are known as
opioids , what include?
48.Name five area which is found Encephalins.
49.Name two area produced by Endorphins.
50.The opioid receptors are synthesized within the dorsal root ganglia. Then
they migrate peripherally and centrally. Which sites they are located?
51.Explain the reason why:
1) Rubbing around injury decrease pain.
2) Ignorance of pain during emotional stress as in games and battles.
3) Analgesia induced by acupuncture.
52.State the
a. Receptors for touch
b. Afferent for touch
53.What is the difference between fine touch and crude touch?
54.State the receptors of temperature.
55.Which is more numerous cold receptors than heat receptors.
56.Mention the degree
1) Response to cold receptors
2) Response to heat receptors
57.Which fibers carries
a. Cold sensation
b. Heat sensation

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 58.Which tract is mainly carries temperature?
59.Which area in the cortex specialized temperature?
60.Where is found receptors for proprioception?
61.Which fibers and tract carries proprioception?
62.Damage to the dorsal column tract results sensory ataxia. Why ataxia
appears when the patient closes his eyes?
63.What is meant by two point discrimination?
64.What is depends on two point discrimination?
65.What is stereognosis?
66.What is an early sign of parietal lobe lesion?
67.What results hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord?
68.What is determined by intensity of stimulus?

Special Sense
1. Describe and state the function and contents of each :
a. Sclera
b. Cornea
c. Choroid
d. Retina
e. Ciliary body
f. Iris
g. Vitreous humor
h. Aqueous humor
2. Why contact lenses reduce oxygen supply to the cornea?
3. The uveal tract lies between the retina and sclera. Name four structure
formed uveal tract.
4. Name area presence of retina that lacks visual receptors.
5. At the center of macula name area that has highest visual acuity and contains
cons only.
6. Name transparent biconvex structure that refracts light rays to the retina.
7. What do you understand by term accommodation?
8. Mention ligament that holds the lens in it's position.
9. How is produced aqueous humor?

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10.What result increased production of aqueous humor or decreased drainage?
11.Increased intraocular pressure ( normal range 10-20 mmHg)
A. Which patient is especially serious?
B. High intraocular pressure aggravates the damage to optic nerve
causing severe visual loss and eventually complete blindness. For this
reason, how intraocular pressure should be lowered in these patients?
12.In addition to the rods and cones, the retina consist of many types of
neuronal cells arranged in 10 layers. These neuronal cells what include?
13.State the function of
a) The axons of the ganglion cells
b) Horizontal cells
c) Amacrine cells
14. Rods are about 120 millions whereas cones are about 6 millions in each eye.
What is function of these cells?
15. Action potentials are transmitted through the visual pathways to the cerebral
cortex to give the sensation of vision. List structures consist of visual
pathway?
16.Mention area two optic nerves meat and pass to the optic tract.
17.Mention area relay station in the thalamus.
18. What is visual field?
19.Lesions accruing at different locations of the visual pathways cause different
forms of visual field defects. The defects are either uniocular and binocular.
State the cause of
a) Uniocular defects
b) Binocular defects
20.The following Interruption of the Visual pathway what is caused by :
a) Unilateral blindness
b) Heteronympous hemianopia
c) Homonymous hemianopia
d) Homonymous quadrantopia.
e) Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
21. How pupil is constrict directly or indirectly by light reflex?

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22.In the pathway of light reflex where they pass through:
a. The first order neuron
b. The second order neuron
c. The third order neuron
d. The fourth order neuron
23.What near response is consist of ? And explain how
a. On looking to a distant object (more than 6 meters).
b. On looking to a near Objec (closer than 6 meters)
24.What is near point? And why old people use convex lens for reading?
25.State the cause in following abnormalities involving the light & the near
response:
a) ArrgyII Robertson pupil.
b) Holmes-Adie (myotonic) pupil.
c) Horner's syndrome
26.The following are errors of refraction. State the causes and how may be
corrected?
a) Hypermetropia
b) Myopia
c) Astigmatism
d) Presbyopia.
27.The tests for vision
1) What instrument is used for examination of the retina? And what
conditions is important of this instrument?
2) What charts is used for examination of
a) Visual acuity
b) Color vision
3) In visual field defects Which methods can be tested?
4) Perimetry is systematic evaluation of the visual field using dedicated
machinery. Examples include Goldman kinetic perimetry and
automated perimetry. What is the difference between Goldman kinetic
perimetry and automated perimetry.
5) In other tests of vision which used for :
a) Examination of the anterior eye structure
b) Measurements of intraocular pressure

