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    KM 206 00001

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    yashvichetanrana

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    cataput at ‘Translation of Verbal Statements toa Simple Equation statements can be expressed a8 algebraic equation, that help us solve & mathematical problem, In theve problems, the unknown quantty is danoted by variable. Use the information hoot the unknown variable (i, x) ven by the statement in the question and form an equation. ‘Inen salve the equation to obtain a solution. Some ofthe common type of translations ae iustated below a Consider 3 consecutive natural numbers, It’ taken as the fowest number, then 3 con Seeatve oatural numbers including x) ae x, % # 1 and % + 2 2, Consider 3 consecutive odd number. 11%" is taken as the lowest od! number, then 3 con ecutive odd numbers (eluding x) are x. + 2, and x + 4 oe Silay ¥ seis Svan mer ea alse He expioeaed a8 + 2 and 44H ie taken a the lowost even number 3, IF Deepa’ present age is yeas, then Deepa’ age 3 years hence will be x + 3° yeas. Deepa's age four years ago was % ~ 4” years Deopats mater’ present age, which is twice that of Deepa’s age is "2x" years 4,-4.3 digit umber "ye where x isthe hundreds digit. y is the tens’ gt and 2 i the unit Aig can be expressed as 00x + 20y + 2 “The number formed by reversing the digits is 1002 + 10y + x 5. person has a certain amount of money ony in 20 pase, 25 paise and 50 pase coins. He hae tw coin of 10 pase. The number of 25 paise coins is 2 less than the number of 20 pave coins, The number of SD pale coins is 3 mare than the number of 10 pase coins Total Amount with the person (n pase) = 10% + 256 ~ 2) + 50(x + 3) ‘Concept Builder 2 1, ArunistwiceasoldasAmalncitandthe sumottheiragesS yearshence witbe100 ‘inate te present age of Arun 2, The sum of three consecutive natural numbers is equal to 60. Find the produet ofthe lowest and highest number. 3. The sum of three consecutive even numbers fs 42. What is the highest number? ‘4. Wien a number "is multiplied by 6, the result exceeds the number by 40. What i the vale of 22 Anewer Key Oi ee re oe z sik 09 «2 hater LINEAR AND QUDRATIC EQUATIONS 4 SOLVED EXAMPLES 9: A father is now 3 times as old as his son, 5 years ago, he was 4 tes as old as his son. Find their present ages, [A 11-9 isthe son's present age, then 3 i the fathers present age 5 years ago, Son's age = x ~ 5 5 years ago father's age = 3x ~ 5. SxS = A 8) Se $= 4e= 20. x = 15 and 3x= 45 Hence, son's present age is 35 years and father's prosent age is &5 yeas @: Anand hat Re and Bindu as 10 pase, How much must Anand give to Binds in order that hha may have just 4 tes as much as Bind? [As tet '! be the numbor of paise that Anand gives to Bindu ‘Then Anand wil have (100 ~ x) pase, and Bindu wil have (10 + ») pase. But, according to the question, Anand now has 4 times as much as Bind 300 - x= ato +, x= 2 ‘Tus, Anand must gve 12 pase to Bind a S ‘Simultaneous Equations Linear equation in 2 variables ab, € are real numbars where a + 0, b 0; then ax + by © ¢ is a linear equation in two variables of degree 1. Tho values of” and‘ for wich both sides of the equation assume the same value are alld the olution of the equation. Example 2x + Ay = 24, The valve x = 6 and y = 2 satis the above equation Therefore, the par (6 3) isa saluton cf the equation. (a) and (2,2) are also solutions of the above equation “Therefore fo a linear equation wth two variable, there exists an infinite numberof solutions; itdoes not have a unique soltion ote! baton eet Gi Valle S40 arth fret felled bythe allo) Simultaneous equations ‘Aset of (or more) liear equations in two (or more) variables, which ate satisied simultaneously {jecat the same time) by the same unigue soluton, are called simultaneous equations. For example, x + y= 5 and xy = 3 are only satisfied by the pa, x= # and y = 2, only Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations By Elimination Method Te solve simultaneous equations tis necessary to eliminate one ofthe two variables and obtain an equation, which has only one variable. For this, the coetcints of the variable to be eliminated are frst made equal ia both the equations and thon the two equations are sither added of subtracted Syoes of questions based on simultaneous quesbons that can be solved oy whe Euminaxon| method are dscussed below. {Case 1: The costicient of one ofthe variables isthe same in both the equations [Nt times the equations wil have a variable with the same coefficient. In such eases, the ‘ho equations are ether added oF subtracted to eliminate one variable Example Solve x+y = 8 and x= y eye Be. 6) rayed Gi) The variable has diferent signs, but the same coefcient 1 inthe frst and second equation, fe ads the two equations, the variable 'y will be eliminated. Ang equations () and (i), 2x = 22. xa 6 Now, substitute this value of in any one of the equation () oF ( Substituting the value of in equation , 6+ y= 8% ¥=2 he soluton set is (6,2) Chapter LUNEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS [ea ‘case 2: The coeteicient of both the variables is diferent inthe 2 equations. In such cases we ether multiply or divide these equations with real cumbers other than 0 to obtain new equations equivalent tothe orignal ones, So that one of the variables can be easily eliminates Example Solve &x ~ 3y = 8 and 3x ~ 2y = 4 Here, the eoeclonts ofthe variable x are and 2 and that of y is -3 and -2. Hone, wether af the vaabls can be eliminated by simple addition or subtraction. x32 5 0 Baye d . 11 we multinly the frst equation by 3 and the second equation by 4, then the coefcent of the varabie « wil be 12 In oth the equations and can easily be eliminated on subtraction 1 we multiply the fst equation by 2 and the second equation by 3, then the eoefcent of ‘he variable y in both equations wil bo 6, which can easily be eliminated by subtracting the equations Malpying equation () by 3, and (i) by 4 Ade = 9y = 15 Gi) 12x ~ By = 16 ow) Subtracting equation (i) from Gi, ane - 97 eyeece yet Substituting this vale of yin equation @), 4x = 3% 2=5: ane x=2 Hence, the soln set is (2, 2, By Substitution Method Simultaneous equations can also be solved by expressing one of the variables in an equation in terms ofthe other and then substituting ths value ofthe variable in the second equation Example Sove Sx + 2y » 24 and 3x ~ See 2722 Gl ax y210 ® from (i, y= 3x ~ 40 Substituting this value of 'y io equation Sx + 2x 20) = 24 Sx ~ 20 + 6x = 24 dea xe4 Substituting the value of in equation ( Bras 2y=24 yy Y= 25 The solution set is (8, 2. carapu Chaper k eH Lawean ano quaogaric cQURTBNS [et 2. by Graphical Mato Spell cass in Simultaneous Equations Belo sncssing ths method, et ut loka the ghia representation of ear equation in arabes Lar eqvaton in? var wit alvays be soap! ine Corinth equation 2 8) = 26 : ‘Tho value x = 6 and y = 3 aatstes the above equation case @) 1 2.48 then the two equations wil give @ unique solution for x and y. Therefore, the par (63) sa selaton of he enaton In'tw sue emuaten fe tke x= then we get? x 66 4x y= 28 sxample ayete yaa Salve a 3b = 9 and 34.6 2b = 13 Sa, lis ao slo ofthe equation, Tus, te munber of stone canbe found ‘ Suppoge ax + by = ¢ and dx + ey = fare two equations involving variable x and y then Graphical representation of 2x + 4y = 28 +3 = G) ges ‘ Ea gat 9 =27 oi he ~_a ty beaatae2=9 Hence the solution set is (3, 2) case GF 3=B4§ thon we get no solution forthe gen equation The points (10,2), (6, 3). (2,5) al are siferant solutions of the equation 2x + ay = 24 | Tn the graphical method, we fst plot the lines represented by Both the equations | Sxample The co-ordinates of the point of intersection ofthe fwo line, eepresented by linear equations, ‘The cost of 3 pens and 5 pencils Rs, 37 and the cost of 9 pens and 15 pencis is will ie the solution of the simultaneous equations Rs. 91. Find the cost of 5 pens. | Let the cost of each pen be RS. x’ and the cast ofeach poncil be Rs. Example aeesysa7 Solve 2e + y = 10 and x y= 2 using the graphical method 9+ 15y = 91 @ | a Zehokt sets] Seas +3h otate The two equations can't be solved to got « solution. The solution doce aot exist Note: 1f we plot two lines forthe two equations we wil get two parallel ines which wil never intersect Hones, no solution is possible, ¥ case my 2=8=5, then we gat nfite solutions fo the aven equations Hence, the solution is (4, 2 Example ‘The cost of 7 horses and 4 camels is RS. 6300 and the cost of 28 horses and 16 camels is fs, 25200, Find the cost of 2 horses Let the cost ofeach horse be Ré. "hand the cost of each camel'be Rea. ‘c 1m + ae = 6200 0 28h + Ibe = 25,200 7A. 6300 24 Janie x00" Bs BRA The two equations wil have infinite solutions. Note: if we plot two ines fr the equations, the two line wil esincice Le, they wil intersect each other at infite point, Hence, infinite solutions are posible We ean summarize the above results as follows Suppose ax + by = ¢ and dx + ey = fare two equations involving two variables x and y. Then ow than the two extn wil ve aunque solution fr andy 1 4=B4f tnen wo get no soliton forthe sven eats § then we get infinite solutions for the given equations 2. (a+ bya = b) =a by? = at 4 2ab « bE= (a bP + dab by = a? = 2ab + 0 = (@+ bP ~ dab A (ar be = at sable sb) +b 5. (a= bP =a) aab(a-b)-B! 6 a + bP = (a+ BP - abla + 6) = (+ DURE - ab + b>) 7. aP b= @-b) + Sabla ~ b) = @- Bia? + ab + OH 8. a+b +e- sabe asbece then a? + b+ = Jabe Gaede ot + bee ab~ ae Chapter on LUNe#R AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS. £4 2 43 and 34 - 7y 3 Be Sy 22 x4 BAD 4 Ske HB Te at = 25 5. ey = 18; Se ay =27, Directions for questions 6 to 8: How many solutions will each ofthe following simutaneous ‘equations have 6k Sy = 13, 214 15y = 39 Mie ay =, AB ~ 60y = 32 8 65-4 doy a? 9, The sum of the ages of Haseeb and Ronak is 28 and the ference between ther ages 56. Find thelr ages pen that Ronakis older than Haseed 410, Ina shop, 6 apples and 5 mangoes cost Rs.60 while 6 apples and 9 mangoes cost Rs 20, What isthe cost of mango and an apple? 411, The sum of two numbers is 10 and the difference betwwen them is 2. Find the two num bors. 112, Diya’s mothers present age ie 4 times ber oun age. Five years ago, sum of thelr ages wae 30 years, Find ther present ages. x, ore 3 ns and He MY AP 13, Find the wave of ¥, whore 3k- 25 and SE + Y= 4p a tasy-toane bed 8 newer Key Ba vounes oN “2 owt 9 sieak ze = af S40qou Jay pue Seok g = a8e Setya zt TN 'ES XY youeg Tt rah pT =x oro > taker 100k GE = Yeuoy ‘80K 6 = qa95eH “6 hts catagt @ ieee ‘SOLVED EXAMPLES eee ed a: some $4he-$; and F-fe-¥ rsir ar hehed 0 cae Adding () and aeded od mm Hence, the solution set i (3, 2). @: A two-digt number is equal to thrice the sum of is digits. The diference betwean the number obtained by interchanging the number and the original number is 4. Find the eumber 1A: Let the dt inthe unt’ place be and the digit i the tens place be 'y The original number = 10) + Number obtained by interchanging the gts = 10+ v Now, 20) 4" 3h yh x y=0 0 ‘so, (10x + y= (oy + 0 = 4. toe ey = 10y — = AS 9x — 9y = a5 Kay 25 Matilyng (i by 2. 2x = 24 = 10 on id Subtracting Gi fom 0, “sy =-10 y=? Substituting the value of y in equation (i, Ne2=S x27 The number i 10% 2+ chaper 0% LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUINIONS 84 (Quadratic Polynomial ‘A polynomial of degree 2 ie called a quadratic polynomial. The general form of a quadratic polynomial ts a+ bx» cj where a, b and © are real numbers, a 2 0 and x isa variable Example aoe dato Ox (quadratic Equation ‘An equation pie) = 0, where pik is @ quadratic polynomial, i calles a quadratic equation. The {general form of @ quadratic equation i ax? « be + c = O where a, b and € ate real numbers, a 20 and x ip a variable Bxample =m 6260 Roots ofa quadratic equation ‘The rots of @ quadratic equation ae the values of x which satis the gen equation. A quadratic equation cannot have more than two distnct roots, Discussed below are methods of nding the roots of a quadratic equation. Ly method of factriation by splitting the middle term. equation ax? + bx += 0 Factrice the term ‘ac’ such thatthe sum ofthe two factors is equal fob Example 5x 620 Deabe5andc=6axe=1s6=6 ‘The factors of 6 whose Sum is equal to ~5 is 3 and 2 4 can be replaced with “Je and -2x Pow Dr o=0 Xa 3)- 24-3) fx 24-3) In general the product of p and q is 260 ie. pq = 0 than either p= 0 org» 0 pozsOon-30 ka 2ores3 Je roots of the quadratic equation x2 Sx + 6 ° 0 are 3 and 2 ‘By method of completing the square Consider the equation ax? + be +c = 0 [At times tis not eay to fctrize the product ‘ac’ such that the sum ofthe two factors is b ‘The roots can alzo be found by the method of completing the square n caTazut @ iicesn Example Consider 2x7 + 7x 4 4 = 0 In this metnod, the equation fst divided by ‘a’ an side term & is taken on the right hand ve eJoo¥ ving by 3 and thing the constant tom onthe hand ste To make the left hand side ie, x° + 2x perfect square, add (3 xcooticiontotto both left hand ede and righthand side ad (facocticientotx) = ($3) (Zon both te sides. ve dne(Z= 2 -% Len Roa 8? oe cid xe Fray eng ore The two roots of 242 6 Pe 42 = Dare “7437 ang “78 By using formula. By completing the square on x forthe general form of the quadate equation ax! + be +c-= 0, a general formula fr the roots establishes ‘The two roots of the quadratic equation are given by x = “P#UE chapte\98 LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (CRP-APTEIO , 8 VOA=40 _ 82/24 xo Oe eaetpt eee ‘The two roots of x? 8x + 10 are and ote! ‘The factorization method cen be used ony ifthe last term is easly factorable, whereas the rmethoa of completing the square ana the formula fot the roots can be used to solve any ‘uacrate equation Concept Builder 4 Directions for questions 2 to 6: Find the rots of the following quadratic equations. x4 263-0 122 +x -6=0 2g + 3e-12=0 ai sx -528=0 9-39 6 maser a=0 Answer Key Zowtex 9 aghast ce soe wre "* ater 5 foek x este Lpee- + 2 caput caper 98 Da Linea ano quaonarc EqUieNS 2 Bi ciass exercise Algebra: Bases 2. Classify the following on the basis of order, number of variables, and number of terms: aye ay 4 7y- O07 + Dayz ~ 3p? ~ 4 Teaser 2. Simply Set and s a 38 2x 3K 62 +) 21) and Savi vite thee temples to offer flowers. At the frst temple, Sat ofered two-hird of oe 0) (e+ aylty ~ 5 hee flowers, ples one extra flower. At the second temple also she offered two-tird of her flowers, ©) Gp~ 4a) + (p+ 26) ~ (8p ~ 20) and one eta floner, After repeating the process atthe tid temple, she was left with one flower a eed Savi stated withthe same number of flowers 35 Sa, but offered 20 flowers at each temple a. Sob How many flowers cid Savitri have left after visting the thi temple? 2) 122 sada to three times a number, and the results vided by 5, the exginal umber is baad, Find the number. 1b) tra number multiplied by 20, the resultant number isthe square ofthe original number. repel 4. Simply 5. Which of those isfare factors of Stet ~ 1? a) 270 4 by oe ox ao-8 nerd | {6 What should be added to &x? ~ 16x to make ita perect square? 7. ind the value of JOFATE FOO) Simple Linear Equations 8, Raji i seven times as old a his son Winat f Ra's present age? ter thee year, he wil be fve times is son's age 9. Amitabh is 30 years older than Abhishek. 4 years back, Amitabh was thrice the age of Abhishek, How old is Amitabh? 110, Madhubala was asked her age. She replied “in three years, my ago will be one and a tat Times what it as six years ago. If she is speaking the tth, Row old is Maghubala? 122. Raj is mutpiying two numbers. By mistake, he read one of the numbers as 52 instead of 25 and ae a result his answer incteased by 486, What was the oer number? ” 8 argu craps 4 Dia tunean ano quaonaic eURtiens 2 22. Amie went to the market to buy @ dozen apples, but found himsel & rupees shor. Instead, he boven ten apples and returned with 10 rupees left over: How much is the cost of an bppose ax ¥ by =\c ane de + ey = Fare two bouations invoi two variables x and apple? Then + 1 442. then the two equations wil give 2 uniqua solution for x and y 23. Maghur takes a 2-digt number. She then reverses it and subtracts the result fom the rial ate 7 “f homber, geting 54 a8 her answer. How many such numbers are possible? 14, tide takes @ 2- aie QA-1.5. PERCENTAGES Ed treory Percentages ‘The term per cont means for every hundeed. A fraction whose denominator is 200 is called @ percentage and the numerator ofthe fraction is called the rate per cent. It is denoted by the symbol 9% Example tna college X, 240 students passed out of 300 students ad in college Y, 200 students passed cut of 400 students. Can we say that the performance of college Y i better than that of X Because 300 > 240. Not reall, because we want fo compare the performance ofthe two 0 8 ae stead ef comping 240 with 300. Can college, we shall have to compare 22% with 396 instead of a 300. we now say which is the better ofthe two, The two fractions can bo compared when their denominators are the same. Let us wie both the factions with 100 as their denominator. 240, 240 , 100 _ 80 Cotese x: Soy = 300 * 300 = 200 singe Ye 300 = 300, 100, 75. Caliege Y= 499 = 00 * 100 ~ 200 180 percent (or 60%) 7 percent (or 75%) Now itis obvious that college X has a better performance than collge Y. Thus, we see that percentages i a useful to! for camparison of fractions where the denominators are unequal, Applications involving percentage To find the % equivalent of faction or decimal xpress the fraction withthe denominator 100 and the numerator is the required answer Te percent equivalent of a decimal can be obtained by moving the decimal point two places to the sight and adding the percent sign example 0.356 = 0.356 « 100% = 35.6% To find the fraction decimal equivalent of‘ % Divide ‘a by 200. 2 Chapter 98 encenmases 2S Sample ee ee 1 21g%= yop = 800 = 3 ‘The decimal equivalent of a percent is obtained by moving the decimal point two places to the left and discarding the percent sign example a6 26% = 8 or 046 To Increase @ number bya given utile ur bythe atar 200 team Irereas 20 by 15% 15% of 20 = By = 203. Three, when 20 by 25%, the anon is 15+ dee. | Example Decrease 30 by 20% 20.0 30 = 30 = 6, Theor, when 20 is decreased by 20%, he answer 30-6 example ‘The paoulation af a vilage in 1980 was 3000 and in 1990 was 3200, Find the 9% increase 93000. 100 « BO. 100 = 607% To find the %6 decease of @ number 4 increase = sae = 100 % decrease = Example ‘The cost ofa bike last year was Rs.19000. Its cot this year is RS.27000, Find the 5 de a - _ + 100 « 105% atoput Absolute percentage change ‘Absolute percentage change is concerned only with the actual quantity of percentage change between two terms and nat the positive oF negatvevalue ofthe percentage change [New alu -Orighstvaie| 95 Absolute percentage change Spat Example The sales of company are R.2500 crores inthe year 2002 and fs R5.2200 crores in the year 2003, Find the absolute percentage change inthe sales of the company from 2002 19 2008 2200-2500, yy | =300 0 Absolute percentage change = 1202=2501 499 = |-282l,a00 = 222 = 12% Given below are some typical eases of percentage based problems 4. the price ofa commodity increases by 1, then reduction in consumption, $0 a8 nat to inn te eprint 0] 2. the price of a commerity decreases by 1%, then the increase in consumation so as not to decrease the expendi is (4 — 10 3. FA's income fs 19 more than that of B, then &s income is lose than that of A by x 10% 4. 18's income is 1% less than that of 8, then 6's income is more than that of A by Chaper 9A encenmnges 2 scsi eras Gag Cae Bi 1. Tncreased suocessvey by 10% and 209% In this case, a = 20, b = 20 Etfectve percentage change = 32% 0 + 20 + 19330 2. Decressed svceshely by 20% and 20% In this cas, a = 40, b = -20 Efecto porantage change = -10 + (20 1 “A952 - 20% 3. ncreased by 20% and decreased by 10% In tis case, a= 20, = 40 Etfective percentage change In this case, a= 20, B = -20 Ertecive percentage change = 10 + (20) + 20%%20 = 12% 5. Example: Increased successively by 14.28% and 259% 1 1 14.20% « 3 and 25% = 3 Inerease by Full mean thatthe onal quantity becomes $ times tet Increase by wil mean that he vga uaty becomes {tines tel New vatue = § » 3 x originat quantity = 4P- x original value so, the elective crease = Fx orga solic = 42.04% 8s Chaper @ rene emcees 5 tl 6. Example: Decreased suce sively by 24.28% and 25% SD One : New vate = § 2 orignal quantity = 5» original value (@: The total popuation of a county is 284000, aut ef which 150000 are males. Out of every = Be orignal vaue = 35.7% 4100 rales, 98 can read and rte, tut only $336 of the total population can do so, Find the percentage of women who can read and write, So, the effective decreas naa oe by 25% ae A: Number of men who can read and write 0000 » 47000 sa 10 5 5 « ongnal New value = $$ x orginal quantity = 4% x orignal value z a Number of men and women who can read and write = 294000 « 55820 ‘the effective increase = jy original value = 7.14% : So, fe wu iginal val Number of women who can read and write = 155820 - 147000 = 8820 tral: need by 426% flowed by # deen of 25% Thus ut of 144000 women 8620 can read and wit. new vate = $$ + ogra § 0 Routed percentage = SEPA, « ga So, the elective increase = $ x orghal value = 14.28% @: Ina class, 65% of students are boys: On a pateular day 60% of gel students wore presont 8, Example: Increase of 10% flled by increas of 20% fllowed by decrease of 25% What wae the fracton of Boys wna were present that day i he total number of students Using successive chang. an increase of 10% followed by an increase of 20% wil ge the prosent that day was 70%? fective change of 10 + 20 + 2% AA: Let the cass have 200 students cite Boys Total tncreate of 32% followed by decrease of 25% wil give the effective change of 32 + (25) — sr 2 hs 32525 eal : + 32g5. = -156 or decrease by 1% Students present 28 2 70 Alternatively feqies tacon = 2 ‘ho effective change willbe Lx £2 = 88; and so, decrease by 2% Note: The order of changes doesn't matter. | 9: tte enh ofthe rectangle increased by 20%, by what percentage must the Bresah be ecvee to Kep the area oie rectangle costa? | ‘A: Area of a rectangle = Length x Breadth Let the orignal length and breath of the rectangle be unit each se of the rectangle = 4 aunt LB =x 8". (E and Bare the new length ad breast of the rectangle respecte aeasgae eduction in breath wil be by Lor 26.66% I the length of te cectangle i creased by 20%, by what percentage te breadth must be 86 37 Gi D Hop Chapter 08 D sarmwenc Nes 2S reduced 20 thatthe area ofthe rectangle eens by 8? BB cass exercise ea of a ecangle = Length» Breaath Lette oral length and breath of the rectangle be nit each ea ofthe rectangle = 3 squnt Teaser A= 108 «A (is the new ae of he recta) ee a (and 8 sth ofthe rectangle respectively) the new length and be chat bat and a cricket ball together cost RS.2200. Ifthe er ot bat costs 85.1000 more than 5 *8* 200 ball the cricket ball a= Shun pedocton in beath wi be by 2 oF 10% aneopt Builder 2 | 1 Aust contains red, blue and yelow coloured bal 50% ofthe otal numberof bls there, 20% ofthe remaiing av Bue, Pow many bals are yellw in ecour gen that | the tte namber of bale the bash is 2507 i 22. nat wil be 70% of number whose 150% is 80? 2.-Arman earns RE.7500. He spends 60% of is income. If is income increases by 20% an his expnature ceases by 10%, the Increase in his saving. 4. om has some cards out of which he gave 22% of total cards 10 am and 265 of tot tarde to St 11 50% of Sia’ cards vas faken Back by OM and he is alt wih 75 cards, ther the total numberof cards 5. A person buys a watch worth RS750, 2 rabile worth R53600 and a television worth elos0D and pay a duty of 4, 7%, 9% respatiely. Find the tl duty paid by hi Answer Kay wecvsy “soseeFosory 2 wt ot = : » © ett Percentage a FU in the blanks: 1) * 25% less than 300 is 9% more than 200. b) * 9 of 46 of 5 equals 496 of 5% of 6 +309 of 300.= 95% of 4) 27.5% of 880, 6) 41.67% OF 24 37% of 333, 8) 92.75% of 256 © hy 2% of 25, Find the net percentage change for each ofthe folowing scenarios: i ange [Socra oange [wet ange] eeer oo 420% 3am maa 185% 125% 78.56% Half of one thie of three-fiths of M = Two thids of _____ 96 of 45% ofthe students ina class ave gis and the number of boys exceeds Te price of my Chevrolet Spark deprelates by 1036 overy yea. If {bought i for 3.6 lakhs in the year 2014, by what porcent would its price have fallen in 2015? “The prices at MeDonalds rose by 15% inthe period 2015 ~ 2018 and by 20% in the period 2018 ~ 2024.11 the price of a MeChcken burger fs RS:69 now, what was its price in 20157 spend RS.3300 per month ata nearby mall. However, this month the prices ofall he tms wore hiked by 20%. What percant redtion in my consumption wil help me Keep my budget 1 Sudesh spends 25% more than Ganesh then Ganesh spends ____96 les than Sudesh, + In test, the total of the marks scored by Sampat and Ganpat was 125% more than Sampat's marke, Then the diffrence in thoi marks wil be Sot Ganpat’s marks a. 16 ws, * Anand’ salary ls 10% less than Swanane’s and 208% more than Paramarand’. By what percent is Swanand's salary more than Paramanand’s? + & bottle of my favourte drink contains 12% alcohol. On my doctors advice I added 20m1 water to the bottle to reduce the concentravon to 20% What was the quantity of nk i my Botte inal? 1 the length of te rectangle Is reduced by 30%, by what percentage the breacth must be increased 0 thatthe area ofthe recangle is decreased by 295? 1 the length and breath of a cuboid is increased by 203 and, 20% respectvaly, the by lwhat percent must the height be increased co that the volume of the eubold is increased by 73.6% (Note Volume ofa cuboid = length « breath» high) In the annual budget of a certain schoo, the annual income was estimated at RS.250 lakhs land annul expenditure was estimated at Re.240 lakhs. Actually, that year the annual income incrassee by 5 percent than estimated income and expenditure increased by 10 percent than tstimated, Find the dflrence between the actual income and actual expenditure, ‘A merchant purchased calculators worth Rs.16800, mobile phones worth R5.26900 and lighters worth Rs:6800, The dy that he had to pay was 59% on calculators, 83 on mobile phone and 336 an lighters. How much euty did he pay? In country only 20% of the population eat ree, Of the remaining 2/3rd eat ony wheat. Of the remaining 259% eat only jonar and the remaining 492 persons eat only baja. Fd the umber of people inthe county whe eat only wines (a) 328 (2) 312 (@) 382 272 Rajes’s salary inereates by 50% whereas the tax increases by 75%, What isthe percontage a 20% 2) 18% 2) 19% @ 16.67% The number of seats in an auditorium is increased by 26%. The price of a ticket is also increased by 20%. What isthe percentage increase inthe revenue collected? a 45% 2) 50% (2) 60% @) 40% ‘hve ninth ofthe population of a town ate mals. 60% of the mals are marred to females (ofthe same foun. What isthe percentage of unmavtied females of the total population? (339% © @)22.2/9% —(3)-3B- 1/9 @) 12.2/9% (5) None of these QD ep vencetnnees 2S 20. tn the election forthe post of CM of Ihum Tlaya, 096 ofthe voters favoured Progress PAC ice Exe Cee nd the rest favoured MMS. But ator a few days, 20% of Progress’ supporters shite the upport to MMS and 10% of MMS’ supporters shifted their support to Progress. What is the (murs percentage of the totl voters that Progress must naw attract i order tte with DIRECTIONS for questions 4 and 2: Fil the blanks, fist s 4 he price of nine drops by 25%, then we cn inceat ou consumption by ee on es «20% ‘thot easing ou expend aoe 2 feteent ofan hour mit. | 1L Grandpa is writing a book Every morning he starts wring vigorously and fils a lt of pages. But post-unen he goes through all that hes writen that far sight rom day one) and deletes tones off He dest write anything more that day. At the end ofthe day the content DIRECTIONS for questions 3 t0 19: Choose the correct alterntive. of fis book is stil 205 more than that atthe end ofthe previous day. How moch percent j few content does Grandpa write In the morning? 