EXPERIMENT-1

Experiment Number 01

Date of Experiment 23/08/2023

Date of Submission 30/08/2023

Name of the student HIMANSHU SINGH

Roll Number 2204029

Section ETC-1

Aim of the experiment: Processing and analysis of continuous time signal

using Laplace Transform in MATLAB. (Design Problem: Stability analysis of a boiler
control system in a power plant using transfer function as an industrial application)

Objective:
This lab is designed to introduce students to the processing of continuous time
signals using Laplace transforms with a real-world application example, specifically
focusing on a boiler control system in a power plant. The lab activities will
encompass theoretical discussions, hands-on experience with the system modelling,
stability, and performance analysis.

Introduction to Continuous Time Signals and Laplace Transforms

Continuous Time Signals

Continuous time signals, as the name suggests, are signals that are defined and can
take on a value at every instant of time. This means the signal exists at all points in
time and can change continuously. Examples include analog signals such as sound
waves, light waves, and other phenomena
that can be observed or measured at any given moment. In mathematical terms,
continuou signals are often described as functions of a real variable, time (t), which
ranges over the set of real numbers. This is in contrast to discrete time signals, which
are only defined at specific, discrete pointsin time.

Differential Equations
Differential equations are a type of mathematical equation that involves derivatives.
The derivativesin the equation represent rates of change, making differential
equations particularly useful for modeling systems where he rate of change of a
variable is related to the current state of the system. Inthe context of continuous
time signals, differential equations can represent the system's dynamics by linking
the rate of change of the signal (its derivative) to its current value. For instance, in a
boiler system, the rate of change of the temperature could be linked to the current
temperature and the heat input, leading to a differential equation.

Laplace Transforms
The Laplace Transform is a mathematical tool that can simplify the process of solving
differentialequations. It does this by converting the differential equation, which is a
relation in the time domain, into an algebraic equation, which is a relation in a
complex frequency domain. In more concrete terms, the Laplace Transformchanges
the operation of differentiation, which can be complex andchallenging to handle
(especially in higher order differential equations), into the simpler operation of
multiplication. This makes the resulting equations more straightforward to solve.
Once the algebraic equation has been solved in the frequency domain, the inverse
Laplace Transform can be used to convert the solution back into the time domain.
This simplification is very beneficial when analyzing continuous time systems like the
boiler control system in our lab. The Laplace Transform allows us to easily determine
system characteristics (like stability and impulse response) that would be challenging
to derive directly from the time-domain differential equation.

Modeling the Boiler Control System

In this lab, we will model a simplified boiler control system, considering it as a
continuous time signal. The dynamics of the boiler will be represented by a first-
order system where the rate of change of the boiler temperature is proportional to
the difference between the heat input and the boiler's current temperature. We can
express this as the following differential equation:

dT/dt = -a*(T(t) - U(t))

Where:
T(t) is the boiler temperature
U(t) is the control input (heat)
a is the time constant representing the boiler's heat exchange rate.

1. Impulse Response and Transfer Function

The transfer function of a system is the Laplace transform of its differential equation.
It represents the system in the frequency domain. On the other hand, the impulse
response is obtained by finding the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer
function and it shows how the system responds to an instantaneous input. Taking
the Laplace transform of our boiler control system differential equation, we get:
sT(s) = -a*(T(s) - U(s))
Rearranging, we get the transfer function:
T(s)/U(s) = a/(s + a)
The inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function gives the impulse response:
t(t) = a*e^(-at)
This impulse response represents how the boiler's temperature changes when the
input is an impulse of heat (Dirac delta function).

2. Stability Analysis

To ensure the system is safe to operate, we perform stability analysis. The system is
considered stable if the real parts of all the poles of its transfer function are
negative.The poles are the roots of the denominator of the transfer function, in our
case s + a. Here, there's one pole at -a, which is negative, confirming that our boiler
control system is stable.

3. Performance Analysis

We will evaluate the system's performance using metrics like step response, settling
time, rise time, and overshoot. These parameters allow us to understand the
practical operation of the boiler system:

Rise Time: Time taken by the system to go from 10% to 90% of its final value after a
step input. This indicates how quickly the boiler can respond to a change in the heat
supply.

Settling Time: Time taken by the system to settle within a certain percentage
(usually 2% or 5%) of its final value after a step input. This indicates how quickly the
boiler reaches a steady state after a
change in control input.

Overshoot: The extent to which the system exceeds its final, steady-state value
after a step input. This can lead to unsafe temperatures or inefficiencies in the boiler
system. In these analysis, you'll understand the trade-off between the parameters
influenced by the time constant 'a'. For instance, a lower 'a' results in faster rise and
settling times, but it might also cause higher overshoot. Conversely, a higher 'a' may
result in a slower response but with less overshoot. Your challenge is to balance
these trade-offs for optimal system performance.
MATLAB CODE:

clc
clear all
close all
t=0:0.01:10;
f=1;
signal=sin(2*pi*f*t);
figure;
plot(t,signal);
title('Continous Time Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('2204029');
a=0.5;
s=tf('s');
G=a/(s+a);
figure;
impulse(G);
title('Impulse Response');
legend('2204029');
figure;
step(G);
title('boiler control');
ylabel('Temperature change');
xlabel('Time');
legend('2204029');