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28. What is the function of the ear ? And list parts of the ear.
29.List structures consist of
a. External ear
b. Middle ear
c. Inner ear
30.State function of
a. Eustachian tube (auditory tube).
b. Malleus, incus and stapes.
c. Tensor tympani muscle & stapedius muscle.
31.What is the difference between perilymph fluid and endolymph fluid?
32.Cochlea is divided into 3 chambers by the Basilar and the Reissner's
membrane. Mention these three chambers.
33.Where scala vestibuli and scala media communicate?
34. Mention cells that form organ of corti.
35.Name a thin elastic membrane that covers hair cells.
36.Explain mechanism of hearing.
37.Mention structures of the inner ear that are found hair cells.
38.Mention organ which detects for
a. Hearing
b. Linear movements in the horizontal plane
c. Linear movements in the vertical plane.
d. Rotational movement
39.Hair cells have two types of hair processes projecting from their apical
membrane. ( Stereocelia and kinocilium ). Differentiate Stereocelia and
kinocilium.
40. Explain mechanism of hair cells stimulation.
41.Write short note about intensities & frequencies of sound waves.
42. Mention two factors that enable the brain to determine the source of sound
(sound localization).

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43.Deafness is loss of hearing. Mention three causes of
a. Conductive deafness
b. Nerve deafness
44.The following test are used to diagnose deafness and to differentiate between
it's two types. How are performed and what result is obtained?
a. Weber's test
b. Rinne's test
c. Audiometry
45.What depends on olfaction?
46.Explain pathway of the Sense of smell.
47.Why humans can recognize more than 10,000 different odors?
48.Describe and state the causes of :
a) Anosmia & hpyosmia
b) Hyperosmia
c) Dysosmia
49. What depends on test sensation?
50.Mention four area which are scattered in taste buds?
51.Explain pathway of the taste sensation.
52.In taste modalities, what is stimulates by
a. Sweat
b. Salt
c. Sour or acid
d. Bitter
e. Umami
53.Write short note about area of the test on the tongue.
54.Mention receptors for
a. Sour and salty
b. Sweat, bitter and umami.
55.How is produced flavor of food?
56.In taste disorders, describe and state the causes of ageusia & hypoguesia.

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The motor system
1. In ​motor system
a. What system compromises?
b. What is the function of this systems?
c. Where their pathways originate?
d. Where spinal motor neurons originate?
2. Write short note about Anatomy of the spinal cord.
3. Define CSF? Where is produced? And what is function of CSF?
4. Describe the following characteristics of the CSF :
a. Volume
b. Daily production
c. Protien
d. Cells
e. Glucose
f. Pressure
5. Mention two of :
a) Function of spinal cord
b) Ascending tracts
c) Descending tracts
6. Spinal reflexes are integrated at spinal cord. Describe the basic structure
features and the most important examples of these reflexes.
1) What is reflex arc? And what is consist of?
2) Classify reflexes with examples according to :
a. Site of receptors
b. Integrated level
c. Number of synapses.
3) Efferent neuron are motor neuron present in anterior horn. Compare
its types Aα, Aγ and Aβ.
7. Stretch reflexe is a deep monosynaptic spinal reflexe State its :
A. Receptor
a) What is muscle spindles? mention its types.
b) Deffertiate nuclear bag fibers & nuclear chian fibers.

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 c) Which part of muscle spindles fibers is
I. Sensitive to stretch?
II. Contractile.
d) The muscle spindles what stimulated by? And why it's not
stimulated by contraction of extrafusal fibers?
B. Afferent
a. Which is
I. Rapidly conducting fibers
II. Ends only on nuclear chain fibers.
b. What is known as termination of
I. Primary sensory endings.
II. Secondary sensory endings.
C. Center ( synapse)
D. Efferent
I. Which efferent increased sensitivity to stretch and generate
muscle tone .
II. Name the endings A-gamma efferent neuron on the
a. Nuclear bag fibers
b. Nuclear chain fibers
8. The Golgi tendon reflex is a deep spinal bisynaptic reflex. State it's
a) Stimulus
b) Receptor
c) Afferent
d) Synapse
e) Efferent
f) Effector
9. Withdrawal reflexes is deep polysynaptic spinal reflexe. State its
a) Stimulus
b) Receptor
c) Afferent
d) Synapse
e) Efferent
f) Effector

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10. What is the response of
a) Stretch reflexe
b) Golgi tendon reflex
c) Withdrawal reflexe
11.The A gamma fibers are small motor neuron that supply muscle spindles.
a) What is the role of A gamma discharge?
b) How A gamma discharge causes an indirect contraction of extafusal
fibers?
c) Define muscle tone.
d) What result when certain factors may effect the A gamma discharge?
e) When occurs
I. Hypertonia
II. Hypotonia
III. The lengthening reaction
f) In hypertonia the affected muscle are spastic or rigid. Deffertiate
spasticity and rigidity?
g) In the following factors that affecting the discharge of A gamm is it
facilitatory or inhibitory.
I. Descending tracts from the brain.
a. Pyramidal tract.
b. Extrapyramidal tract
c. Cerebellum.
II. Anxiety
III. Unexpected moment.
IV. Painful stimulus.
V. Alpha-gamma linkage.
VI. Pulling the hands apart while hooking the fingers ( Jendrassik's
maneuver)
h) What result
I. Loss of inhibition to A gamma neuron as in transection of the
spinal cord or basal ganglia lesions.
II. Loss of facilitation to A gamma neuron as in cerebellar lesions.

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12.In clinical application of the stretch reflexe.
A) What indicates an abnormal reflexe ( increased or absent)?
B) Where is damaged in
I. Upper motor neuron lesions ( UMNL )
II. Lower motor neuron lesions ( LMNL )
C) In signs of UMNL, what is caused by
a. Paralysis or weakness of skeletal muscles.
b. No or minimal wasting of muscles.
c. Hypertonia
d. Hyperreflexia of the deep tendon reflexes.
e. Clonus
f. Absence of abdominal & cremasteric reflexes.
g. Extensor plantar response.
h. Hoffman's sign.
D) In signs of LMNL, what is caused by
a. Paralysis or weakness of skeletal muscles.
b. Hypotonia.
c. Hyporreflexia of the deep tendon reflexes.
d. Fasciculation.
e. wasting of muscles.
f. Absence of superficial reflexes.
E) What is significant of reflexe in localization of UMNLs?
13. ​In spinal cord transection, state it's
I. Etiology
II. Severity
III. Types
14. Upper cervical lesions cause quadriplegia. If the lension is above C4, why it
causes ​immediate death​ unless the the patient is mechanically ventilated?
15.State the causes and characteristics of
I. Spinal shock
II. Retention of reflexes.
16.Immobilized patients suffering from quadriplegia or paraplegia develop
serious complications​ that eventually lead to death, what include?l

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17. What is Characteristics sensory loss in ​Brown-Sequard syndrome​?
18. The ​pyramidal system​ is a major motor system :
1) What this system comprised of ?
2) Why it is called pyramidal system?
3) In pyramidal system whic part is concerned with
a) Fine skilled movement ( distal limb muscles: fingers, hands &
feet )
b) Postural adjustment and gross movement ( proximal limb
àqqmuscles & trank)
c) Movement of the neck, face oral cavity, and larynx.
4) What result damage to either the corticospinal or corticobulbar tracts
above the level of the decussation in the medulla or the efferent
cranial nerve nuclei in humans.
5) Mention areas in the cerebral cortex originate from pyramidal system.
6) What result lesions affecting the pyramidal system at
a. Cortex
b. Internal capsule
c. Brain stem
d. Spinal cord
19. ​The extrapyramidal system​ is the major motor system in non-mammalian
species.
a) What is the function of this system?
b) There is no definitive list structures of this system. List structures
include.
c) Where arise from this system?
20. ​The basal ganglia ​are group of interconnected subcortical nuclear masses
found bilaterally within the white matter of the brain.
1) What structures is related functionally and anatomically?
2) Which part of limbic system historically included; however, its
function is different?
3) What structures form :
a. Corpus striatum
b. Lenticular nucleus.

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 4) In connections what is the main
a. Afferent inputs to the corpus striatum.
b. Efferent output from corpus striatum.
c. Efferent output from the globus pallidus.
5) What function of the basal ganglia?
6) Disease of basal ganglia​ has little effect on animals, but severe
effects on humans.
a. What characterized by disease of basal ganglia in general?
b. Define parkinsonism? What is the most common cause of
parkinsonism? And state other causes of parkinsonism.
c. Explain pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
d. How is differ Parkinson's Plus syndrome from Parkinson's
disease?
e. In clinical features of Parkinson's disease state the
I. Major features of this disease
II. Other signs of this disease
f. How to diagnose and treat Parkinson's disease?
g. Why this patient is given Levodopa instead dopamine alone?
h. Why L dopa should be combined with a decarboxylase
inhibitor?
21.Hyperkinetic abnormalities​ What causes, characteristics , associated with
and treatment of
a. Chorea
b. Athetosis
c. Ballism
22.Which hyperkinetic abnormalities is characterized by :
a. Spontaneous, uncontrolled, non-repetitive dancing movements of the
distal extremities and muscles of the face, tongue and pharynx.
b. Involuntary, continuous, slow writhing movements of the hands and
feet.
c. Violent, flailing contraction of the proximal limb muscles (arms and
legs)

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 23. ​The cerebellum ​( the little brain) is the part of the nervous system that is
concerned with coordination of motor function of the brain.
1) Where is lies?
2) Mention three bundles of white matter that is connected to brain stem?
3) What is consist of?
4) Compare the surface of the cerebellum to cerebral surface.
5)
6) List function of cerebellum.
7)
24.

Awake & Sleep

1. The EEG ​is a record of electrical activity of the brain using electrodes.
A) Where electrodes are placed?
B) Mention types of normal ​EEG​ waves.
C) In types of normal EEG waves Which is recorded :-
a. When the adult subject is a wake, relaxed and closing his eyes.
b. During emotional tension.
c. In adults during sleep
D) Mention factors effected the EEG rhythm.
E) What are importance and clinical uses of ​the EEG?
2. Epilepsy ​is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent
unprovoked seizures.
A. What are seizures?
B. What are the two types of seizures?
C. In the types of epilepsy which has
a. Appearance of multiple spikes
b. Appearance of spikes and waves
c. Occurs most often in children.
D. How epilepsy can be controlled?

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3. Sleep​ is state of transient loss of consciousness from which a subject can be
aroused by appropriate stimuli.
1) Mention
a. Stages of sleep ( from the EEG recording)
b. Types of sleep
2) Differentiate REM & Non REM
3) Explain mechanism of Sleep.
4) Neurotransmitter responsible for sleep is still unknown. Mention
neurotransmitter which may have role in sleep.
5) Why caffeine inhibits sleep?
6) disorders of sleep
A. List main disorders of sleep?
B. In disorders of sleep which occurs during :
a. REM
b. Non REM
C. In disorders of sleep which
a. Patient suffer from increased insomnia, dementia and
impaired motor and autonomic function.
b. Subject eat, dress or even walk with open eyes and avoid
obstacles.
c. Subject continue to talk or put things away while
sleeping.
d. Obstruction of the airways result in load snoring, carbon
dioxide retention and sudden awakening.
e. Patients seem to act out their dreams ( move or even
jump out of bed )
f.

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Higher function of the nervous system

1. In higher function if the nervous system.

a. What include higher function of NS?
b. This function distinguish humans from animals. What enable us?
2. Memory & learning
1)
3.

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