2 cataput RTA" INTERPRETATION DI-1.1, BASICS OF DATA INTERPRETATION [J THEORY Introduction fective organization and presentation of data is requted such that you are able to dram upon tho information that is required with the least of effort and time, This chapter intecees you to the various methods of data representation and their use. Nature of Data Interpretation Questions ‘The questions in Data Interpretation usualy test you for thee diferent ski, namely Observation ‘Skil, Calelation Skis and Daduction Skil. Observation based questions require you to serutnize the given data and to make conclusions. Calculation basee questions require you to find out percentages, averages, ratios, et; in shor, they test your ably to hancla numbers effectively and ta make quick and correct calculations. Dedton bated questions are a spacial type of questions nich demand that you reason out te hiden data by nding the relation between the gven cata, Methods of Representation Numerical Data Tables ny stttical date pertaining to any kind of situation can be generally cepresented inthe form of 8 table, Iti one ofthe easiest and the mast accurate way of presenting data in a non-raphical manner. 1 correlates or measures two things at atime. The effculty associated with this type of data epcesentation Is that it requires much closer reading as compares to other forms of data representation like ar graphs and ple chars and hence is comparativaly complicated and time consuming to interpret. The calculations which are done onthe basis ofa numerical taba ta draw Inforonces are easy in terms of formulae but they are lengthy and take ots of tine The following ilustration will explain the way of representing data in numerical table form and Example: The following table shows the time table of a tran allway Time Table-Gitanali Express oy Zival une tw) [Departure tine tw | cumulative mileage Gan Mumbai = 09:00 0 Tastour 00 n.02 m Nasi 1:50 3455 2a Brussel 4730 3742 31 Alola 22:40 22:05 730) Nagpur 00.08 05 200) Dug. ‘oL:00 01:02 B45, Tansheepor oats 0628 od Koata 06:25 = [00 Chapter OF BASICS OF DATA INTERPRETATION 2. The above is also a type of data representation but is in the timetable form, However, very interesting information can be interpreted from the above table. One can obtain +The average speed between the stations ‘The average speed of the train between the stations = Sistancecovered, Similarly the average speed between the other stations, for parts ofthe journey as well as the compete journey can be calculated ‘The average speed of the train between Mumbai and Igatpuri = 7q780 Dog, = BKM pepe Directions for questions: cles to the table below and ansiver the questions that fll Energy (in koh) generated fr KW of Installed Capacity Year [_thermat_[ Aydt sei | 2000 | 4240 ‘992 | 2200] 4020 993 | _a020 | #160 2998 | —a0s0__| 3700 3995 | aoa0 | 3930 ©: For which sector and when was the greatest percentage incease over the previous yest ‘A: A visual inspection ofthe energy table shows that the largst ference in power generation In the curent year over the previcus year's shown by the Hyde between 94-95 followed by Thermal between 91.92, ydet 94.98 = 230 keh 96 increase = 232, x 100 = 6.21% Therefore % increase = 89, x 200 = 6.21% Thermal 91-92 = 200 ku : = 200 ‘ heretore % increase = 200, x 200 = 59% Note: This question is based on observation and calculation stile The approsimate average Knh generated per Kw of installed capacity for Hyel power station for the above peros At Roques average = £240°+40000-44600 3700-395caput per a SA inrexPrerarton co BASICS OF DATA INTERDRETANOW 12 Q: Ifthe total installed capacity in the Thermal Sector in 1992 was 8900000 KW, How many Kuh of energy was generated? [A In 1992, for Thermal Secter, 4200 KWH were generated for 1 KW of installed capacity. Hence, iftha instaled eapacty ls 2900000 KW, La, 89 » 10° KW, otal KO! generated i: 89 = 20° + 4200 = 3.74 » 10" KW, Note: These questions are based on ealeatation ski Cartesian (line) Graphs The Cartesian or Line Graph incates the variation of a parameter with respect to another, The parameters are calibrated on X and ¥ ave, For example, with the “year” plotted on the X axis, variation of “imports ‘exports ‘shipment ft. as the other parameter can be plotted on the ¥ axis The line graph simolifies the data Interpretation, as ti a pictorial presentation of ata and is thoretoe very useul for determining trends and rate of ehange. The slope ofthe line graph helos in comparing the magnitude of change between any two consecutive points onthe graph. Steeper the slope, greater i the change in magnitude between the two consecutive points ‘Note! the sigs the wiapn indicates he bots gran And mot the percentage ronan. ‘Simple Average Growth is found out by Simple Interest method. Cumulative means the ierease ‘+ growth by accumulation oF successive addition of parts or elements ‘Cumulative Average Growth Rate (CAGR) i diferent fom simple average growth in the sense that, simple average growth is the growth between two points of measurement or time, Cumulative Average Growth Rate is found by Compound Interest Method. Hence, increase in each peved i accounted while calculating the increase in the nest pero Example: The following raph represents the growth of Exports (Figures ae in Rs, crore) Growth of Exports in India (Rs.Crore) ‘cro we oe “Titer thst tea ater ata at In the above graph, years are potted on the x-axis and the Exports forthe years 2996 to 2008 in crores of rupees are potted on the y-axis. 168 The greph represents the variation in the Exports over a time period between 2996-2003, trom which one can ascertain trends as well asthe growth fates of the Exports, For instance it can be noted that the Exports has been continuously increasing over the years. FH the graph had been fluctuating, then quettions on average exports in the period and peak ‘exports or lowest exports and thei elation {ke rato) may also Be ase, Solved Example Directions for questions Following ine graph depicts the monthly sales of Reliance Industries for the year 2028. (All figures are in Rs, crores) ©: The maximum sales of Rs. was in ‘A+ Maximum sal was R512000 crores in November, ote Ii: question Je ben an doeervation sie @ For now many months, were the sales higher than the average sales? AS Rvorage sales 8375 crores. Hence, the sales were more than the average eles for 6 + the company seis only 2 products A and 8 and product A has a fied sales of R,6000 ‘crores per menth then the % increase inthe sales of product @ trom September to October [Az Salas of product 8 in September 2028 = 9000 - 6000 = Rs:3000 crores Sales of product 8 in October 2018 = 20000 - 6900 = Rs.4000 crores 4900-2000 _ 335, $00" = 39 9% increase in sales of product 8 trom September to October Ne: Ths ouestion is based on dedcton and calculation skile 68catoout BRIA IreReRETATION ‘ar Charts + In ths mathod of data representation, the data is plotted as bars + This method of data intepeetation fe more of lass similar to the one in Cartesian Graphs except thatthe data pleted on Cartesian Graphs i continous whereas in ar Chart the data 5 discret. Also a single pont denoted inthe tne graph = represented by an ene bar in the bar graph + They have one advantage over ne grape that is they are much more accurate since they o not invelve ary interpolation or extrapolation between two points & data measurement. + Presentation of data inthis format makes compartve evaluation of param There ae three main types of Bar Chars to represent dat, Iustrations given below show three main types of Bar Charts Inthe given ilustrations, the same data fs used. The bar chart give a brakeup of foreign investment flows in India forthe years 2012-13 to 2017-18. Foreign Investments are made up of only two types of investments‘, Direct Investments and Portfolio Investments Clustered Bar chart Foreign Investment Flows (US $ mn) —e LT 3: avn [Sram 210 aoe es This isthe simplest type of Bar Chart. t compares values across ategories. Thus, from the above Figure, one can see thatthe values ofthe Portfolio Investment and Direct Investment have been compared for spec yeas, From this, one can eaiy arrive atthe folowing. + The increase or decease inthe Foreign Investment over the period wth the rate of total Increase or decrease (as well 25 for each catego) + The highest and the Lowest values ofthe foreign Investment flows by category and yea. + Contribution of each category of investment in the total foreign investment flows for the +The Foreign inves rent trend (total & for each category) over the years. Chapter BASICS OF DATA INTERPRETATION LL Stacked Bar Chart Foreign investment Flows (US $m) This compares the contribution of each value tothe totl, across categories, In this, one can get the total ofthe categories as well as the individual figures. In this Kind, both parameters are represented along a single bar From this kind of representation, the same kind of conclusions can be arrived at asin Clustered Bar Chart. Aso, they will ge valve of any one parameter and valve of foal. For example, for 2027-2018, ony direct investment, $2609 mn, and ttal investment, $5384 mn, is givon. We can calculate porto vestments = 5384 ~ 2609 = $2775 mn, 100% stacked Bar Foreign Investment Flows (US $ mn) ‘This compares values of ciferont catogoros of data by the percentage contribution to the total, ‘Tho percentages are given clery, hence it i e857 to derive the contribution of each category. In the figure, the amount of Investment i¢ clearly indicated. In the absence of tis, gven the 167cars Chapter OL @. ShiPirerercrrcon Busi oF pata vERPRERTRCN 2 total imestment tow figures forthe yews, t would be eaty to estimate the amount of foreln ual population below poverty tine = 0.58x and urban population below poverty ine lovestnat Hows by e809 eaeaiy = 0837 —») core, 20 = 059% + 0.48197 ~») x* 224 coe ural population below poverty tne = 0.58 x 22.4 = 13 et. solved Example “ae Directions for questions: Refer to the graph below and answer the questions that fellow Pie Charts Percentage of People below Poverty Line Graphic Representation in a Cire In this method, the total quanty in question is cstibuted over a to or Pie angle of 360°, whichis 1 ine complet cle or apie, Unk, the ar charts where the variable can be potted on two co 60 | ‘ordinates X and Y, here the data can be plotted with respect to onlj-one parameter. It is best | This method is also useful for representing proportions or percentages of various elements with respect to the total quantity. Any angle which has its vertex atthe contre of the cle is called a canal angle. The shaded rogion shown in the pie-chart in Mustration (2 called a sect Example: Let take a look at revenue breakup ofthe Internet Services Providers (ISP) in the US The folowing table gives an overview ofthe same, forthe year 2018, There are 2 types of clients Corporate (i). SBe' ie, Small Business Enterprises aovo-st 3999 2000-01" 2002-04 2005-06 2006-07" 08 2008-10 Gi Consumers Le, india Real ean ae TSP Revenoes | Pereentad | coma an Market Segment | in us's milion | of Tota | cena Angle Overall the toa percentage of pope Below the poverty ine between 1990-51 fo 2009-10, Corporate #945 30% | A «260 = 12960 acreased in percortage point) by 7 a [A+ From the bar chart he flowing can be observed: Small Business 2ene 196 | = 260 = 60. + Total Percentage of people below poverty tne in 1990-93 = a al = Total Parentage of people below poverty line in 2009-40 spp 360 = 162 “Thorfore, there was a outa dacine of 29% inte percentage of people below the poverty etal 23882, 300% 360 tne ‘The above data canbe easy plotted on the plo chart as given Below and can be subjected to + 1 the cura population in 2990-91 was 30 crore and urban population was 20 core then find tne tts ppulton Gn errs) below the poverty line. [A Rural population below the poverty line = 0.58 « 30 = 17.8 core cent Lan population below the poverty tine = 048 = 20 = 96 crore sa fen Tal population below the poverty Une = 174 + 96 = 27 coe cS 11 the total population below the poverty ne was 20 cre in 1990-91, then what was the Population in rr areas tat was Below the poverty ne? Tal Bness ‘A: Total population = 205 = 97 coe a5 Let erat population 37 — x coe 1 erote, Then, urban population(cATaut KIA INTERPRETATION Inthe ple chart above, it can be seen thatthe data can be plotted easily representing valves as well asin terms of percentage ofthe total valve {visual aesrition tif, one can conclude that i the US marke forthe year 2026, the revenue from the Consumer market was the lygest and constitutes 45% of the total revenue generated Simlary, revenue fom the Small Business market formed the smallest of the revenue generated and was 29% of the Tota, Since the data in a pie chat f spread over 260 degrees, the data canbe subjected to geometial 1 central angle of the sector Is equal t the ar it intercopts in measure. The central angle for the components can be easily caleuated since 300% ofthe quantity is spread over 360 degroos of the ie and thus 2% = 26 degrees. Inthe above example, the central angle forthe sector of Consumer marot wil be equal to 3.6 » a5 = 162 degrees. fn are can be measured in degrees, The entire circle is 260 degrees and thus an arc of 120 egiees woue 8 2/3d of the ice. ‘The total arza of the circle Is represented by 360 degrees and thus the sector area can be calculated wth respect to the comesponding c2ntal angle of the sector Solved Example Directions for questions: Ref: to the ple chart below and answer the questions that follow. Foreign Investment flows by diferent categories In 2016-27 Total Investment Flows = US $ §706 Millon esate hat is approximately the ratio of investment flows trough Fis to NRIS? [As _wheo the total investment inflows are proportional to the percentage of the nie coverec the rato of investment through Fils to that of NRIs wil be the rato of the caresponding percentages of the pe covered Filqwestments__ 33 nat it + What mas the value of total investment flows though Euro Equities? [A+ The value ofthe total investment flows is US $ 5706 milan and Euro Equtes contribute to 16% ofthe total, hence the value of investment through Euro Eauties is 36% of S706 = ss 913 milion 270 Q BASICS OF DATA INTERPRETA + Ifthe Total Investment Flow ware to be doubled and Fils were to be halved in the next year, what would be the proportion of FIIs inthe total investment flows? ‘A+ Total investment nett year = 0.33570 z = 9706 = 2412 milion Fills next year = = 942 mitten Propoton of Fis ia total investment flaw Ccarelet Form In this for of data representation, the data is given in a ease (paragraph) frm, tt is forthe reader to read the guen ease ot paragraph and cull out the raquite data and arange it in a suitable form so as to interpret it meaning ly Example: The following is an extract from a report onthe ISP (ntenet Service Providers) business Not surprisingly the growth ofthe IP industry is dven by he increase inthe numb of people accessing the Wo and the increase in per person use ofthe Web, In 2028, thar were 275 millon Wich usets in the United States, or about 8036 ofthe population, and they generated aver $43 bilion in 15° covenues.industy revenues shovld expand from $43 billonto‘almost $52 Bllon by 2022, wile the number of users should grow to over 325 millon or to about more than 9036 of US population inthe same period From the above extract, one can see that mest ofthe paragraph is packed with data related to the ISP industy in the United States, ‘Te above paragraph talks about the revenes from the ISP inthe year 2028 an also the estimated Increase in revenues by 2022. At the same time, the population figures, both in 2038 and the ‘estimation for 2022, are alco given ‘Thus, fom tho above eatoet one con dodueo the population of US, the growth inthe UE population as well a5 growth in the users and ISP revenues and £0 on Solved Example Directions for questions: ofr to the casslt below and answer the questions that fallow “The Indian TT traning market is dominated by two largo players with @ regional presence. NIIT and Aptech have more than 75% ofthe total computer education and training market. SSI i leo strongly emerging asa frce to be reckoned with on a national level, especialy atthe higher end fof the taining market. NIIT and Aptech ~ because of ther long standing in business, have an uma base of more than 700,000 each and approximately 2000 centras across the county. NIT and Aptech brands easy enjoy the “Yop ofthe mind recall” among the IT training sector in India Compania are leveraging ther presence in IT traning to venture into sofware exports and TET products ~ upgrading their growth orbit. NIIT is already the country’s fourth largest software ‘exporter, Aptech which nitated its software thrust in early 1998 fs making strong presence in software exports (growth of more than 90% infest quarter of 99). SSI is contemplating putting Lup a Separate dhision to foray into offshore development. Thus, Software which is a high growth an Shaper 0 ia ta,cra GAR Nrexeretarion area (average revenue growth expected forthe next 3-5 years i S08) relative to traning (average revenue growth expected 303) is emerzing asa hey gromth driver among the major payers inthe industry. This & changing the traditional growth cates of these companies from around 30-35% 1 €0-50% in general, (© Traditionally what has been the growth rte of IT traning compan? [As Tho answer is 30-35% which ie tradional growth rate of the IT training companies, Honeve one has to be cartut wile Yeading the paragraph as growth ‘ater pertaining to many ofthe segments of businese are mentioned which could be misleading, © What is the combined revenue of Aptech and NITT together in the training segment ifthe total taining markt ig US$ 320 milion? 'A As gven inthe paragraph, Aptech and NUIT jointly have mote than 75% ofthe taining markt. ‘hus: ifthe total traning market US § 320 milion in Indo, 75% ofthe market vs'75% 320 = 240, (Q: The number of students por centre for NIIT and Aptech forthe curent year wil be: [A+ This isa misleading question. The data gven ison the numberof al for NIT and Aptech together whic is 700000 slum for 1000 centres approximately, From this data, number of cuent students per conte cannot be calculated Geometrical Diagrams Data can be represented using a combination of various geometicl shapes such as squares Circles, rectangles, trapezius, cubes, triangles etc. The interpretation and the analysis of such ata roquies an understanding ofthe basic concepts of geometry. {Given Below area fan examples ofthis method, ample 2 ‘This cular dlagram might be the presentation of rng-oute road map af a ety. By using simple ‘vometrcal rules, one ean find the linear distance ae well az the angular datance between the oins A, €, 0,0, 8 Eand F Chapter BASICS OF OMIA INTERPRETATION 2 ample 2 wie Expenses) loss » Expenses ~ Seles Of Expenses > Sales) % Prot Margin » B20 200 9% tose Margin = $855 100 Both Proftoss and ie rot mar Loss margin of he company can also be eaeated atthe cour evel by asregatng the exzenss and th sales of he company from ll the fe regions a Which of the following cannot be the fetal percent loss margin sulfered by the company i India in 20177 0) 15% 2)10% 3)20% 4) 25% 1) fas 2) South 3) North-€ast 4) More information is eequited to answer this question ‘Additional information for Q.15 and Q.16: In 2017, the company slfered a ftal oss margin of 509% in the fhe regions of Inca combined 15. Which of te folowing isnot the percent lass margin suffered by the company in one ofthe five regions in 2017? 