MAKING SCHEME-REVISION

FIRST TERM EXAMINATION ,JANUARY,2024

1 a Substitution: 20 400 (1) 2

Evaluation: = 0.05 (mm) (1) Unit
= 50µm
b greater magnification/resolution/clarity OR more/smaller 1
structures can be seen
2 a Any two from: ● Bread and milk contain a reducing 2
sugar/named reducing sugar (1) ● because the Benedict’s
solution changed colour. (1) OR
● Bread contains more reducing sugar than milk (1) ● as it has
turned red rather than green. (1) OR ●
Meat contains no reducing sugar (1) ● as there is no colour
change in the solution. (1)
b Heat in a water bath (to reduce possibility of burns)/use tongs 1
to handle test tubes (to avoid burns and contact with
solution)/eye protection (to avoid harm to eyes).
3 a 2

b 2

c 4

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4 a full marks may be possible from a fully annotated genetic 4
diagram females are XX, males are XY ; female gametes are X,
male gametes are X or Y ; ref to random fusion of gametes /
shown in a Punnett square or alternative ; 1:1 /
50:50/described, shown/ stated ;
b biological/ made by cells ; catalyst/ speeds up the rate of a 2
reaction ; made of protein ;
c tubes 1 and 3 – the effect of pH lysozyme is active in, 1/ pH 4.0/ 6
acid ; cell walls, broken down/ digested/ destroyed in tube 1 ;
no (bacterial) growth in tube 1 ; tubes 1 and 4 – the effect of
type of bacteria lysozyme, destroys /AW, bacteria, A/ in tube 1 ;
lysozyme does not, destroy /AW, bacteria, B/ in tube 4 ; ref to
specificity to bacteria A/ bacteria B is resistant ; ignore bacteria
are immune idea that nothing in (cell wall of) bacteria B for
lysozyme to digest ; tubes 1 and 2 – the effect of boiling
lysozyme denatured (by boiling) ; lysozyme not, active ; idea
that tube 2 is a control to show that lysozyme is responsible for
no growth in tube 1 ;
d (i) volume of, oxygen/gas, increases (with time); levels off/reaches 3
a plateau/AW; increases rapidly at start and then slows down;
use of data;
(ii) substrate/hydrogen peroxide/reactant /AW, fits into enzyme; 3
active site; shape is, complementary /AW; any reference to lock
and key; product(s)/ oxygen and water, formed and leaves the
enzyme; AVP;
5 a (i) flavonoids / bioflavonoids 1
(ii) A 6 a gene from another species 4
b A description including some of the following points genetic 2
modification • transferring a gene from one organism to
another • restriction enzymes to cut the gene out • plasmids
used to carry gene • sticky ends to join complementary bases •
ligase to join the DNA use of Agrobacterium • Agrobacterium is
a vector (for the gene) • the Agrobacterium has a suitable gene
added to it • example of a suitable gene eg drought resistance /

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 insect resistance / larger yield / for flavonoids • Agrobacterium
naturally invades plant cells • its DNA is incorporated into the
plant’s DNA production of plants • plant sprayed with
Agrobacterium • crown gall (formed) • crown gall is cut into
small pieces • leaf discs are incubated with Agrobacterium •
(crown gall tissue / leaf discs) grown in tissue culture • explants
• grown into crops
6 A 4

7 a A description linking three of the following{paired / 2

complementary} bases / A (joins to) T and C (joins to) G (1)
(bases joined by/strands held together by) hydrogen bonds (1)
B guanine (34%) and thymine (16%) 2
C (DNA is a) double helix (1) the sides of DNA are made from 3
(alternating) sugars and phosphate (molecules) / sugar
phosphate backbone (1) {paired / complementary} bases / A
(joins to) T and C (joins to) G (1) (bases joined by/strands held
together by) hydrogen bonds (1)
D A description including four of the following: (the process is) 4
translation (1) (mRNA ) leaves the nucleus / enters the
cytoplasm (1) (mRNA joins to) ribosomes(1) tRNA carries amino
acids (1) tRNA joins to mRNA / bases on tRNA matches bases on
mRNA (1) (bases read as) {sets of three / triplets / idea of
codons} (1) (ribosome / mRNA holds tRNA so) amino acids are
joined together / to make
8 A (a) ideas: frog 2 nucleus comes from this frog 4
DNA/genes/information in nucleus this controls development
for 1 mark each
B Meiosis 2
mitosis
c (b) advantages: large number of identical offspring guaranteed 5
desired features quick economic disadvantages: may all
succumb to unexpected disease/change in conditions cut

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adaptation/reduce gene pool/limits variation

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