READINGS IN PH HISTORY
Datos - Chiefs who governed the people
and were captains in wars.
Analysis Customs
Datos (chiefs)
• governed them and were captains in
their wars, and whom they obeyed and
reverenced
• subject who committed any offense
against them, or spoke but a word to their
wives and children, were severely
punished.
• Ruled a barangay
Barangay- a tribal gathering.
Barangay
• as many as a hundred houses,
sometimes even less than thirty
• many barangays in a town, they are not
subject to one another, except in
relationship and friendship (Chiefs
helped one another in wars)
Division of Lands
• The land of a barangay, especially the
irrigated portion, is divided upon the
members cannot be cultivated by a
person from another barangay UNLESS:
purchased or inherited
• TINGUES (mountain ridges) owned in
common by barangay
• Chiefs had fisheries (with limits) and
section of rivers (for market), no one
could fish or trade except members of
barangay (Special exception to those who
pay the privilege in doing those)
Maharlica (nobles)
• Did not pay taxes/tribute to dato,
accompanies him in wars instead (at his
own expense)
• Very close to the chief (Feast before
wars, division of spoils after, rows boat
for dato, helps build house for dato and
are fed for it)
• Some cases, they paid a hundred gantas
of rice annually (when a new chief buys
the land, new chief divided lands as he
see fit)
Aliping namamahay (commoners)
• married and serves master (datu or not)
with half of cultivated lands
• has own houses, property, gold M Maharlica F Maharlica
• children inherits these lands, properties
cannot
• cannot be sold and made slaves Maharlica
(saguiguilic) If they should fall by
inheritance into the hands of a son of
their master who was going to dwell in M Maharlica F Slave
another village, they could not be taken
from theirown village and carried with
Free both the
him, but they would remain in their
children and
native village, doing service there and the mother.
cultivating the sowed lands.
Slave woman
M Maharlica
Aliping sa guiguilir (Slaves) of another
• includes those who cannot pay debts,
captives of war The woman will
• can be a namamahay (commoner) when be compelled
they pay their masters a certain amount
of gold (usually greater than 5 taels)
• serves master in his house and on his M Slave Free woman
cultivated lands
• can be granted a portion of harvest for
Free (provided he is
them to work faithfully (not always and not her husband)
only if master profited from his work)
• can be sold, servants born in house of
master are rarely sold M/F Maharlica M/F Slave
• consequently, the alcaldes-mayor
should be instructed to ascertain, when
anyone asks for his alipin, to which class The Children
he belongs, and to have the answer put in are divided
the document that they give him.
Transferring of barangays
Conception of children on married • Aliping sa guiguilir can be transferred to
couples other barangays when sold
• If a maharlica marries an alipin • Aliping namamahay cannot be sold and
(whether namamahay or saguiguilid), the can only be transferred through
1st, 3rd, 5th child belonged to father, inheritance (barangay should be on the
2nd, 4th, 6th, to the mother. If father is same village)
free, children are free. If father is a slave, • Maharlicas cannot transfer village or
children are also slaves. Same applies to barangays after marriage unless they pay
the mother (when the number of children a certain fine of gold. (depends on the
is even number) village ranges from 3 taels to banquet to
• When the number of children is odd, entire barangay)
the odd one is half-free/half-slave • Failure of payment might result to war
• If only 1 child, the latter is half-free to the barangay he left and entered
half-slave
• Those who became slaves fell under the Arbiter- fair and just man who gives true
category of servitude which was their judgement according to their customs.
parent's, either namamahay or sa
guiguilir Laws and Punishments
• Investigations made and sentences
passed by dato should take place in front
of the barangay members
READINGS IN PH HISTORY THE WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS Reasons for Sacrifices
On the place and object of Worship: • Recovery of a sick person
• On special cases, an arbiter
• Simbahan- A temple or a place of • Prosperous voyage of those embarking
(unanimously chosen) is named as a
adoration on the sea
judge. (chosen because they are just and
• Pandot - A festival celebrated. • Good harvest in the sowed lands
fair men)
• Sibi- A roof used to protect the people • Propitious result in wars
- if person accused feels aggrieved,
from the wet when it rains. • Successful delivery in childbirth
- if controversy lay between two datos
• Sorihile- Small lamps set on the post of • Happy outcome in married life
who wish to avoid
the house.
- when disputants belonged to two
• Nagaanitos- A worship united and Young girl's first monthly period
different barangays
joined by the whole barangay or family. • Blindfolded for four days and four
nights
Laws and Punishments
In all the villages, or in other parts of the • The friends and relatives were all
• Condemned to death
Filipinas Islands, there are no temples invited to partake of food and drink
- a man of low birth who insulted the
consecrated to the performing of • At the end of this period, the catolonan
daughter or wife of chief
sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or took the young girl to the water, bathed
- witches and the like
the general practice of idolatry. her and washed her head, and removed
• Slavery is never a punishment
the bandage from her eyes
- unless a persons merited the death
Analysis - Worship • Did this in order that the girls might
penalty
• Bathala- "All powerful" or "maker of all bear children, and have fortune in finding
- children and accomplices of witches
things" husbands to their tase
- if fines were not paid
• Sun
• All other offenses were punished by
• Moon PRIEST OF DEVILS
fines in gold
• Stars 1. Catalonan
- if not paid, the culprit serves the person
• Lic-ha- Idols which were images with • Man or woman
aggrieved until payment has been made
different shapes • Honorable one among the natives
• Dian masalanta- Patron of lovers and of • Held ordinarily by people of rank
Service is rendered in the following ways:
generation
• Half of the cultivated lands and what
• Lacapati and Idianale- Patron of the 2. Mangagauay
they produced belonged to the master.
cultivated lands and of husbandry • Witches
• The culprit and his children remain as
• Crocodiles- Paid reverence in fear of • Deceived by pretending to heal the sick
slaves until the time they have paid their
being harmed by them • Induced ailments by their charms
debt.
- A portion of what they carried in their • Capable of causing death
• If service was not given just, the culprit
boats • Prolong life for a year by binding a live
had to pay the double of what was lent to
serpent to the waist
him.
On the concept of time: • Serpent- believed to be the devil, or at
• The debtor is condemned to a life of
• No established division of years, least his substance
toil: and thus borrower becomes slaves,
months, and days
and after the death of the father the
- Cultivation of the soil 3. Manyisalat
children pay the debt.
- Counted by moons • Same as mangagauay
- Different effect produced upon the trees • Power of applying remedies to lovers
The giving of dowry precedes with some
when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves • They would abandon and despise their
conditions:
wives
• If there were no legitimate or natural
On the manner of offering sacrifices: • Prevent having intercourse with the
child, the inheritance went only to the
• Proclaim a feast, and offer to the devil wives
father or the grandparents, brothers or
what they had to eat • Abandoned women- bring sickness
nearest relatives.
• Done in front of the idol and praise it in (discharge blood and matter)
• In the case of the child by a free married
poctic songs sung by the officiating priest
woman, born while she was married, if
(Catolonan) 4. Mancocolam
the husband punished the adulterer this
• Objects of sacrifice were goats, fowls, • Emit fire from himself
was considered as a dowry; and a child
and swine • Fire- could not be extinguished or
entered with the others into partition in
- Flayed, decapitated, and laid before the emitted
the inheritance.
idol • Except if the priest wallowed in the
- A jar of rice wallowe ordure and filth which falls from
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
- Buyos - small fruit wrapped in a leaf the houses
• The Customs
with some lime • He who lived in the house fell ill and
• The Worship
- Fried food and fruits died
READINGS IN PH HISTORY - If he were a warrior, a living slave was
tied beneath his body until in this
5. Hocloban
wretched way he died
• Greater efficacy than the mangagauay
• Mourned for four days
• By simply saluting or raising their hand,
• Laid him on a boat which served as a
they killed whom they chose
coffin
• Only in Catanduanes
• Also accompanied by eating and
drinking
6. Silagan
• To tear out the liver of anyone clothed
On the concept of Another life
in white and eat it
• "Maca"
• Only in Caranduanes
- "Paradise" or "village of rest"
• Calavan - they tore out in this way
- Those who lived without doing harm
through his anus all the intestines of a
- Possessed other moral virtues
Spanish notary
• "Casanaan"
- "A place of anguish"
7. Magtatangal
- All the wicked
• Show himself at night without his head
- Here dwelt the demons, Sitan
or intestines
• Heaven
• The devil walked about carried, or
- Only Bathala who governed from above
pretended to carry, his head to different
places
• Ghosts
• In the morning, returned it to his body
- Vibit
• Catanduanes
• Phantoms
- Tigbalaang
8. Osuang
• Patianac
• Equivalent to "sorcerer"
- If any woman died in childbirth, she
• Seen him fly and he murdered men and
and the child suffered punishment
ate their flesh
• Visayas Islands
CONTRIBUTIONS DOCUMENT IN
UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
9. Mangagayoma
NARRATIVE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• Another class of witches
• The writing of Fray Plasencia presents
• Made charms for lovers out of herbs,
the way of life, political and socio-cultural
stones, and wood, which would infuse the
practices, and political stratifications of
heart with love.
the early Filipino people specifically in
the Tagalog region.
10. Sonat
• The account of Fray Plasencia serves as
• Equivalent to "preacher"
an inspiration to the missionaries not
• Help one to die, at which time he
only during the Spanish colonization
predicted the salvation or condemnation
period but also at the present time.
of the soul
Missionaries acknowledge the
importance of knowing the culture and
11. Pangatahojan
mastering the language of their assigned
• Soothsayer, predicts the future
areas in spreading the Christianity.
12. Bayoguin
• Signified a "cotquean", a man whose
nature inclined toward that of a woman
• 2-gendered shaman

Manner of burying the dead

• Deceased was buried beside his house,
- If he were a chief, he was placed
beneath a little house or porch which they
constructed for this purpose