1) 37.50% 2)57.50% 340% ) 70% 16, The company improved its sales in the year 2028, The total expenses of the company inthe Year 2018 were same as that in 2027. However, exactly one region registered 9 break-even {the situation ofzoro proft/ze0 loss) wile the other regions sil registered a ose. What was {he percent increase ofthe sales of the company in 2018 aver the sales in 2047? (Assume that percent increase in sales in 2018 over 2017 was uniform across all the fo regions) 1) 25% 235% 3)40% 4 50% 05CcaTapat DI-1.2, CALCULATION BASED DI Ei THeory Concept of Approximation Often ts not necessary oF feasible to solve a question in the exact way it fs supposed to be done often the best techniques are those which ate shortest and simplistic tough they may at be the frst onas thou of Let us fat ook at some shortcut in eatin. For example, one would nemaly coe across computing values tke 4642. ware ane shoud efit think of approximation, wean on can reduce the numer fo 600 and inctease 1eo0 ¢ the denominator to 2800 and hence the approximate value would be 4602 which i equal to $ ‘thus the vale being equal to 88.88%, Now if we have two clase answers Uke 89% and 929% we cannot definitely come to a concusion. Hence, we need to fine-tune out approximation, ‘The fine tuning ean be done lathe following way + Tone changes the value ofthe numerator (increase or decrease), then an opposite change tas tobe incorporated inthe fal value. Inout example we have reduced the numerator by 17 Ga, from 3647 to 2600) The answer abaines wien we take smaller numerator wl be loner than the actual ansner ie. it we perorm operation 1620, the answer obtained wil Be loner than the ansner for 3422. Hence, we have to increase the fal valve and the extent 7 of incease in value is computed by 277, whic is approximately 196 + Ione changes the value of the denominator Gnerease or decrease), then a similar change has to be incorporated in tho fra value. In ur seampla, wo have inceaged the denominator by 40 (ie, trom 1760 to 2800). The answer obtained when we take larger denominator wil be lower than the actual answer Le, if we perform operation agli, the answer obtained wl be lowe than he ase fr fy. Hence, we hve to ineeae the fal vale andthe exe ot increase n value is compute by $05, wich ate approximately 25% + Hence the final value has to be adjusted by 3.556 which in our case would then tum out to be (approximately) 92%. chapter caucuanow aed Bf Le Concept of Percentage A food weightage of the OI questions asks you to find the percentage change in one quantity wih respect to anther Wiat is the sales growth from 2025 to 20267 Sales growth trom 2025 to 2016 would be from 120 crore to 440 crore Absolute growth = 140 ~ 120 = 85.20 Prcenage gronth = 149520, 269 6 20 s100 79% ‘This explains the difference between absolute growth and percentage growth, Now, if we observe the sales fgute from the year 2023 to 2017, we can infer that every year te soles have increased by the same quantity Le. RS.20 cove. But i we conser the percentage change, then the values are diffrent. In year 2024, sales have incrased fo R100 erore from 5.80 crore in the year 2013, But 100 is 20 more than 80 and 20 is one fourth of 80, ies 25% ‘Thus, 100 is 259% more than BO, Also, 20 i 20% of 100, Ths, 0 is 20% loner than 100, ‘Not: While clelstng percemage take he fit eth ich yous comaaing te other Bou as ee base, Now, consider the sales Aigures for the year 2013 and the year 2025, Salés have increased frm s.80 crore to R5.120 crore, Here tho absolute increase ie R40 crore and percentage Increace id be 42 x 209 ie would be 4 » 100 ie, 50%, The percentage change can aso be found by taking the rato of Final value to inal vale. Ifthe ‘ati is more than 1, then there is percentage increase and i the rato is less than 4. thee fr a ocresce.caput To find the percentage ineease, subtract 2 from the tio and multiply & by 200. Te find the percentage decease, subtract the rato from 2 and multiy i By 100. nthe above example, rom 2013 t 2016 the sales rato = M4 = The percentage incease is (1.75 - 2) + 100 = 75%, Thus, sales in 2046 is 75% higher or 2.75 times as compared to the year 2013, Now. i we observe th figures for profits, abslute increase isthe same forall the yeas, ie. RS-10 er But the percentage increase is varying vear 2014 29;20.,300=100% Year 2016 033 « 100 = 33% Year 2027 025 x 100 = 25% ‘Suppose inthe above graph, a note was given as Costs = Salas ~ Profits, then, costs figures for ‘various years, and absolute ané percentage change in the costs can be found out. We cannot always take costs = sles profits, since the costs as weil asthe sles may be broken into other Categories tke operational cost, prt before interest, st. At times, you need to ac other heads te profit or cost to find total ofthe gure i. Oo not assume things on your own To tin the percentage incest in cost from 2013 o 2017 Costs in 2087 = 160 ~ 50 = R120 Abecut tease = 110 ~ 70 = Re ct. Percentage increase = $2 x 200 = S148 Now, this problem cn also be sed using acon. $5 fe$ The ven sll moa be ne dha 20%. ‘to 50% of 70 is 35 and 40 is § more than 35 and 5 fs approximately 7% of 7, Thus, the reaued answer 80'+7 = 57% Now suppose we ned to cornpare the growth rate of sles in the yoor 2014 and 2035, Tn 2044, te fowth in sales was 25% and in 201, the stles grew by 20%. Hace, Gowth rte of sles in the yar 2000 is 32 = 100 » 80% of th youth ate of sles in 2034 Now consider the following data, Year [2007 [208 Tai 20 | 200. Gujarat | 20 23 (Biv Rgures ae millon tonnes) Shaper The above tale ses the uany of rie rodnd in two consecuthe years aloe Ini ad one ef te states = uit Jn 2017, the share of Gujrat in total ce production + 2» 100 = 25%. tn 2030, his fave 28 x00 's Gb * 100 = 26%, Hence, we can say thatthe share of Gujarat in thet in India increased by (28 - 25) = 3% percentage points. { conve In pie graphs, the enti quantity is eepresented on the sectors of a cice ora pi, The cele of the pies taken as 1 or as a whale. This cle is either divided in perentage terms oF in Sores Thus, a cele has 10095 or 360" 200% of the circle = 360" 1% = 36° Thus, the sector representing 209 ion between Percentages and Degrees in a Pie-chart, wil hve 20 + 346 = 7235 its coal angle fad i sector ta 90° carla, then wil eprsent $2 = 25% of he cs Percentages and Fractions thus, ded « 100 = 5056 To convert percentages to traction, divide the percent term by 100, thus, 25% = Zk 25% = oa Memorise the folowing =som de assam 3 = 250 =20% b= 1567 4 = e290 } = 1259 } = 111% By = 10% dense sua Ay = 10% ty = 9.09% fy = 0.33% A =7. dee. dy = 020 dy 79% dp= rae de = 67mcata Concept of Average This eal an important concent in Data Interpretation. Moe fen than nat, while solving & DI set you wil come across questions that wil require you to calculate averages of ciferent quant. In the first example: 80+ 100+ 1901404160 ‘Average sales over the ve year pavod 0 = R20 crore Average prot » 202089044080. 95.29 coro ‘Average sales from 2013 to 2015 = 801004120 - e.100 crore = R450 crore ‘aveage sales fom 2016 to 2017 = 1403 ‘Thus, average sales for year 2016 and 2017 is greater than average sales inthe period 2013 to 2015 by Rs.50 crore or by 50%, Concept of Growth Rate To find the growth rate over a period, find the percentage growth cate 169-80 0 12. From year 2023 to 2017: Grom rate in sales = * 100 = 200% ARGR To find Annual Average Growth Rate, nd total growth over the period and divide the same by umber of periods. Inthe above examla:Avarage Anal Growth Rate of sats « 290 = 25% ‘cAGR To find Compounded Annual Growth Rate over the plod, use the concept of compound interest Fina value = Intl value (255 460 «(a+ fo) Bo “(+ 300, (a+ Thus, inthe above case 260 = 80(1 +355] ato) Thus, (a+gf)=92 Now, we drow that (2 = 4414 3 VBE ovata a2 saa 16 12+ (tabs = 20% ‘To find the CAGR its advisable to Ina the squares upto $0 and cubes upto 25. Note:The CAGA wil alvaye be! esse tha the Average Annual Growth Rate se ie a compounded grout rate Commonly Used Conversions Length 10 millimetre = 2 centimetre a mile 760 yards » 5280 feet Wine 10 miligram = 1 centigam (cs) 10 decigam = 1 gam @) 410 decagram = 1 hectogram (he) 4200 kilogram = 1 quinal Volume 20 miliire = 2 cenit (ed 20 deciite = a une 20 cecaltre = 1 hectoltve (h) am = 1000 tive © | 20 cemimene = 3 6 10 more = 2 secaratre 3 eet va { 2 meve 200 em i : i 10 centiram = 1 deca 20 gam = 1 degra 120 hecogam = 1 bloga te) ! 2000 kiegam = 1 mete ton 10 conttues = 1 deciite ives 1 deve 10 hecoives = 1 kia tt) 1 We 2000 bie em (x) 1. Area is witen in (quar) units and vlume inex, (cube) units. Same conversion n square 200 mm? = 2 em 200 em? 2A few equivalent 2; 100 am? 2 inch = 2.54 cm; 8 kilometre = 5 miles; 1 metre = 39.37 inches: 4 kilogram = 2.2 pound 31 kio 10004 Lakh = 205 1 milion = 10" 2 bition = 20% ‘Approximate Conversions ate = © he; 2 gallon = tes AB kaye o Eo Se a pound = Shag.carapat chap 8 Te eReReTATION cALCULATION BADE 2.2 Formulae Some datasets dotae some tems and gve formula for them, pertaining to the data given inthe tablofraph/chart. Mostly, they appear as footnotes. Ifthe formula is defined in the data common toll the question inthe set, it can be used inal the questions of that set, but its defined in any specite question, we cannot use it in ther questions (unless otherwise stated). In the charitable wher large amount of cata ie given under various heads, students must be very careful bout picking-up the