2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Distributed Systems Security (ICBDS)
Pune, India. Sep 16-18, 2022
Internet of Things based Controlled Environment
for the Production of Shiitake Mushroom
Ntivuguruzwa Jean De La Croix Mukanyiligira Didacienne
African Centre of Excellence in Internet African Centre of Excellence in Internet
of Things
College of Science and Technology College of Science and Technology
University of Rwanda
Kigali, Rwanda
croix.njoc@gmail.com
2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Distributed Systems Security (ICBDS) | 978-1-6654-2832-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICBDS53701.2022.9936039
Jesslyn Theresia Philander
Department of Actuarial
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
jesslyntheresia123@gmail.com
Abstract— Shiitake mushroom is a crucial type of
mushrooms that is mainly used for both medicinal and
culinary applications. This type of mushroom that was recently
introduced, is currently produced under traditional methods of
mushrooms’ cultivation which affects the production outcome.
Based on its important use, shiitake mushroom is needed in
quantity though its production is less because the existing
methods do not provide promising results in terms of harvest
quantity. This paper avails an Internet of Things based method
to produce Shiitake mushrooms based on technology to
improve yielded quantity in short period of time by managing
the environmental vital parameters in the shiitake mushroom
production area. The experimental results of our method
identified an improvement on the production quantity for a
period of eight weeks of pilot farms observation.
Keywords— Integrated Technology, Shiitake mushroom,
Fuzzy logic-based control, Internet of Things (IoT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT)
that made possible the various emerging technologies such as
the technology of connected objects has been a trigger to the
introduction of self-deciding systems. The concept of
connected objects made possible various applications in
different fields by introducing self-deciding systems for the
sake of minimizing the human intervention in systems
management [1]. IoT-based systems with ability to control
themselves has been an important concept that is considered
as a capital input to the development of various economic
sectors [2]. Integrating technology in various agricultural
species has been benefic by controlling the vital parameters
of plants, resources management, harvest improvement, etc.
Mushrooms present a particularity in the parameters of the
growing environment compared to most other agricultural
species. Mushrooms impose a medium that doesn’t expose
them to temperature, humidity, and others with high
variation for best harvest [3].
The need in mushrooms has increasingly raised due to
their great use in the culinary and medicinal applications
though the farmers don’t actually put much attention in the
cultivation of this important type of agricultural specie [4].
Mushrooms have not much attracted the attention of farmers
because they require a lot of manpower for monitoring and
978-1-6654-2832-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Sibomana Louis
African Centre of Excellence in Internet
of Things of Things
College of Science and Technology
University of Rwanda University of Rwanda
Kigali, Rwanda Kigali, Rwanda
siyana223@gmail.com lewis.sis@gmail.com
Tohari Ahmad
Department of Informatics
Surabaya, Indonesia
tohari@if.its.ac.id
sometimes the specific types of mushrooms such as shiitake
mushrooms are difficult to cultivate with the actual wild
mushroom cultivation in many places of the world [5].
Shiitake mushrooms are considered important types because
they fit in both the culinary and medicinal applications, and
this type of mushroom takes origin in Japan centuries back,
and since then, shiitake mushroom growing is done on
specific types of trees named shii. Shiitake mushrooms,
otherwise known as lentenula edodes come in second place
in the world among all the other types of mushrooms. The
flavor and taste shiitake mushrooms made it the most
preferred ingredient for the cuisine involving mushrooms.
Moreover, shiitake mushrooms are also useful to be used for
medical products manufacturing because they are used as
ingredients for most drugs for respiratory diseases treatment
[6]. Cultivating shiitake mushrooms consists of either
cultivating on tree logs or cultivating on sawdust. Cultivating
or producing shiitake mushrooms on logs started with the
introduction of this type of mushroom in China, Japan, and
other far East countries. Producing shiitake mushroom in the
sawdust started in Europe before spreading to the other parts
of the Northeast. I countries such as Ukraine, shiitake
mushroom has not been practiced before though this type of
mushroom has recently been introduced [7].
Reference [8] avails shiitake cultivation method that
consists of using organic components in the soaking water
for being used in the farm’s substrate. The results of this
work proved that enriching the soaking water with organics
and wheat brans and the flour of soybeans yield an
improvement with the soaking water. Moreover, the addition
of these organic components showed an effectiveness in
farm’s components properties improvement. The results of
this work proved the efficiency of their method in enriching
the substrate soaking water with chemical components.
Based on the experimental results of this research work,
suspension of extracting the wheat brans is considered to be
the best method of suspension for the sake of harvest
enhancement in shiitake mushrooms, and the suspension of
extracting the rice barns is identified to be the best practice in
shiitake mushroom’s quality improvement.
In [9] a shiitake mushroom cultivation method was
proposed with a substrate made of agricultural wastes. This
method was tried in different places of Turkey and was
1
 proved to be efficient. This research work experimented
shiitake mushroom cultivation by making a substrate with
agricultural waste and controlling the basic vital parameters
namely the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
The work in [10], focuses on a survey about utilizing
IoT-to monitor the mushrooms cultivation by using sensors
distributed in different positions within a farm to record the
real-time data of the farm’s vital parameters. This work
identifies the crucial parameters to be considered for better
growth of mushrooms. The basic vital parameters identified
are namely content in gases, the temperature, and the
humidity. By using a server, the design and implementation
of an intelligent system to check the situation about the
variation of the vital parameters in the farm was put in place.
This research suggests a placement of sensors in the
mushrooms’ farm to records data about the status of the vital
parameters in the farm. The proposed system collects the
data on the status of the level of vital parameters in the farm
and the farmer, by checking on a dashboard, takes action to
restore to the normal range any changed vital parameter
mostly using water. There is also the use of a microcontroller
to handle the sensor data and send them to the central server
and the dashboard for the farmer’s information.
In the work [11], system to monitor mushroom farm
based on automation is availed where the main components
of the system are sensors placed in specific points of the farm
for vital parameters displaying. This system main function is
to automatically trigger the water pump based on the time
intervals as set by the farmer. The data are sent to the cloud
for farther data analytics. This system presents as a main
weakness the lack of an automated system that departs from
the data got from the farm to make the water pump react by
itself.
Reference [12] suggests a fuzz logic controller-based
system to produce oyster mushrooms by using a sensor for
both humidity and temperature such as DHT11 collection
and triggering the fan’s activity to re-establish those
parameters in the normal range. The methodological
approach of this work suggests placing a temperature and
humidity sensor to the middle of the roof of the cultivating
room. This work proposes an artificial intelligence based on
fuzzy logic technique to manage the actuators for water
spraying and the fan for air humidity is follows the duty
cycling schedule. The water pump is manually controlled by
the farmer based on the data collected from the farm about
the vital parameters’ variation.
To keep the safety in the mushroom farm, movements are
restricted to avoid any type of pest that can be brought by
any external agent. In fact, the farmers have to pay much
attention to the resources used in the stabilization of the
farm’s vital parameters within the farm to avoid any pest that
can be brought through any uncontrolled resource use.
Mushrooms are considered as the most important agricultural
species because of their nature to contain antioxidants useful
in rapid avoidance of ageing related diseases [13].
Recently, the farmers cultivated mushrooms in the rooms
with a certain air conditioning system for temperature and
humidity management in the farm. Wild mushrooms
cultivation is considered by many people that it should be
done in the specific seasons of the year relying on the heavy
rain period regardless of the thunderstorm and flash
lightening during those seasons that can affect the
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mushrooms’ growth and quality of the harvest. Moreover,
mushroom cultivation is sensitive to huge variation of vital
parameters, hence the mushroom has to be cultivated with
many precautions [14].
Reference [15] proposes a technology-based system to
automate the water pump action with a purpose to keep the
vital parameters in the oyster mushroom farm. This work
uses water as a main resource in the farm, but the manual
control
of the actuating side makes their resources wasted mainly
water. A temperature control system designed for mushroom
cultivation is proposed in [16], but there their work wasn’t
able to control some important issues of mushroom
cultivation such as soil degradation, inundation of the farm,
typhoons, and pests, etc. These issues also need to be
addressed in order to increase the harvest of the mushrooms.
