 An intersection is an area, shared by two or more

roads, whose main function is to provide for the

change of route directions.
▪ Intersections vary in complexity from simple ones (only
two roads crossing at right angle) to a more complex
intersections (three or more roads cross within the same
area).
 Intersections are areas where drivers must take decision
about the route they wish to take, therefore they tend to
have the highest level of crashes.

 The overall traffic flow for highways depends on the

performance of the intersections, since junctions usually
operate at lower capacity than the through section of the
road.
1) Grade-separated intersections:
▪ Consist of structures that provide for traffic to cross at
different levels.
▪ Therefore, the potential of accidents is reduced because many
potential conflict between traffic streams are eliminated.
▪ High costly to construct and maintenance.
▪ So, when to construct?

2) At-grade intersections:
▪ Do not provide different levels for traffic to cross.
▪ Therefore, exist more conflict between intersection streams.
1) T Intersections (consist of three approaches)

2) Four-Leg Intersections (four approaches)

3) Multi-Leg Intersections (five or more approaches)

4) Traffic Circles (Roundabout intersections)

 Different types of T intersections
ranging from the simplest (Figure
7.4 a) to the channelized one with
divisional islands and turning
roadways (Figure 7.4 d).

 Channelization include facilities

such as pavement marking and
traffic islands to regulate and direct
vehicles into the travel path
▪ Example of T intersection
 The next figures show varying levels of Four-leg
intersections

 Type (a):  Type (b):

▪ When right turning
▪ Used at minor and local roads
movement are frequent
▪ Turning volumes are usually
▪ Common in sub-urban areas
low
where pedestrians presented
 Type (c):  Type (d):
▪ Not minor cross-roads ▪ Suitable for approaches
▪ Carries moderate volume carrying high through and
turning volumes.
of traffic
▪ This type usually signalized
 Example of four-leg intersection
 Have five or more approaches
 Whenever possible, this type of intersections should be avoided.
 One or more of intersection legs should be realigned to decrease
the conflict points and therefore rise the level of safety at the
intersection.
 Roundabouts are junctions with a one-way circulatory
carriageway around a central island.
 Can be categorized into six classes based on the size
and environment in which they are located:
▪ Mini roundabout
▪ Urban compact roundabout
▪ Urban single-lane roundabout
▪ Urban double-lane roundabout
▪ Rural single-lane roundabout
▪ Rural double-lane roundabout