correct cata, Solved Example (2) Directions for questions: Refer to te table below and answer the questions that fllon AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND FOR STEEL (or the period 2004-2005 and 2009-2020) £000 tomes) [Se Nos] Category 72008-2008 7008-2040, Demand [ Avalabity | Demand ‘avalabilty i [Shapes [e900 [5725 9745 9360 z Fats 4360] 5020 6300 600 3 [ainay 200) 550) bacoususe sae sco @ + Ip 2004-2005, approximately, what percent ofthe total demand for steel, is the demand for [A+ In 2000-2005, demand for Flats = 4360. Total demand = 6960 + 4360 + 400 = 11720 There, equied % = A860 100 = 37.2% approx @: The percentage growth in the demand for Railay Material over the fve year period from 2008-2008 to 2009-2020 is ‘A Percentage growth in demand (Demandin 2009-2010) -(Demandin2008 2005) + 100 = 4595400 109 ‘@emandin2008 - 2005), 460) ‘ich ofthe folowing statements is necessarily te? 1) The demand for Shapes asa pecenage ofthe tal demand for Stel was almost the same fr 20042008 and 2008010 2) The shortage of Shapes is ony due to exces avalabty of Flats and Rainay Materials 3} The rat of growth in demand for Shapes is greater than the rate of growth in suply of shapes, lssume al the Blab motel supped). 4 Te total dean as a pereriage of ital avalabily of tell categories) in 2008 2010s expected to be 12 statement 7 For 2009-2010, required rato for Shaves = eras Eth aay * % , For 2008-2006, required ratio for shapes 6 = 8785. x s00% 00% = S285, 200 6960 6260 ‘swavsdssoraDD * 100% = {HPS * 100% Hence, the statement [1] is correct statement Statement [2] ‘There is no information avaliable on the reason for shortage of Shapes and one cant deduce Statement 2. Hence, incorect, Statement [3] rere Growth rate of demand for Shapes = 274556960 «109 = 40% Groat rate of supply fr Shapes In 2009-2010, Total demand = 9745 + 6300 + 450 = 16495 Total avalblty = 9360 + 6600 + 560 » 16520 Total demand as a percentage of total availabilty = 9360-5725 : 60,925 « 100 = 62.5%, Hence, incrrect 15295 38895 100 = 99.0%. Hence,D> Sartteserearion Solved Example (2) Directions for questions: Reter to the graph below and answer the questions that flow a a India’s Foreign Trade in Re. Crore. 36000 > 2000 +-+96@¢—— zoot. 20322012494 aa ‘The percentage increase In imports between 2020-12 and 2044-15 was: Imports in 2010-11 = 7000 crore rupees Imports in 2014-15 = 14000 crore rupees (Ampertin2014-15) imports in2010-12) Timports in 2010-11 14009-7000. a9 = 7990 = 90% $800 : : Percentage inrease in imports «100 Tharefore, increase in imports = 7900 Atersatey, imports have doubled in size from 2010-22 to 2014-25 nce there is @ 100% -Approsimately, what was the percentage change in trade gap (imports ~ experts) between 2023-14 and 2014-187 There has been 2 decroase in rade gap between 2013-14 and 2014-16 Trade gap in 2013-14 = 13,500 ~ 7000 = 6,500 Trade gap in 2014-15 = 14,000 ~ 7,800 = 6,200 percenage decrease = 5006200 x ay, ‘The percentage increase in vade gap between 2011-12 and 2012-13 was approximately Trade gap in 2013-12 = 9000 ~ 6600 » 2400. Trade sap in 2012-13 = 13000 ~ 6400 = 6600 Percentage increase in trade gap «rade gapin20i2~13)-(Tradegapin2012-12) 495 , 609-7400 “radegapin2010-12 + 100 = SERB? = 100 = $28 @ + If oil imports constituted 20% of the total imports in 2012-13, then what percent of the trade g3p was due tool assuming that no ol is exported? ‘A Ol imports in 2012-23 = “29, x 12000 = Rs.2600 crore, Trade gap In 2012-13 = 6600 Hance, percentage of trade gio dv to oil = 2489 x 200 » 39.39% ~ 40%. (approximately Solved Example (3) Directions for questions: Rofr to the le chart below and answer the questions that flow, National Budget Expenditure (Percentage allocation) year 2018 1@: Approximately how many degrees should there be inthe central angle ofthe sectr for military expenditure? [Az Ina piewchare where 100% of any quantity are spread over 360 degrees, 2% « 2.6 degrees. Mitary expenditure » 59% whichis equivalent to 3.6 = 59 = 212.4 degrees‘eo caTaput. (Q What is the ratio of miary expenditure to veterans expeniture approximately? [Az Since the budget expenditure is proportional tthe percentage of the pie covered, rato of miltary expenditure to veterans expenditure would be the rato of corresponding pereantese allocations iltaryExpendture _ 58. 10 Theretor, Yeteransbxpenditure ~ & 1 119 billion rupees er spent in 2018 for veterans, what would have bee the total expeneture 9 billion Rupees were spent for veterans This represents 6.0% ofthe total expenditure for 2018 "Amount spent on vet Totaleependire le 6 S190 * Toaeipenaite There, ttl expenctre = Bx 200 » 250 bon rpeos. Solved Example (4) Diretions for questions: Refer to the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. ov 9m 1 the total income of © is RS.6000 and of N is RS.7.000, then find the etference in ther 4) 6.1500 2] Re750 3} Rs.2000 4] Re.2250, Salary of © is 62.5% of his total income. 