2. A.woman has certain number af mangoes, of which 139% are bad. She gives 7 q 2. student weote 3 hours 2 min as 2.3 hours, Gy what porcent of an hour cid he go wrong? remainder to charity and then has 263 let. How many did she have italy? 2) 1300 2) 1250 3) 1200 4) 610 3. ean of juice was 80% fll, 80% of the contents were emptied into a glass and Bat juice (tae added to the cans Then the can Became fll tothe Brim. What is the capacity ofthe een oe cn oer ca? fsqval After the former had fallen 20 per cent and the later has ren by 19 per cent the 4. tna class 40% of the stodents are gts 1 50% ofthe boys and 60% of the ers pass the total number of habitants was 39990, What was the population ofeach partat ist Fal exam, ind the passing percentage ofthe clas. 1 32025, 2) 20200 3) 21435 4) 76820 ‘an agent offers @ commission of $8 on the sale value ifthe sale toa single customer is A eee tite Re. 1000, Furthey a comission of 10% on the sale vale is offered if the sale 0 a Hoe eel ee eee rete ee eet Single customer encoeds Re. 1000, salesman sold goods worth Rs.1500 to each of fve Customers and goods worth Rs. 800 fo each of four others. How much percent commision ‘wil Re get on the whole? 1) 125% decresce 2) 10.25% decrease 3) 11.75% increase 14) 12.5% increase 6. Ima party, 55 persons wore present (men and women). 40% of the women wore earings (consider 9 eae fnge er woman) andthe remaining 60% ware goges. Arnon the men, 50% ‘wore goggles. Tat numberof goles he party sre 5 tes te toll umber of earings | Fi the total umber of earings nthe party aesuming that nly women wear eartings atthe 20 216 3) 20 428 7.40% ofthe students in a school ate boys. In particular School examination, attended by fl the students, only 20% of te gle passed, though 40% ofall the students had passed Find the percentage of Boys who passed the test. 30 2) 50 370 928 8, At parteular examination, Seema got 16 more marks than Mesna, who got 10% points less than Goona. Also Ucera scored 2% points mave than Teena, If Teana had a score of 500 out of 600, what percentage of marks cid Seema ge? (Al percentage ave expressed 3s marke scored as a percentage of total marks inthe examinations) 4) 85 2) 80 382 a7 2 ey ne n. 2. 23. Ih @ tonn in France, women wear dresses having either 1. or 2 or 3 colours. The number of tiomen hing a least 2 colours on ther dress ie 70% ofthe female population. I the cif tne between te numberof women wearing 2 and 3 coloured cesses respectively is 1400, Sno 1200 women weer 1 coloured desses, fd the total female population of the town, 1) 4000 2) 3500 3) 3200 4) 2400 5) Data Insufcient ‘The marks obtained bya student in English, Maths, Sconce and Hind in standard X are a5 follows (aaenam marks pee subject = 300): i. The masks obtained in Maths are 1.5 times the marks obtained in English |i, Me gota total of 6496 in these four subjects Ui, Me got the maximum and minimim marks if Science and Hindi respectively, with a dit- ference of 8 marks between thom. iv. An edition of 50% ofthe marks obtalned in English tothe final score gives an overall percentage of 70%. What would be his percentage i only Maths and Science Marks are counted? 2) 80 22 384 4) 86 The rate of ination was 1000%. What wil be the cost ofan article, which costs 6 units of eurtency nom, tao years from now? 2) 686 2) 660 3720 426 (Past CAT question) 1H eauat number of people are born on each day, find the approximate percentage of the people whose bithday wil fal on 29th Febeuay. ff we ae to consider people bor inthe Both century and assume no deaths) 2) 0.374% 2 057324 4) 024% (Past CAT question) 2) 0.0584% {collage has raised 75% ofthe amount neds fora new bulsing by receiving an average ‘onation of Re, 600 from the people aeady solicited. The people already solcites repre Sent 60% of the people whom te colege wil ask for donations. Ifthe college is to aise ‘actly the amount needed forthe new Builgng, what should the average donation from the remaining people to be solicited be? 2) Re 300 2) Rs. 250 4) Rs. 500 (Past CAT question) 3) Rs, 400 Fresh grapes contain 90% water by woight while ded grapes contain 20% water by weight What s the weight of ry grapes avalable from 20 kg of fresh grapes? D2ke 2) 2a kg 3) 25 48 4) None of these (ast CAT question) cha 415. The owner of an art shop conducts hs business inthe following manner: Every once in @ white he rises his prices by #8 then awhile later he reduces ll the new prices by XX. ‘ter one such up-down cyclo, the price ofa painting decreased by Rs. Ad. Altera second t-down cycle the painting was sold for Re, 1,944.8, What was the orginal price of the printing? 4) 275625 2) 2256.25, 3) 2500 4) 2000 (Past CAT question) 126, 40% ofthe employes ofan organization are men. Of these 75% earn more than Rs. 25,000, per year If 45% ofthe total employees ofthe company eam more than Re, 25,000 por vet {hen what faction of the women earn more than Rs. 25,000 oe" year? 2 2 4 3 a% ad ag a3 (Past CAT question) 117. Aman earns 9% on the frst 2000 rupees and y% on the rost of his Income, fhe earns e700 fam Rs.4000 and Re. 900 from an income of Rs-5000, fd x 020 215 3) 25 4) None of these (Past CAT question) 418, A person who has a certain amount with him goes tothe market. He can buy $0 oranges or ‘29 mangoes, He retains 10% of the amount for tv faes and buys 20 mangoes and with the balance he purchases oranges, The number of eranges he can purchase Is —— 2) 36 240 235 4120 (Past CAT question) 19,2 of ho stars promise tote oP andthe res promise t wef @ Of hse on he last day, 25% ofthe voters went back an thelr promise to vote for Pand 25% of the votes went back on ther promise fo vote Tor and Fost by 2 votes, Inen the fal number ot 2 100 2) 110 290 4) 95 (Past CAT question) DIRECTIONS for question 20: Solve as alvected. 20, Arun's present age in years is 40% of Barus. In another few years, Arun's age wil be halt ‘of Bar's By what percentage wil Barun’ age increase during ths panod? (Past CAT question) om enceNtaats 5 4 D>. ibienc att, PROPORTION, AND VANIBHHON 6 QA-1.6 | RATIO, PROPORTION, Ei tHeory ‘The compound rio oy-hous) is EEA: = 20: 60.8 1:3 53 AND VARIATION So, 1 man ean do the job that requires 3 boys a 2. The dupleate ratio of a:b a Ratio free triplicate catia of 2: is 3: The rato of two quantities ofthe same kind is the traction that ono quantity i ofthe oer. I tther words, to say how many tines gen aumbe’ I in comparison to another number, of to say 4, The subduplicate ratio of a= Bie Jas yb that part a gven numbers 9 comparizon to another, to state the ratio that hols between them ‘The ratio of two terms ‘a! and “bis denated by a: b (read a5 ‘ais to B) and is measured by 5. The euberplicae rato of a:b ic Va: Vo 2 ora 0 The numerator ‘is called te ‘antecedent and the denominator i ele he Order of consequent ‘To determine wich of the two given ratios a: b and cd is greater or smaller, we compare a ved and bc, For b> O and d > 0: While comparing two quantites In terms of rato the two quantiles must be ofthe same kind 1 Waxd> demon £ > § 2 Waxdcdeetten § <§ i) the uits of measurement ofthe two quantities must be the same Hawd=bwcthen 2 = § example ita = R52 and b = 50 pase, then a: b = 200: 50 = 4:4 Ratio of Equality, Greater Inequality or Lesser Inequality 2. Aratioteqaiyisunateed tatoo tntrinequliyisdininshesendartoottersernegaty Gi) the ratio is @ pure number, Le, without any unit of measurement as it denotes how many : te i : \ tines avn erty ft coriparson vo mother s)he ratio aould ty unatered even bath th antecedent ad he conseqent re meted oF Let be the given rato and be a postive quantity and x > b hed bythe se nero number |s iereased ifthe same postive quantity is added to both its tems. — @ Beaten Oe = Bat, 60 WE > atten eX ef a tw 1 fc atmen 22 > 2. Aratoot equality sunalteredaratioof greater inequality isinereasedandaratitlesserinequaty compounding of ratios icimnihest tre pot aun a rear anh sar ome ace rm each 4 Iftwo diferent ratios (ay a:b and e: 6) are expressed in ciferent units, ten, we require 10 Ts Combine these two ratios, we do s0 through compounding Let B beth svn atx be a postive quanity and x amen FEE > g Example Gn Beamon SEX ef . a= To complet a certain ob, 4 man work fr 4 hous a day for 5 days; 2 boy works for 6 hous & : day for 10 days We want to know how mary boys ao recited todo the same jb that 1 man Properties of ratios can do? | atone 1.18 =S,mnen 2 = i, theinvers ratio of to equal ratios are “To krow this, we ne8d to caine two different units, hours and days. al.The propetiscaled The rao of days work i S20, he rato of hous worked is 4:6 inverted, 96 7” Oa caraput chaper @EiBitene ao, PROPORTION, AND VARIAN 28 2.12 = $.hon 2 = 9 ie, tneratos of atecedents and consequent two equal atios are nae oie ‘equal, This property is called alternendo. awh = Semen 882 = £54 i, ating tt bah sides. i he eg ofthe sales side? 2 ate JE tnd the value of a :b. ‘is popery is called compared. pb 3, Ima ratio, whieh is equal to 5 : 6, ifthe consequent is 42, thon the antecedent is 4, The salaries ofA Band C are in the ratio 1 2:3. f the increments of 20%, 20% and 59% a 1B = Gime 2EP subtracting 1. rm beth sides. are alloned, respectively in ther salaries, then what wil be Yhe new rato of thelr salaries? “his propeny is called dvidendo, ‘ 5. The avorago age of thee gis is 24 years and their ages are inthe ratio 3: 4: 5. The fee ate eed age ofthe oldost gl HRs gethen gob ema ‘his property is elled componendo-dlvidendo, ie. viding the resuts of componendo by dviendo, reap oes wins «et 2 sweet 6 Equal Rat tt B= § = $= au thon each ratios equ 10 wher ‘ 4 ina have any values except tat they must not al Be os as a rg esd A > ger) SOLVED EXAMPLE c we oy 19: The monthly salaries of two persons are in the ratio 3 5. If each receives an increase of aS 5 4Q-8% bene clay te tn aed fo 13.2, Fd the eget slr BE WEN se | 61 > 4Tf 320 2 Sido B ibe + 20) = 1315 © 20) 004 420 = 654+ 260 x= 80 Te required salaes ae Rs 20 and R00 0 * CR Apt chapter 08 @ iene RATIO, PRORCRTION, AND VARINION 8 Proportion SOLVED EXAMPLES When the ratio of two tems is equal tothe rato af two other terms, then these four tems are aid to be in proportion, ie. if; b= c: 4, then a, b,c and d are in proportion. Iti alse fab, be, x and e are in proportion, find x represented as arbae:d fa bre and d ae called the fst, eacond, thie! and fourth proportonas respectively. The terms @ are : fe ove called the extremes, while b and ¢ are call the means. tee ee Tha:b=c: 4. then ad = be, Le, the product of extremes is equal tothe product ofthe means Mean Proportion 1@: Tho sum of two sumbers 10 and their geome mean is 4, Fd he oumbers vwhen @ = 2 tnan a, band ae sa © be in continued proportion and scaled the mean [AZ 1 one umber is x the other number 610 — x . (om? =xa0= 9, = 10e— roportional between 2 and ee * 2-101 +36 #0 Ano = ax 6 lay b = Vac (= 8 2)=0-2%=80rx=2 bis also called the geometic mean of a and c, The concept of geometric mean willbe covered in deta in he next chapter ofthis mele The numbers are and 2. ‘Thi Proportional a:b =: then € is said to be the third proportional to and b, 1¥ 3 quantities are proportional than the ratio of the 2 to the 3s the duplicate ratio of the Concept Builder 2 2 tothe 2 cee ee 1. £5252 is civded among A, @ and C such that fr every R62 that A receives, 8 receives Rs. and tor every Re that 8 receives, Crecehes RS Find A's share com Proportion 2. The thie proportional to = y) and ~ i ees 3. WA:B 24; Sand 8: C= 4:5, then A: Cis: Oe gage es name 4. AsumofRs.350is dvidedas RSA, Rs.8, Rs.CandRs. Damongtfourpeople suchthat The concept of conned proportion i useful in the flowing stun. Tan" 196 "206" 200, What =the value of ATO =D O) 5. The ratio ofthe incomes of A and Bis S: 4 and the ratio of ther expenditures is 4 Te four quanti a,b,c and 6 ate such that a: , b © and cd are known then J acit atthe and tthe yoan each saves Re-1600, then the income of A wecanfoda:das $= Beha § 6. An amount of 85.735 was divided between A, 8 and C. I each af em had received R25 arbre les, thn tho shares would have been in the rai of 1:3 2 The money received by C 2. a,b, cand dare four quantities and a:b, b 6. €:¢ are Known, then we can find was aibierd Answer Key example sve u 9 oor “5 os uy Warb=2;3bice4:5.6:8=7:9,fnda:bccd le hak lesa ab 28:12, bic= 32:15 (CM of Sand 4 i 12) a ae ai bres 8:12:35 as bse = 56:84: 105, €:¢ = 105: 135 (LM of 7 and 15 is 205) arbre: d= 56:84: 105: 135 Pe eee caTapt D Saneenic Variation Direct Proportion (Variation) 1f two quantities ‘a? and “bare related, such that any increase or decrease in 'b' produces a proportionate incroase or decrease in‘ oF vcewers, then the two quantities are sad to be In direct sroprton In other words, the ratio of ' and ‘bis constant The statement“ ates a5 %' is symbolically writen as y 0 x ty a, then y = kx, where kis a nonzero constant called the constant of variation. y= kx is called the equation of direct variation Inverse Proportion vin) ie, ay « k. where k, a non-zero constant, is the constant of variation. yah, ten ay = kis called the equation of increct variation Mixed Vaition 1. In this type we have both a direct and inverse relationship between the variables involved Wa variable xis dependent on twa variables y and 7 and varios inversely as (when 2s constant) and directly a8 2 (when y is constant, the relationships can be written as xatanxaz We ean combine the two as 2 ie xa E orn = ©, where kis & nonzero constant of proportonalty : k rope Bxample I the square of x varies as the cube of y, and x = 2, when y = 3, find the equation between and y =k? azn ako By Chaper 98 RATIO, PROPORTION, AND VANIRTION 6 2, Another type of mixed variation is when the variable x can be expressed a5 a sum of 3 The expenses ofa boarding house ate pany fixed and party variable as the numberof boarders. The charge is R570 per head when there are 25 boarders and Rs.60 per head wien there are 150 boarders. Find the charge per head when there are 100 boarders, Expenses = Constant + Variable =m 4 kb, where om and k are constant 11750 = m + 25k; 2000 = m + 50k Subtracting the fist equation fom the second 1250; k = 50, m = 500 E = 500 + sob Expense when there are 200 boarders Charge per head = R55. 25% 500 + 50 x 100 = R.5500 Important results of proportion 1 Wha Band BaCthen Aue WAaCand Ba Chen As Ba Cand Vad aC Waa thera A anaca A 6, IAB, then AP a BP, where P is any quantity, variable or constant. ‘Appliatons of Ratios & Proportion in Numbers 4. Given the sum of two unknown variables, the product ofthe two variables say (9 and 6) is highest when they are equal Example Gena +b = 10 Possble values of 2, b) are (, 10) (1 9) (2 8) on (5, 8) se (8,2) von 10, 0) Dx 10+ 0.12925, 2%8= 16,5252 25 ‘he prodit af the two numbers Is highest when they are equal Given that two variables are inversely proportional to wach other i, the product ofthe two variables is constant, the tum ofthe two variables wil be least when they are equal 203 extant @ Rib Sample Given a = b = 100 ossibl values of (2 8) are (2,300) (2, 50) (4, 25) vow (0, 10) sn (20, 8) (200, 3) 1+ 100 = 202, 2 + 50 = §2, 4 + 25° 29, 10+ 10 = 20 the sum of the two numbers is least when they are equal 3, ate be maximum whos 2 = Bx © provided a +b + © is constant example Find the maximum value 3) B2, where a +b = 10 ow, th product wil be maximum ven 4 = 8 <> 20= 30 28-30 = 0. 0 Aso gion a + b= 10 Solving () and (i) we get a = 6 and b = 4 Maximum value of a BP= 6? « 42 = 3456 ‘SOLVED EXAMPLE 1: The cost of dlamond varies as the square ofits weight. A clamand weighing 10 decirams costs Rs-1600, Find the loss incurred hen Breaks info two pieces whos wrghts arin the [As UC isthe cost and Wis the weight, Ca WH 3 C= KW c, 1600 hen © = 1600, w= 10; «= (Ge = 6G cw rhe wigs of he two lees Gr decigas) ae: Bx 10 and 2 20, tn, 4 and 6 Total cost = 256 + 576 Lose incurred = 2600 ~ 632 Concept Bullder 3 1th the cast of «diamond vais dectly wth the square ofits weight andthe weight of the

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