CLASS -11

CHP 2 – DATA REPRESNTATION

Type A: Short Answer Questions

Question 1

What are some number systems used by computers ?

Answer

The most commonly used number systems are decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number
systems.

Question 2

What is the use of Hexadecimal number system on computers ?

Answer

The Hexadecimal number system is used in computers to specify memory addresses (which are
16-bit or 32-bit long). For example, a memory address 1101011010101111 is a big binary
address but with hex it is D6AF which is easier to remember. The Hexadecimal number system
is also used to represent colour codes. For example, FFFFFF represents White, FF0000
represents Red, etc.

Question 3

What does radix or base signify ?

Answer

The radix or base of a number system signifies how many unique symbols or digits are used in
the number system to represent numbers. For example, the decimal number system has a radix or
base of 10 meaning it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9 to represent numbers.

Question 4

What is the use of encoding schemes ?

Answer
Encoding schemes help Computers represent and recognize letters, numbers and symbols. It
provides a predetermined set of codes for each recognized letter, number and symbol. Most
popular encoding schemes are ASCI, Unicode, ISCII, etc.

Question 5

Discuss UTF-8 encoding scheme.

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable width encoding that can represent every character in Unicode character set.
The code unit of UTF-8 is 8 bits called an octet. It uses 1 to maximum 6 octets to represent code
points depending on their size i.e. sometimes it uses 8 bits to store the character, other times 16
or 24 or more bits. It is a type of multi-byte encoding.

Question 6

How is UTF-8 encoding scheme different from UTF-32 encoding scheme ?

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable length encoding scheme that uses different number of bytes to represent
different characters whereas UTF-32 is a fixed length encoding scheme that uses exactly 4 bytes
to represent all Unicode code points.

Question 7

What is the most significant bit and the least significant bit in a binary code ?

Answer

In a binary code, the leftmost bit is called the most significant bit or MSB. It carries the largest
weight. The rightmost bit is called the least significant bit or LSB. It carries the smallest weight.
For example:

1���0110110���MSB1011011LSB0

Question 8

What are ASCII and extended ASCII encoding schemes ?

Answer

ASCII encoding scheme uses a 7-bit code and it represents 128 characters. Its advantages are
simplicity and efficiency. Extended ASCII encoding scheme uses a 8-bit code and it represents
256 characters.
Question 9

What is the utility of ISCII encoding scheme ?

Answer

ISCII or Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange can be used to represent Indian
languages on the computer. It supports Indian languages that follow both Devanagari script and
other scripts like Tamil, Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, etc.

Question 10

What is Unicode ? What is its significance ?

Answer

Unicode is a universal character encoding scheme that can represent different sets of characters
belonging to different languages by assigning a number to each of the character. It has the
following significance:

1. It defines all the characters needed for writing the majority of known languages in use
today across the world.
2. It is a superset of all other character sets.
3. It is used to represent characters across different platforms and programs.

Question 11

What all encoding schemes does Unicode use to represent characters ?

Answer

Unicode uses UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding schemes.

Question 12

What are ASCII and ISCII ? Why are these used ?

Answer

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses a 7-bit code and
it can represent 128 characters. ASCII code is mostly used to represent the characters of English
language, standard keyboard characters as well as control characters like Carriage Return and
Form Feed. ISCII stands for Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses a 8-bit
code and it can represent 256 characters. It retains all ASCII characters and offers coding for
Indian scripts also. Majority of the Indian languages can be represented using ISCII.

Question 13
What are UTF-8 and UTF-32 encoding schemes. Which one is more popular encoding scheme ?

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable length encoding scheme that uses different number of bytes to represent
different characters whereas UTF-32 is a fixed length encoding scheme that uses exactly 4 bytes
to represent all Unicode code points. UTF-8 is the more popular encoding scheme.

Question 14

What do you understand by code point ?

Answer

Code point refers to a code from a code space that represents a single character from the
character set represented by an encoding scheme. For example, 0x41 is one code point of ASCII
that represents character 'A'.

Question 15

What is the difference between fixed length and variable length encoding schemes ?

Answer

Variable length encoding scheme uses different number of bytes or octets (set of 8 bits) to
represent different characters whereas fixed length encoding scheme uses a fixed number of
bytes to represent different characters.

