Lecture 5 - Current Fields of Civil Engineering Water Resources

CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
LECTURE 5: CURRENT FIELDS/CAREERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Subject Code: ES 111
Units: 2 UNITS
Section: CE1-D
Schedule: TUE. 6:00PM – 8:00PM
LECTURE 5: CURRENT FIELDS/CAREERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING: WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
LECTURE 5 OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING
III. HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
IV. FLOOD CONTROL
V. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Water Resources Engineering is a specialty dealing with the use of water in support of modern
living, including the agricultural, industrial, domestic, recreational, and environmental needs.
Its scope includes the finding and preservation of above and underground water sources,
understanding the movement of water in nature, engineering the transport of water, and managing
erosive effects of water wave and current on shorelines.
Engineers cannot avoid confronting the

problems posed by rainfall and its consequent
runoff. Some of mankind‘s earliest endeavors
centered on this age-old battle with the forces of
nature in the form of water
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

HYDROLOGY – is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below the
Earth's surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water availability and conditions.
Hydrologic Cycle, water is conserved – that is, it is neither created nor destroyed.

The hydrologic cycle consists of four key components:
1. Precipitation
2. Runoff
3. Storage
4. Evapotranspiration

1. Precipitation occurs when atmospheric
moisture becomes too great to remain
suspended in clouds.
- It denotes all forms of water that

reach the earth from the atmosphere, the
usual forms being rainfall, snowfall, hail, frost
and dew.
- Rainfall is the predominant form of

precipitation and its distribution over the
world and within a country.

2. Runoff is the water that flows across the
land surface after a storm event.
-as rain falls over land, part of that
gets infiltrated the surface as overland flow.
-as the flow bears down, it notches
out rills and gullies which combine to form
channels. These combine further to form
streams and rivers.
-the geographical area which
contributes to the flow of a river is called a
river or a watershed.

3. Storage. Portion of the precipitation falling
on land surface which does not flow out as a
runoff gets stored as either as surface water
bodies like Lakes, Reservoirs, and Wetlands
or as sub-surface water body, usually called
Groundwater.
Groundwater storage is the water infiltrating

through the soil cover of a land surface and
traveling further to reach the huge body of
water underground.

3. Storage.
Groundwater Recharge: some of the water

that precipitates, flows on ground surfaces or
seeps through soil first, then flows laterally
and some continues to percolate deeper into
the soil. This body of water will eventually
reach a saturated zone and replenish or
recharge groundwater supply.

The following definitions may be useful:
• Lakes: large, naturally occurring inland

body of water
• Reservoirs: artificial or natural inland body

of water used to store water to meet
various demands.
• Wet Lands: natural or artificial areas of

shallow water or saturated soils that
contain or could support water – loving
plants.

4. Evapotranspiration = Evaporation + Transpiration
Evaporation is the process of liquid converting into vapor,

through wind action and solar radiation and returning to the
atmosphere.
-is the cause of loss of water from open bodies of
water, such as lakes, rivers, the oceans and the land surface.
Transpiration is the process by which water molecules leaves

the body of a living plant and escapes to the atmosphere. The
water is drawn up by the plant root system and part of that is
lost through the tissues of plant leaf (through the stomata).
Evapotranspiration, therefore, includes all evaporation from

water and land surfaces, as well as transpiration from plants.
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Hydraulic Engineering – is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water
and sewage.
Fluid Mechanics - is the study of fluid behavior (liquids, gases, blood and plasma) at rest and
in motion.
SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS:
1. Surface Tension - results from a different molecular bonding condition at the free surface
compares to bonds within the liquid.
Cohesion enables water to resist

a slight tensile stress;
Adhesion enables it to adhere to another body

2. Capillarity is a property of liquids that results from surface tension in which the liquid rises
up or is depressed down a thin tube.
3. Specific Weight defined as weight per unit volume. Note specific weight generally varies
with temperature of a material.
Specific Gravity of a liquid is the ratio of its specific weight to that of pure water at a standard
temperature and should not be confused with the term specific weight.
- is dimensionless.
- The specific gravity of water under normal conditions encountered in storm water
management is approximately 1.0.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROSTATIC
Hydrostatic refers to the study of fluid at rest.
i.e. Water in a container exerts pressure at a right angle, or normal, to the container walls or
any submerged surface.
Hydrostatic
Bouyancy is the uplifting force exerted by water on a submerged solid object
Hydrodynamics refers to the study of fluid in motion.
Two fundamental parameters are used to describe the motion:

1. Velocity, v - is defined as the average velocity of all water particles crossing an imaginary
plane perpendicular to the direction of motion at a particular location along the conduit.
(m/s , ft/s)
2. Rate of Flow, or Discharge, Q describes the amount of water passing through an imaginary
plane per unit time at a particular location along the conduit. (m3/s , ft3/s)
Energy Head
The concept of head is used to describe mechanical energy, that is, potential and kinetic,
as well as energy loss, such as friction and turbulence
Hydraulic Devices are structures that use hydraulic principles to control the flow of water.
Calculating the flow will enable you to determine other key parameters such as water level.
1. Orifice
2. Weir
3. Open Channel
FLOOD CONTROL
Types of Flooding:
1. River Flooding - this is the major cause of flooding extensive areas as a result of heavy
rains in the catchment areas as well as local areas thereby increasing the river levels.
2. Flash Floods - this result due to heavy rains in hilly areas which cause local rivers and
small streams to rise to dangerous level within a short period of time say 6 to 12 hours.
Heavy and continuous rains in local areas can cause flash floods.
3. Urban flooding - local heavy rains up to 100mm or more in a day over the city and larger
towns can cause damaging and disruptive flooding due to poor or chocked drainage and
rapid runoff.
4. Storm Surge or Tidal Flooding - this result mostly due to tropical disturbances, developing
to cyclones and crossing surrounding coastlines. Cyclone induced storm surges have
devastating consequences in coastal areas and such surge induced floods may extend
many kilometers inland.
5. Floods Arising due to Failure of Dam - a large number of large and small dams are
constructed to store water for various purposes. Due to poor maintenance and due to
exceptionally high precipitation a severe flood may result causing failure of the dam.
FLOOD CONTROL
Flood Management Measures:
1. Short-term Measures:
• Constructions of embankments along the low-level banks that are subject to frequent flood spells.
• Construction of raised platforms for temporary shelter during flood.
• Dewatering by pumps of flooded pockets, towns when gravity discharge of floodwater is not
possible.
• Construction of floodwalls near congested areas of cities, towns and industrial belts.
2. Long-term Measures:
• Construction of storage reservoirs to moderate the flow peak thereby ensuring regulation of flood
downstream.
• Integrated watershed management in the hilly area catchment, which ensures reduction in surface
runoff, erosion and increase of infiltration capacity thereby reducing the impact of flood.
• Flood forecasts and warning based on hydrogeomorphological studies which can be given with
some lead period, thereby ensuring minimization of property loss and loss of human life by shifting
them to safer places.
FLOOD CONTROL
To reduce losses due to flood the flood strategies to be followed can be stated as follows:
1. Modify flooding by structural means: herein the strategies to be followed involve

constructions of dams, dikes, levees, channel alterations, high flow diversions and land
treatment. The main idea is to keep water away from the potential damage areas.
2. Flood Forecasting (this is a non-structural measure): here, forecast of flooding is provided
at the potential damage points. The population both human as well as livestock and the
movable properties are shifted to a safer place if there is a chance of flood damage. Herein
the objective is to keep people away from inundated areas.
3. Modify susceptibility to flood damage: regulations are frames to avoid undesirable or
unwise rise of flood plains. Necessary steps are taken to modify the impact of flooding
through individual or group action design for assisting people in the preparatory, survival
and recovery phase of floods which are namely through education and information on
floods, flood insurance, taxation relief, etc.
FLOOD CONTROL
Spillways and Functions
Spillways are invariably provided in storage dams for safe disposal of the excess water
flowing into the reservoir after it has filled up.
The purpose of the spillway design should be to provide a safe and adequate spillway
structure at most economical cost, without impairing the safety of the dam.
In the hydraulic design of a spillway the following procedure is generally followed:
i. First, hydrological analysis to determine the magnitude of design flood.
ii. And thereafter detailed hydraulic analysis.

FLOOD CONTROL
Six types of spillways:
FLOOD CONTROL
Forces acting on Dam
FLOOD CONTROL
Sluice Gate – also regulates the flow of water.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
The scope of irrigation is not limited to the application of water to the soil. It deals with
all aspects and problems extending from the watershed to the agricultural farms. It deals with
the design and construction of all works, such as dams, weirs, head regulator, etc. in connection
with the storage or diversion of water, as well as the problems of subsoil drainage, soil
reclamation and water-soil-crop, their maturing and protection from pests.
Briefly speaking, the scope of irrigation can be divided into two heads:
a. Engineering Aspect
b. Agricultural Aspect
Engineering aspects for Irrigation:
1. Storage, Diversion, or Lifting of Water: this is the first phase of irrigation engineering. By
the construction of a dam across the river, a suitable reservoir can be created and water can
be stored.
2. Conveyance of Water to the Agricultural Fields: the stored or diverted water is conveyed
to the agricultural fields through some suitable distribution system.
3. Application of Water to Agricultural Fields: the water is applied to the crop by flooding.
Furrows, corrugations, subsoil irrigation or by sprinkling
4. Drainage and Relieving Water-Logging: proper disposition of excess water by suitable
drainage methods is very important.
5. Development of Water Power: most of the irrigation projects are associated with the
generation of the hydroelectric power either at the dam site or at canal falls.
Benefits of Irrigation
i. Increase in crop yield
ii. Protection from famine
iii. Cultivation of superior crops
iv. Elimination of mixed cropping
v. Economic development
vi. Hydro power generation
vii. Domestic and Industrial water supply
END

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CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

LECTURE 5: CURRENT FIELDS/CAREERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Engineers cannot avoid confronting the

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

- It denotes all forms of water that

- Rainfall is the predominant form of

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Groundwater storage is the water infiltrating

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Groundwater Recharge: some of the water

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

• Lakes: large, naturally occurring inland

• Reservoirs: artificial or natural inland body

• Wet Lands: natural or artificial areas of

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Evaporation is the process of liquid converting into vapor,

Transpiration is the process by which water molecules leaves

Evapotranspiration, therefore, includes all evaporation from

Cohesion enables water to resist

Adhesion enables it to adhere to another body

Hydrostatic refers to the study of fluid at rest.

Two fundamental parameters are used to describe the motion:

1. Modify flooding by structural means: herein the strategies to be followed involve

In the hydraulic design of a spillway the following procedure is generally followed:

i. First, hydrological analysis to determine the magnitude of design flood.

ii. And thereafter detailed hydraulic analysis.

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