Level 1 Semester 1

Computer Systems
10. Introduction to Network

Short Note
Network

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Uses of a network
• Simultaneous (Concurrency) data access
• Share peripheral devices
• Communication
• Backup data from one computer to another
• Distribute processing power
• Remote access
• Standard enforcement
• Enhancing service up time (availability)
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Networks according to the spread area
• Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Campus Area Networks (CANs)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

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Network Resource Access
• Peer-to-peer (P2P)
• For small organization
• Provide less security
• Server software not required
• Less administration required
• less expensive
• require less additional resource
• No additional training required

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Network Resource Access
• Client-Server
• For large organization
• Provide more security
• Server software required
• High administration required
• High expensive
• require more additional resource
• Additional training required

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Network Media

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Network Media

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Twisted-pair cable
• Commonly used in LAN and PSTN
• Support data transmission rates up to 1 Gbps
• Suffer from electrical impairments
• There are two different types of twisted-pair
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)

• STP suitable for where EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) is high

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Fibre-optic cable
• Use light pulse as the medium
• Supports approximately 100 GBps
• Does not suffer from EMI
• Used in long whole trunk and metropolitan trunk
• Also possible in LAN

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Radio wave transmission
• Straightforward communication is not required
• Spread through refraction and diffraction
• Ex: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Transfer jet, NFC, DSRC, Cellular

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Radio wave transmission – Wi-Fi
• Used in wireless LANs and PANs
• Ad Hoc network (without having WAP) is possible
• Direction is not critical
• Spread through refraction and diffraction
• Multi point connection

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Radio wave transmission – Bluetooth
• Short range multi point PAN technique
• Direction is not critical
• Spread through refraction and diffraction
• Very low transfer rate
• Support up to 2Mbps

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Radio wave transmission – Zigbee
• Short range multi point PAN technique
• low-power low-bandwidth

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Radio wave transmission – Transfer jet
• Short range point to point PAN technique
• Initially proposed by Sony
• Support up to 560 Mbps

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Radio wave transmission – Near Field Communication (NFC)

• Very short range (4 cm or less)

• Point to point
• Used in PAN
• Mostly used in mobile devise and some laptops
• Support up to 424 kbps

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Radio wave transmission – Dedicated short-range
communications (DSRC)
• Short-range to medium-range
• Multipoint
• Designed for automotive use

Radio wave transmission – Cellular

• Used by mobile/ cellular phone technology

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Microwave transmission
• