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Earth Materials
Mineral - Naturally formed
- Solid
- Formed by inorganic processes
- Specific chemical composition
- Characteristic crystal structure
Rock * a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of
an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a mass of natural
glass or organic matter
Rock classification

Igneous rock

Plutonic rock

Volcanic rock
Igneous rock

Sedimentary rock a rock that forms when

Clastic rock
hot molten rock
(magma or lava) cools

Non-clastic rock and freezes solid

Metamorphic rock

Foliated rock

Non-foliated rock
Factors controlling the Melting

Temperature

melting begins at 800-1200 °C

source of heat is radioactive decay

Pressure

As pressure increases, melting
temperature increases

Water

As water content increases, melting
temperature decreases
 Geothermal Gradient

30 °C /km
Relationship among P° T° and Melt
Dry melting Wet melting
Type of molten materials

Magma = molten materials below the earth@s surface

Lava = molten materials above the earth@s surface
Classification & types of igneous rocks

Mode of occurrence

Plutonic or Intrusive rocks

Volcanic or Extrusive rocks

Chemical & mineralogical classification

Felsic rocks

Intermediate rocks

Mafic rocks

Ultramafic rock
 Mode of occurrence
Plutonic (Intrusive) rock * cools and
solidifies below the Earth's surface
Big difference of temperatures
Rate of cooling is slow ---> large crystals

Volcanic (Extrusive) rock * cools and

solidifies above the Earth's surface
Small difference of temperatures
Rate of cooling is rapid ---> small crystals or glasses
 Chemical & mineralogical classification

Felsic rocks ----> feldspar + silica

Intermediate rocks

Mafic rocks ----> magnesium + ferrous

Ultramafic rock
felsic = quartz, K-feldspar
mafic = olivine, pyroxene, amphibole
 Increasing Fe and Mg
Increasing silica content
Felsic/ Silicic Mafic
Igneous Rock
light colored intermediate dark colored
Classification
high in SiO2 low in SiO2

Phaneritic Plutonic (magma)

Granite Diorite Gabbro
(coarse grained) Intrusive

Aphanitic Volcanic (lava)

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
(fine grained) Extrusive
Bowen@s Reaction Series
Types of igneous textures

Phaneritic texture

Aphanitic texture

Glassy texture

Porphyritic texture

Vesicular texture

Amygdaloidal texture

Flow texture
Phaneritic texture * slow cooling, large crystal
Aphaneritic texture * rapid cooling, small crystal
 Phaneritic

Porphyritic-Phaneritic

Phenocrysts in Groundmass
 Aphanitic

Porphyritic-Aphanitic

Phenocrysts in Groundmass
 Silicic Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Granite Rhyolite
Intermediate Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Diorite Andesite
 Mafic Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Gabbro Basalt
Pegmatite
 Glassy texture * very rapid cooling,
no crystal structures

conchoidal fracture
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