Those issues can be alleviated by introducing a method to
manage the mushroom farm without much human
involvement.
Fuzzy logic is machine learning technique that is mostly
used for problems involving decision-making [17]. This
concept of fuzzy logic application in self-deciding systems of
agriculture has been a crucial input for the field of
agriculture because of its ability to generate accuracy in
technological solutions applied in agriculture. The fuzzy
logic made possible the analysis of data from the sensors to
the microcontroller while the actual computer-based
technology has not been competent before for further data
analysis [18].
Reference [19] suggested a technology-based system that
uses Arduino microcontroller to manage humidity and
temperature within oyster mushroom farm. Ref. [20]
combines the data yielded in terms of humidity and
temperature from the farm with sensors, fuzzy logic control
is applied depending on the rules set for fuzzy inference. The
experimental results of this work identified an improvement
in the harvest because the vital parameters are controlled in
an automated way based on a combination of data from the
sensors. By applying the wireless sensor networks concept,
this work could manage the temperature and humidity in the
oyster mushroom farm. Referring to [21] it is identified that
this work has a contribution that is seen in four points
namely maintaining favorable environment in oyster
mushroom farm with technology, reducing labor in oyster
mushroom cultivation, materials used optimization and
efficient management, and harvest improvement for the
oyster mushrooms. Sihombing et al., apply three methods
from scratch to the final results. Firstly, they deploy control
system based on fuzzy logic to manage the temperature and
humidity in oyster mushroom farm with Arduino. Secondly,
they add a proximity sensor in the oyster mushroom farm to
detect the movement in the farm. Thirdly, the actuation is
done based on the comparing the results collected from the
mushroom farm to the standard ranges of temperature and
humidity basing on the fuzzy rules set. Moreover, they
prepare the substrate by combining the sawdust and the rice
hull which are recommended for oyster mushrooms growing.
Based on the existing works related to both the
mushroom and particularly shiitake mushrooms, in this work
we propose a system based on IoT which implements fuzzy
logic to control vital parameters of the shiitake mushroom
farm. This paper shows two farms whose substrates made by
 the maize residue used in our experiments. One farm
contains the shiitake mushrooms that are followed up with a
fixed time watering system that is used traditionally, and
another farm is controlled using the proposed fuzzy logic
system. For both our farms, we control as main parameters
the soil moisture, air humidity in the farm, temperature in the
farm as well as the temperature of the substrate. Our
proposed system is designed with three main units namely a
unit with sensors for data collection, microcontroller unit,
and the unit in charge of actuation. The sensors unit consists
of three types of sensors namely a temperature sensor, a
humidity sensor, and soil moisture sensor.
This paper applies fuzzy logic to cultivate shiitake
mushrooms by managing the vital parameters of the shiitake
farm on real-time basis. The vital parameters of focus in our
research are the temperature for the substrate, and the air in
the farm, the moisture in the substrate and the humidity in
the mushroom farm. We analyze the data from sensors by
benchmarking them with the standard data about desired
ranges for each vital parameter pre-recorded. The working
principle of this system is such that the actuators’ activities
are triggered if the data got from the sensor are out of the
desired range for effective growth of the shiitake mushroom.
The self-decision in our technology-based farm is proposed
to be achieved through Fuzzy Logic (FL) which is an
artificial intelligence technique that enables human decision-
making imitation by machine.
This rest of this paper is made of 3 following sections:
Second section encompasses the methodology of our
research work, third section encompasses the experimental
results and discussions, and the last section encompasses the
conclusion of our research.
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodological approach of our work is mainly
based on implementing two pilot shiitake mushroom farms
with the same components for the substrates of the two
farms. Within the first farm, shiitake mushroom is produced
under traditional metho based on fixed time intervals water
spray in the farm and with the second farm the shiitake
mushroom is produced with fuzzy logic-based approach to
control the farm. The substrate for both the farms are made
with the husks, cobs, and stalks of maize. We consider ten
seed bags per each pilot farm.
Maize residues are chosen for making the substrates in
our experiment because they are among the most available
due to the fact that maize themselves are ones of the most
crops available in many places. Our substrate is composed by
sawdust of 40 kilograms mixed with 0.9% lime. We moisten
our mixture until 70%, we ferment it for a month before
putting it in bags. After this, we cut the maize husks and
stalks int parts of approximately 3 centimeters and then crush
the maize cobs into a range of 0.2 to 1.2 centimeters length.
Then we proceed by soaking our mixture for ten hours, and
then add the rice brans in small quantity, and homogeneously
mix again all the components. We pack the got homogeneous
mixture in 40 propylene bags and use polyvinyl chloride
pipes for spouts stiffening and then sterilize the bags at one
hundred degrees Celsius for around five hours. The next step
is now to add fifty grams of shiitake mushroom spawn into
forty bags and cover all the bags in sterilized cotton wool and
paper. We incubated the bags at an admissible for this type
of mushrooms which ranges from 20 degrees Celsius (20°C)
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to 30°C for three days and ventilated them sufficiently. After
the five days, we remove the covering materials as the seeds
start to raise.
A. Experiment within the farm with traditional method
(Farm 1)
The first farm of our experiment implements the
traditional method with twenty seed bags. Our farm is
controlled using the manual system where will visit the farm
every twelve hours. The water pump is set to watering the
farm with ten liters by opening the pump twice during the
day light and once during the night. In fact, our farm in this
first system is controlled with the current time interval
watering system and the control in manually done by the
farmer.
The bags are holed to create the places where the fruiting
bodies of the mushrooms will raise from. In addition to using
water to maintain the stability in humidity and moisture, we
use heuristic method to estimate the level of the temperature
in the farm.
B. Experiment within the farm with proposed the
proposed method (Farm 2)
This farm is made of twenty seed bags. The farm’s vital
parameters are controlled with IoT using machine learning
technique. Fig.1. illustrates a conceptual framework of the
method implemented in this second farm. The conceptual
framework includes three main units notably the unit 1 for
input, unit 2 for decision-making, and unit 3 for actuation.
The input unit includes the data collected form a temperature
sensor placed in the substrate, a temperature sensor placed on
the roof of the farm, a soil moisture sensor placed in the
substrate, and a humidity sensor placed on the roof of the
farm. The decision-making unit consists of benchmarking the
input data to the pre-recorded data of the central database to
trigger the activity of the actuating unit. The action unit
consists of responding to the request from the decision-
making unit. The standard temperature range is such that the
temperature is greater or equal to 25°C, the standard
humidity is such that the humidity is less or equal to 80%.
The standard substrate’s moisture is to being less or equal to
30%. The output unit consists of a couple of features based
on data recording specifically saving the farm’s data to
ThingSpeak and saving the harvest-based data.
1) Farm control with fuzzy logic: We follow these fuzzy
rules to control the variation of the vital parameters in the
farm.
a) Rules to control the farm’s air temperature: We
follow three rules to control the farm’s temperature based on
the temperature got from the substrate.
x Rule 1: If the temperature is less than 20°C, then
mist water on the roof.
x Rule 2: If temperature value is greater than 20°C
and less or equal to 25°C, then no mist.
x Rule 3: If temperature is less than 20°C, then
check the humidity value.
b) Rules to control the humidity: We follow these two
rules to control the farm’s humidity based on the data about
humidity got from the substrate.
 Unit 1 2) Block diagram: The block diagram of the proposed
Data Unit 2 system is illustrated in Fig. 2. The input data in our proposed
collection Decision- system a collected from a humidity sensor, temperature
Unit 3 sensors, and soil moisture sensor. After getting the data from
from the making base actuation sensors, there is a need to process those data and based on
sensors on the
threshold fuzzy rules set in the system and the standard ranges for vital
data parameters values, the actuators namely the mist sprayer and
the water pump are set to be in activity or not. The water
pump comes in as an actuator to water the farm to reestablish
the substrate’s moisture or humidity, and the mist sprayer
Fig. 1. Conceptual Framework comes in to function as an actuator to spray water on the
farm’s roof to reestablish the farm’s temperature or humidity.
To record the farm’s data for further analysis, all the
system’s data are sent to the cloud every 2 hours.
C. Data analysis
We analyze the experimental data in this research by
applying two steps. The first step consists of sending all the
farm’s data to ThingSpeak for further analysis. In addition to
that, as the main objective of our research is to improve the
harvest in shiitake mushrooms, we need to collect the data
about the harvest got from both the farms for analysis. We
analyze the data related to the harvest in our farms using a
parameter of central tendency of descriptive statistics
specifically the mode.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our experiment was conducted for five months from
preparing the seed bags, making the substrates, and planting
the seed bags and getting the harvest to recording the data
related to the harvest for analysis. Firstly, in three months,
we prepared the seed bags and the substrates for both the
experimental farms. The first and second made farms consist
Fig. 2. The block diagram of the system of 10 seed bags per each with the same components of the
substrate. The difference between the farms is based on the
way the farms are controlled. The first farm is controlled
x Rule 4: If the farm’s humidity is less than to 80 manually by the farmer, and the second farm is controlled by
Per cent, then mist the substrate. technology based on fuzzy logic. Secondly, in two months of
x Rule 5: If the farm’s humidity greater or equal our experiment were used to record the data about the farms’
to 80 per cent, then no mist. harvest for analysis. Table I, identifies the harvest in our
farms recorded in 8 weeks.
c) Rules to control the temperature of the substrate:
The following three rules are used to manage the substrate’s Basing on the data in the Table I, the maximum harvest
temperature got from the temperature sensor. got is around five kilograms yielded from the second farm.
Looking at the harvests from both farms, it is identified that
x Rule 6: If the substrate’s temperature is greater
than 25°C, then water the substrate. TABLE I. COMPARISON OF THE HARVEST BETWEEN THE FARM 1 AND
FARM 2.
x Rule 7: If the substrate’s temperature is greater
or equal to 15°C, and less than 22°C, then no Week Farm 1 (in kilograms) Farm 2 (in kilograms)
substrate’s watering. I 0 0
x Rule 8: If the substrate’s temperature is less than II 0 0,3
15°C, and the substrate’s humidity is in the
III
normal range, then no watering. 0,27 0,98
IV 1,21 2,93
d) Rules to control the moisture in the substrate: We
follow the two rules below to control moisture in the V
1,96 4,07
substrate
VI
x Rule 9: If substrate’s moisture is less than 30%, 2,48 4,67
then water the substrate. VII
3,79 4,95
x Rule 10: If substrate’s moisture is greater or VIII
4,01 5,37
equal to 30%, then no watering.
Total 13,72 23,27

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 the harvest got from the first farm is always less than the
harvest of the harvest in the second farm. The total harvest
yielded from the first farm within the eight weeks of our
farm’s observation is 13.72 kilograms while the harvest
yielded from the second farm is 23.27 kilograms. The results
in Table I. prove an increase of 9.55 kilograms to the harvest
of the first farm with manual control system.
Mathematically this improvement exceeds 50% of the
harvest added with the second farm controlled with the
proposed system. Figure 3 provides a histogram comparing
the data got from the harvest of both farms. Departing from
the histogram, the week five is marked to increase for both
farms but there is also a significant difference between the
two farms because the harvest in farm 2 presents 2.11 which
is beyond 100% of the harvest got from the first farm.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
The research in this paper proves a superiority of the
fuzzy logic-based self-controlling farm over the farm
controlled with manual system. The vital parameters namely
the temperature, moisture, and humidity are well stabilized in
the self-controlling system using IoT compared to the way
they are controlled in the farm with manual system.
Therefore, the farm’s environment with IoT identifies a
superiority in control compared to the farm’s environment
with manual system.
Fig. 3. Comparison between the harvest for two farms
Moreover, the harvest in the IoT-based controlled farm’s
environment is proved to be and addition of around 70% to
the harvest of the farm manually controlled with human
intervention. The results of this work also show that the
water is saved in with the fuzzy logic-based farm control
because the water pump and the mist sprayer open based on
the variation of the vital parameters in the farm which means
that the duration of watering or mist spray depend on the
difference between the collected data and the data in the
central database.
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For future works, we plan to use fuzzy logic to control
the quality of harvest in the shiitake mushroom production
by monitoring the harvest storing medium.
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28-31 October 2018.

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