25 Salay of 0 = $28 x 6000 = 3750 Salary of N is 259% of his total income “BB + 7000 = 1750 . Salary of N Difference in thet income » 3750 ~ 1750 = Re.2000, Hence, [3] the total income of P is RS.8000, id the intrest he earns from his savings 1) e250 2] Rs.1000 3] Rs.1500 4) 85.2000 ‘The interest from his savings form 25% of P's total income. eee s.2000, Hence, [4 Interest from hs savings = =P » 000 = Rs.2000, Hence, [6 1 the incentives of N amount to RS2000, find his monthly salary 4.8000 2} Re.a000 21 Rs.6000, 44) Rs.2000 Incentives of W are 2586 of is total income and so is his salary Salary of N i also R.2000, Hence, Id. 1 the inentives of a RS-SOUU, 6 salary ____ of fis total income. 4 1 2 3 ud a4 a3 aq Salary of M is 50% of bis total income, hence, his ealary willbe 2/2 of his total income, Hen, (2 Note:The actual aesount Sons nc ates gues In parentage Can be cy ‘onsldeted forthe factional pak,DS teers cucumion BHO 22 Biiciass exercise 6 * Calelate rough 1965042 wasaxae 9498444 aon? ©) 21% of 53290 9.49 % of 0640 g) (20h) OTL x 456 Approximation 52 Ba a ae ° a197 349 0 333 ° gsr 1. Find approximately a ae sot 0) 536 «499 oa » 56 3 382 te 0) S600 «th Percentages ee 7. Cleat the equivalent percemages forthe foloningfactons * i a# 9 B oe oo Be eee ee eee | % e Ey ot 03 og | 3. Aoproviately eva: oa aie > 2 | fies n 7 ‘e it »*% oe | daar Maer §=— aoa — 4004" —_@ (0.1005) { 8. Find the percentage change when a value changes from 2) 50 to 60 8) 80 0 50 €) 27 0 51 8) 120 to 100 ©) 56 t0 77, 1) 154 to 243 "Acoumbor ofthe for (1+, whore k << 2, ca be approximate via binomial expansion as eked sok eee 4. For the number x = 3227.34, find approximately ‘Data for questions 9 ~ 45: Cate is toy company which makes a varity of diferent toys. The 3) 10 % of x 1b) 5% of x ©) 21. of x follonng table gyes the sales of Cate’ fue mast popular toy series, in thousands of unis 4) 33% of ©) 50.5 % of x 3997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 [ 2002 | 2003 | 2008 | 2005 5. Conte towing > Pi soe] 6850 | 7200 | 7a50 | 7700 | 8150 | 9000 | 8500 | 9250 | 9700 9) 30gm=__kg? Chg ee abhi | 3350 { 3400 | «100 | 4250] 4500 | 2350 | 4000 | 2100 | 51 ©) 25 feet =» metres? 8) 18 kn ries? ne 3100 [ as00 | 42s sos rasanali oo 336+ "om ara eacealen Joreron | 2800 | 3200 | s600| 3900 | 3650 | 4100 | 3800 | 4000 | 4200 1 7. inches =» metres? 1) 298 lites| Haute Wheeis| 2200 | 2250 | 2300 | 2450 | 2350 | 2500 | 2700 | 2800} 3000 ‘Some usetul conversions man 5 20s age did the sale of PI Je inrease between 1998 and 20027 tran va) cw) one A) favre] Ea ec) HeeCHt0 ex) [thats] CE) ovata 10. What was the highest prcrage sow ia sles shown by ny fy oe he gn tne rout Wook 1bf = 1000 gn 1 Found (b= 045 ga ag = 2218 Diane ch «240m tots 42 eters 30 om 1 yed 3 fet = 09 1. In wich yar te ttl sl fl an compre oped yu? By ruphy wh ime +2760 yrs 1 mle = 26 om Ti asta om Volume: 2 gallon = 3:78 ites 4 ttre Speed: 1 kmph 42000 cubic em (ce) 4m? = 2000 inves 5/28 mis 1 mis = 28/5 kmph 12, Which toy showed the greatest growth in sales in a single year? In which year?DE terse {0 comvelt a fraction to a percentage, multiply by 100. To convert a percentage to a fraction, divide by 100 ‘Pinal VatueInia Value) 49 Percentage change - ‘al Value Inia 13, * Which toy showed the sharpest decreas in sales in any given year? In which year? 44. * Supposing Cattl had planed that in any given yea they would produce 5% more "Catan toys than the previous year's actual sales, in how many years would production have failed 15. * For how many yea/toy combinations was an increase of over 10% observed during the sven petog? Averages 416. Find the average ofthe following sets of number 235, 23, 47, 82,18 223, 227, 129, 138, 127 ©) 81.3, 76, 89.2, 827, 90. 37. Ifthe average of 25, 18, 27, 32 and x is 26, find x caucuarion St OF 22 Data for questions 18 - 22: The table below gies the marks (out of 200) n 5 subjects obtained by 7 students, and their average score, Certain values in the table are missing Tanguage 1] tanguage 2] Science | Mather | Social | Average Science Radhika | 75 a o o 73 Umesh | 61 36 39 7 7a Tarak 72 @ 98 a1 2 Via} 7 7 7 35 73a Sanjay 74 3 73 =| 78 208) Wyomkesh | 75 a a 75 Younws 7 a4 a a 7s 18, Which ofthe gven students topped in Language 2? 39, What was the iforence between Umesh’s score in language 2 and Tarai’ score in Science? 20. I Wyombkesh ended up withthe lowest average among the given student, what is the max mum he cous have seared in Maths? 21. Umosh gues his Social Science paper for revaluation, and as a result nds up with the high fest average inthe clas, What coulé be the minmum marks he must hve scored in Soe Sconce ater revaluation? 22. How many marks would Wyorke group? need In Maths to achieve the highest average inthe