INTRODUCTION TO
STATES
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
There are several types of power,
including:
Coercive power: The ability to control
behavior through force or the threat of
force.
Reward power: The ability to control
behavior through the provision of
rewards.
Legitimate power: The power that is
derived from a formal position of
authority, such as a government or an
organization.
Expert power: The power that arises
from knowledge or expertise in a
particular field.
Referent power: The power that comes
from admiration, respect, or identification
with a person or group.
Informational power: The power that
comes from access to information or
knowledge that is valuable or influential.
Connection power: The power that
comes from having access to people or
resources that are important or useful.
- Each type of power can be used in
different ways to influence the behavior
of others, and the specific types of power
that are most effective can vary
depending on the situation.
 3 INHERENT POWER OF THE
1. Police power:
- The power of the state to regulate
behavior and enforce order within its
jurisdiction for the protection of the
general welfare, health, and safety of the
public.
BASIS OF POLICE POWER;
It is based on two (2) Latin Maxims
- SALUS POPULI SUPREMA LEX (The
Welfare of the People is the Supreme
Law)
- SIC UTERE TUO UT ALIENUM NON
LAEDAS (Use your Own Property in such
a way that you do not injure other
people’s property)
2. Power of Eminent Domain:
- The power of the state to take private
property for public use, upon payment of
just compensation to the owner.
- Is the right or power of the state or of
those whom the power has been lawfully
delegated to take ( or appropriate)
private property for public use upon
paying to the owner a just compensation
to be ascertained according to law.
(Article. 12, Section 18)
Article 12 – NATIONAL ECONOMY AND
PATRIMONY, Section 18
The state may, in the interest of National
Welfare or defense, establish and operate
vital industries and, upon payment or just
compensation, transfer to public
ownership utilities and other private
enterprises to be operated by the
government.
CONDITIONS FOR OR LIMITATIONS
UPON ITS EXERCISE:
1. Existence of Public use.
2. Payment of Just Compensation
3. Observance of Due Process of Law in
the making,
3. Power of Taxation:
- The power of the state to impose taxes
and collect revenue to support
government functions and services. This
power is usually exercised by the
legislative branch and is limited by
constitutional provisions and other legal
restrictions.
Each of these powers is a significant
aspect of government authority, and they
play important roles in shaping the way
that governments operate and interact
with the citizens they serve.
 DISTINCTIONS AMONG THE
THREE POWERS (De Leon and
De Leon Jr.)
1. As the authority which exercises the
power
– Taxation and police power are exercised
only by the government,
- the exercise of the power of eminent
domain may be granted to public service
companies.
2. As to Purpose
– In taxation, the property (generally in
the form of money) is taken for the
support of the government
- In eminent domain, for public use
- Police power, the property is taken or
destroyed for the purpose of promoting
the general welfare.
3. As to the Effect
- In taxation, the money contributed
becomes part of public funds.
- In eminent domain, there is a transfer of
the right to property whether it be
ownership or a lesser right
- In police power, there is no such
transfer, or most, there is a restraint in
the injurious use of a property.
4. As to Persons Affected
- In Taxation and usually police power
operate upon a common or a class of
individuals while eminent domain
operates or an individual as the owner of
a particular property.
5. As to Benefits received
- In Taxation, it is assumed that the
individual receives the equivalent of the
tax in the form of benefits and protection
he receives from the government
- In Eminent domain, he receives just
Compensation for the property
expropriated
- In Police Power, the compensation of the
individual is not immediate and usually,
annoyance and financial loss are caused
to him leaving the reward to be reaped
through his altruistic recognition that the
restraint is for the public good.
 2 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
1. DE JURE
2. DE FACTO
- de facto proper
- Independent Government
- Government of Paramount Force
DE JURE GOVERNMENT (GOVERNMENT
OF LAW) is an organized government of a
state which has the general support of the
people.
DE FACTO GOVERNMENT
(GOVERNMENT OF FACT) is a
government which actually exercises
power or control but without legal title.
3 KINDS OF DE FACTO GOVERNMENT
1. DE FACTO PROPER- the government
that gets possession and control of, or
usurps by force or by the voice of the
majority, the rightful legal government
and maintains itself against the will of the
latter.
2. INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT-
established as an independent
government by the inhabitants of a
country who rise in insurrection of the
parent state.
3. GOVERNMENT OF THE PARAMOUNT
FORCE- established and maintained by
military forces who invade and occupy a
territory of the enemy in the course of
war, and which is denominated as a
government of paramount force.
 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
The branches of government are the three
main branches of a government system,
designed to provide checks and balances
and ensure that no single branch becomes
too powerful. The three branches of
government are:
The Executive Branch: responsible for
executing and enforcing laws and policies.
It is headed by the President.
The Legislative Branch: responsible for
making laws. It is headed by a congress or
a parliament.
The Judicial Branch: responsible for
interpreting laws and dispensing justice.
It is headed by a supreme court or a
similar judicial body.
The separation of powers among these
branches is an important aspect of many
modern democratic systems, and it is
intended to prevent any one branch from
becoming too powerful and dominating
the others.
  What is Politics?
Politics is a way in which we understand
and order our social affairs, the principle
underlying this, and the means by which
some people or groups acquire a greater
control over the situation. (Prof. B.
Danton and D. Gill, 1982)
Any activity including human beings
associated in relationship of power and
authority where conflict occurs (Robert A.
Dahl, 1965)
Politics in a broad sense, is the art and
science of the governance; means by
which the will of community is arrived at
and implemented; the activities of a
government, politician, or the political
party. It can also be the pursuit and
exercise on political power necessary to
make binding policy decisions for the
community and to distribute patronage
and other governmental benefits (Dannug
and Campanilla 2004)
 STATE
- A Community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, having
government of their own to which the
great body of inhabitants render
obedience, and enjoying freedom from
external control.
FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT (De Leon
and De Leon Jr.)
ARTICLE 2. SECTION 4 enunciates the
first and foremost duty of government is
to serve and protect its people.
1. CONSTITUENT FUNCTIONS
- Compulsory function of the government
- The protection of society and its
member, the security of persons and
property, the administration of justice,
the preservation of the state than external
danger, dealings of the state from external
danger foreign power.
2. MINISTRANT FUNCTION
- Not compulsory
- The advancement of the physical
economic, social, and cultural well being
for the people.
3. DOCTRINE OF PARENS PATRIAS
- Government and its policy shall
intervene against on abusive and
negligent parent, legal guardian, and to
act as the parent of any child or individual
who is in need of protection.
There are several types of citizenship,
including:
Birthright Citizenship: Citizenship
acquired automatically by being born
within the territory of a country,
regardless of the citizenship of one's
parents.
Naturalized Citizenship: Citizenship
acquired through a legal process, typically
after living in a country for a certain
period of time and meeting other
requirements, such as passing a test on
the country's history and government.
Dual Citizenship: Citizenship held by a
person in two or more countries
simultaneously.
Jus soli Citizenship: Citizenship acquired
based on the principle of "right of the
soil," meaning that a person is a citizen of
a country if they are born within its
territory.
Jus sanguinis Citizenship: Citizenship
acquired based on the principle of "right
of blood," meaning that a person is a
citizen of a country if they have a parent
who is a citizen of that country.
Stateless Citizenship: The status of
individuals who are not considered
citizens of any country, often due to
political or other circumstances.
Political Ideology: Political ideologies
refer to a set of beliefs and values that
shape an individual's political views.
Examples of political ideologies include
liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and
feminism.
State and Government: A state is a
geographical entity that has a defined
territory, population, and sovereignty.
The government is the institution or
group of institutions that holds the power
to govern a state and make decisions on
behalf of its citizens.
Political Systems: Political systems are
the structures, institutions, and processes
that govern the distribution of power and
decision-making within a state. Examples
of political systems include democracy,
dictatorship, monarchy, and federalism.
Political Institutions: Political institutions
are the specific organizations and
structures that implement the decisions
of the government. Examples of political
institutions include the executive branch,
legislative branch, and judiciary.
Political Parties: Political parties are
groups of individuals who organize
themselves to participate in the political
process and influence the government.
They are often divided by ideology, such
as conservative or liberal, and are
typically aligned with one of the major
political systems.
Elections: Elections are the process by
which citizens of a state vote to choose
their representatives or leaders. Elections
are an essential component of democratic
systems and are used to determine the
political direction of a country.
Public Policy: Public policy refers to the
decisions and actions taken by the
government to address public issues and
concerns. It includes the laws, regulations,
and programs that are designed to meet
the needs of the population.
International Relations: International
relations refer to the relationships and
interactions between different states and
their governments. This includes
diplomacy, trade, military alliances, and
cultural exchanges.
Political Economy: Political economy is
the study of the relationship between
economic systems and political systems.
This includes the impact of economic
policies, such as taxation and trade, on
political stability and growth.
Civil Society: Civil society refers to the
network of organizations, groups, and
individuals that exist outside of the state
and government. Civil society plays a
critical role in shaping public opinion,
advocating for political change, and
holding the government accountable.