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Complex Numbers: First Year of Engineering Program Department of Foundation Year
Complex Numbers: First Year of Engineering Program Department of Foundation Year
CHAPTER I
Complex Numbers
LIN Mongkolsery
sery@itc.edu.kh
2022-2023
Calculus 1 ITC 1 / 17
Contents
Contents
1 Definition
3 Moduli
4 Complex Conjugates
5 Exponential Form
Calculus 1 ITC 1 / 17
Definition
Definition I
Definition 1
A complex number is of the form x + iy where x, y ∈ R and i 2 = −1.
For a complex number z = x + iy ,
x is called the real part of z and denoted by Re(z)
y is called the imaginary part of z and denoted by Im(z)
The set of all complex number is denoted by C.
Theorem 2
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R.
Calculus 1 ITC 2 / 17
Basis Algebraic Properties
Theorem 3
Let z, z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C.
1 z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 and z1 z2 = z2 z1
2 (z1 + z2 ) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3 )
3 z(z1 + z2 ) = zz1 + zz2
4 z + 0 = z and z · 1 = z
5 z1 − z2 = z1 + (−z2 )
1 x −y
6 = 2 2
+i 2 for z = x + iy and x, y 6= 0.
z x +y x + y2
Calculus 1 ITC 3 / 17
Basis Algebraic Properties
Theorem 4
For k ∈ Z, we have
Theorem 5
Let x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ C.
(
x1 = x2
x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2 ⇐⇒
y1 = y2
Calculus 1 ITC 4 / 17
Moduli
Moduli I
Definition 6 (Moduli)
For a complex number z = x + iy , we define the norm or modulus or
absolute value of z by
p
|z| = x 2 + y 2
P
Im z
|z |
x
O Re z
Calculus 1 ITC 5 / 17
Moduli
Moduli II
Theorem 7
Let z = x + iy , z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 .
q
1 |z − z | =
1 2 (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
2 Re z ≤ | Re z| ≤ |z| and Im z ≤ | Im z| ≤ |z|
3 |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 | and |z1 /z2 | = |z1 |/|z2 |, z2 6= 0
4 |z1 ± z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
5 |z1 ± z2 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 ||
Calculus 1 ITC 6 / 17
Complex Conjugates
Complex Conjugates I
x + iy
x
x − iy
Calculus 1 ITC 7 / 17
Complex Conjugates
Complex Conjugates II
Theorem 9
Let z, z1 , z2 and z3 are complex numbers. Then,
¯ = z and |z̄| = |z|
1 z̄
2 z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2
3 z1 z2 = z1 z2
z1 z1
4 = where z2 6= 0
z2 z2
5 z z̄ = |z|2
6 z + z̄ = 2 Re(z) and z − z̄ = 2i Im(z)
Calculus 1 ITC 8 / 17
Exponential Form
Exponential Form I
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
p y
where r = x 2 + y 2 and tan θ = .
x
Calculus 1 ITC 9 / 17
Exponential Form
Exponential Form II
Calculus 1 ITC 10 / 17
Exponential Form
e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ
z = re iθ
Note
e iθ + e −iθ e iθ − e −iθ
cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2i
Calculus 1 ITC 11 / 17
Products and Quotients in Exponential Form
Calculus 1 ITC 12 / 17
Products and Quotients in Exponential Form
(e iθ )n = e inθ , n ∈ N
Example 15
Write cos(5θ) in terms of cos θ.
Example 16
Write tan(7θ) in terms of tan θ.
Calculus 1 ITC 13 / 17
Roots of Complex Numbers
√
where k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 and n
r0 denotes the unique posotive n-th root
of the positive real number r0 .
Calculus 1 ITC 14 / 17
Roots of Complex Numbers
wk = ω k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
1, ω, ω 2 , . . . , ω n−1
Calculus 1 ITC 15 / 17
Roots of Complex Numbers
ω
ω ω2 ω
1 ω2 1 ω3 1
ω2 ω3 ω4 ω5
Calculus 1 ITC 16 / 17