Type B: Application Based Questions

Question 1
Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:
(a) 1101
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 8 = 13

Therefore, (1101)2 = (13)10
(b) 111010
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

1 (MSB) 25 32 1x32=32

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 58

Therefore, (111010)2 = (58)10
(c) 101011111
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

1 21 2 1x2=2

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

0 27 128 0x128=0

1 (MSB) 28 256 1x256=256

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 256 = 351

Therefore, (101011111) 2 = (351)10

Question 2
Convert the following binary numbers to decimal :
(a) 1100
Answer
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 = 12

Therefore, (1100)2 = (12)10
(b) 10010101
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

0 26 64 0x64=0
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 16 + 128 = 149

Therefore, (10010101)2 = (149)10
(c) 11011100
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 128 = 220

Therefore, (11011100)2 = (220)10

Question 3
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:
(a) 23
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 23 1 (LSB)

2 11 1

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (23)10 = (10111)2

(b) 100
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 100 0 (LSB)

2 50 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 25 1

2 12 0

2 6 0

2 3 1

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (100)10 = (1100100)2

(c) 145
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 145 1 (LSB)

2 72 0

2 36 0

2 18 0

2 9 1

2 4 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (145)10 = (10010001)2

(d) 0.25
Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.25 x 2 = 0.5 0

0.5 x 2 = 0 1

Therefore, (0.25)10 = (0.01)2

Question 4
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:
(a) 19
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 19 1 (LSB)

2 9 1
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (10011)2

(b) 122
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 122 0 (LSB)

2 61 1

2 30 0

2 15 1

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (122)10 = (1111010)2

(c) 161
Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 161 1 (LSB)

2 80 0

2 40 0

2 20 0

2 10 0

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (10100001)2

(d) 0.675
Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 2 = 0.35 1

0.35 x 2 = 0.7 0
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.7 x 2 = 0.4 1

0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0

0.8 x 2 = 0.6 1

(We stop after 5 iterations if fractional part doesn't become 0)

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.10101)2

Question 5
Convert the following decimal numbers to octal:
(a) 19
Answer

8 Quotient Remainder

8 19 3 (LSB)

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (23)8

(b) 122
Answer

8 Quotient Remainder

8 122 2 (LSB)
 8 Quotient Remainder

8 15 7

8 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (122)10 = (172)8

(c) 161
Answer
Answer

8 Quotient Remainder

8 161 1 (LSB)

8 20 4

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (241)8

(d) 0.675
Answer
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 8 = 0.4 5

0.4 x 8 = 0.2 3

0.2 x 8 = 0.6 1

0.6 x 8 = 0.8 4

0.8 x 8 = 0.4 6

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.53146)8

Question 6
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:
(a) A6
Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 0110

A (10) 1010

(A6)16 = (10100110)2
(b) A07
Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

7 0111

0 0000

A (10) 1010

(A07)16 = (101000000111)2
(c) 7AB4
Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

4 0100

B (11) 1011

A (10) 1010

7 0111

(7AB4)16 = (111101010110100)2

Question 7
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:
(a) 23D
Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

D (13) 1101

3 0011

2 0010

(23D)16 = (1000111101)2
(b) BC9
Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

9 1001

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

(BC9)16 = (101111001001)2
(c) 9BC8
Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

8 1000

C (12) 1100
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

B (11) 1011

9 1001

(9BC8)16 = (1001101111001000)2

Question 8
Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
(a) 10011011101
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0100undefined010011011101
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0100 4

Therefore, (10011011101) 2 = (4DD)16

(b) 1111011101011011
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:
1111undefined1111011101011011
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0111 7

1111 F (15)

Therefore, (1111011101011011) 2 = (F75B)16

(c) 11010111010111
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0011undefined0011010111010111
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1101 D (13)

0101 5

0011 3

Therefore, (11010111010111) 2 = (35D7)16

Question 9
Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
(a) 1010110110111
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined0001010110110111
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0001 1

Therefore, (1010110110111) 2 = (15B7)16

(b) 10110111011011
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0010undefined0010110111011011
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0010 2

Therefore, (10110111011011) 2 = (2DDB)16

(c) 0110101100
Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined000110101100
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0001 1

Therefore, (0110101100) 2 = (1AC)16

Question 10
Convert the following octal numbers to decimal:
(a) 257
Answer
 Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 (LSB) 80 1 7x1=7

5 81 8 5x8=40

2 (MSB) 82 64 2x64=128

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 40 + 128 = 175

Therefore, (257)8 = (175)10
(b) 3527
Answer

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 (LSB) 80 1 7x1=7

2 81 8 2x8=16

5 82 64 5x64=320

3 (MSB) 83 512 3x512=1536

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 16 + 320 + 1536 = 1879

Therefore, (3527)8 = (1879)10
(c) 123
Answer
 Octal
Power Value Result
No

3 (LSB) 80 1 3x1=3

2 81 8 2x8=16

1 (MSB) 82 64 1x64=64

Equivalent decimal number = 3 + 16 + 64 = 83

Therefore, (123)8 = (83)10
(d) 605.12
Answer

Integral part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

5 80 1 5x1=5

0 81 8 0x8=0

6 82 64 6x64=384

Fractional part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

1 8-1 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

 Octal
Power Value Result
No

2 8-2 0.0156 2x0.0156=0.0312

Equivalent decimal number = 5 + 384 + 0.125 + 0.0312 = 389.1562

Therefore, (605.12)8 = (389.1562)10

Question 11
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:
(a) A6
Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

6 160 1 6x1=6

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

Equivalent decimal number = 6 + 160 = 166

Therefore, (A6)16 = (166)10
(b) A13B
Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

B (11) 160 1 11x1=11

3 161 16 3x16=48
 Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

1 162 256 1x256=256

A (10) 163 4096 10x4096=40960

Equivalent decimal number = 11 + 48 + 256 + 40960 = 41275

Therefore, (A13B)16 = (41275)10
(c) 3A5
Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

5 160 1 5x1=5

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

3 162 256 3x256=768

Equivalent decimal number = 5 + 160 + 768 = 933

Therefore, (3A5)16 = (933)10

Question 12
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:
(a) E9
Answer
 Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

9 160 1 9x1=9

E (14) 161 16 14x16=224

Equivalent decimal number = 9 + 224 = 233

Therefore, (E9)16 = (233)10
(b) 7CA3
Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

3 (11) 160 1 3x1=3

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

C (12) 162 256 12x256=3072

7 163 4096 7x4096=28672

Equivalent decimal number = 3 + 160 + 3072 + 28672 = 31907

Therefore, (7CA3)16 = (31907)10

Question 13
Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal:
(a) 132
Answer
 16 Quotient Remainder

16 132 4

16 8 8

Therefore, (132)10 = (84)16

(b) 2352
Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 2352 0

16 147 3

16 9 9

Therefore, (2352)10 = (930)16

(c) 122
Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 122 A (10)

16 7 7
 16 Quotient Remainder

Therefore, (122)10 = (7A)16

(d) 0.675
Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 16 = 0.8 A (10)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

(We stop after 5 iterations if fractional part doesn't become 0)

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.ACCCC)16

Question 14
Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal:
(a) 206
Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 206 E (14)
 16 Quotient Remainder

16 12 C (12)

Therefore, (206)10 = (CE)16

(b) 3619
Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 3619 3

16 226 2

16 14 E (14)

Therefore, (3619)10 = (E23)16

Question 15
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to octal:
(a) 38AC
Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

C (12) 1100

A (10) 1010

8 1000

3 0011

(38AC)16 = (11100010101100)2
Grouping in bits of 3:

011undefined 100undefined 010undefined 101undefined

100undefined011100010101100
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

100 4

011 3

(38AC)16 = (34254)8
(b) 7FD6
Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 0110

D (13) 1101

F (15) 1111

7 0111

(7FD6)16 = (111111111010110)2
Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined 111undefined 111undefined 010undefined

110undefined111111111010110
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

110 6

010 2

111 7

111 7

111 7

(7FD6)16 = (77726)8
(c) ABCD
Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

D (13) 1101

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

A (10) 1010

(ABCD)16 = (1010101111001101)2
Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined 010undefined 101undefined 111undefined

001undefined 101undefined001010101111001101
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

001 1

111 7

101 5

010 2

001 1

(ABCD)16 = (125715)8
Question 16
Convert the following octal numbers to binary:
(a) 123
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

3 011

2 010

1 001

Therefore, (123)8 = (001undefined 010undefined 011undefined001

010011)2
(b) 3527
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

7 111

2 010

5 101

3 011

Therefore, (3527)8 = (011undefined 101undefined 010undefined

111undefined011101010111)2
(c) 705
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (705)8 = (111undefined 000undefined 101undefined111

000101)2

Question 17
Convert the following octal numbers to binary:
(a) 7642
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

2 010

4 100

6 110

7 111
Therefore, (7642)8 = (111undefined 110undefined 100undefined
010undefined111110100010)2
(b) 7015
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

1 001

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (7015)8 = (111undefined 000undefined 001undefined

101undefined111000001101)2
(c) 3576
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 110

7 111

5 101

3 011
Therefore, (3576)8 = (011undefined 101undefined 111undefined
110undefined011101111110)2
(d) 705
Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (705)8 = (111undefined 000undefined 101undefined111

000101)2

Question 18
Convert the following binary numbers to octal
(a) 111010
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined111010
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

010 2

111 7
Therefore, (111010)2 = (72)8
(b) 110110101
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

110undefined110110101
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

110 6

110 6

Therefore, (110110101) 2 = (665)8

(c) 1101100001
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001101100001
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

001 1

100 4

101 5
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

001 1

Therefore, (1101100001) 2 = (1541)8

Question 19
Convert the following binary numbers to octal
(a) 11001
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

011undefined011001
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

001 1

011 3

Therefore, (11001)2 = (31)8

(b) 10101100
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

Therefore, (10101100)2 = (254)8

(c) 111010111
Answer
Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined111010111
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7

010 2

111 7

Therefore, (111010111) 2 = (727)8

Question 20
Add the following binary numbers:
(i) 10110111 and 1100101
Answer
1101110111111+1100101100011100+1110011011010101011111
1100110
Therefore, (10110111)2 + (1100101)2 = (100011100)2
(ii) 110101 and 101111
Answer

11110111011+1011111100100+111111100011011110110110
Therefore, (110101)2 + (101111)2 = (1100100)2
(iii) 110111.110 and 11011101.010
Answer

0101111101111111.1110+11011101.010100010101.000+10110
0110110011110110111111001111...1100110000
Therefore, (110111.110) 2 + (11011101.010)2 = (100010101)2
(iv) 1110.110 and 11010.011
Answer

011111101.1110+11010.011101001.001+10110111111001100101
...1100110011
Therefore, (1110.110) 2 + (11010.011)2 = (101001.001)2

Question 21
Given that A's code point in ASCII is 65, and a's code point is 97. What
is the binary representation of 'A' in ASCII ? (and what's its
hexadecimal representation). What is the binary representation of 'a' in
ASCII ?
Answer
Binary representation of 'A' in ASCII will be binary representation of its
code point 65.
Converting 65 to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 65 1 (LSB)

2 32 0

2 16 0

2 8 0

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, binary representation of 'A' in ASCII is 1000001.

Converting 65 to Hexadecimal:

16 Quotient Remainder

16 65 1

16 4 4

0
Therefore, hexadecimal representation of 'A' in ASCII is (41) 16.
Similarly, converting 97 to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 97 1 (LSB)

2 48 0

2 24 0

2 12 0

2 6 0

2 3 1

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, binary representation of 'a' in ASCII is 1100001.

Question 22
Convert the following binary numbers to decimal, octal and
hexadecimal numbers.
(i) 100101.101
Answer
Decimal Conversion of integral part:
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 2-1 0.5 1x0.5=0.5

0 2-2 0.25 0x0.25=0

1 2-3 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 32 + 0.5 + 0.125 = 37.625

Therefore, (100101.101) 2 = (37.625)10
Octal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 3:

100undefined100101.101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

100 4

. .

101 5

Therefore, (100101.101) 2 = (45.5)8

Hexadecimal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 4:

0010undefined00100101.1010
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0101 5

0010 2

1010 A (10)

Therefore, (100101.101) 2 = (25.A)16

(ii) 10101100.01011
Answer
Decimal Conversion of integral part:
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 27 128 1x128=128

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

0 2-3 0.125 0x0.125=0

1 2-4 0.0625 1x0.0625=0.0625

1 2-5 0.03125 1x0.03125=0.03125

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 32 + 128 + 0.25 + 0.0625 +
0.03125 = 172.34375
Therefore, (10101100.01011) 2 = (172.34375)10
Octal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100.010110
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

. .

010 2

110 6

Therefore, (10101100.01011) 2 = (254.26)8

Hexadecimal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined10101100.01011000
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0101 5

1000 8

Therefore, (10101100.01011) 2 = (AC.58)16

(iii) 1010
Answer
Decimal Conversion:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 = 10

Therefore, (1010)2 = (10)10
Octal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001010
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

010 2

001 1

Therefore, (1010)2 = (12)8

Hexadecimal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined1010
Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1010 A (10)

Therefore, (1010)2 = (A)16

(iv) 10101100.010111
Answer
Decimal Conversion of integral part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 27 128 1x128=128

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

0 2-3 0.125 0x0.125=0

1 2-4 0.0625 1x0.0625=0.0625

1 2-5 0.03125 1x0.03125=0.03125

1 2-6 0.015625 1x0.015625=0.015625

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 32 + 128 + 0.25 + 0.0625 +
0.03125 + 0.015625 = 172.359375
Therefore, (10101100.010111) 2 = (172.359375)10
Octal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100.010111
Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

. .

010 2

111 7

Therefore, (10101100.010111) 2 = (254.27)8

Hexadecimal Conversion
Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined10101100.01011100
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0101 5

1100 C (12)

Therefore, (10101100.010111) 2 = (AC.5C)16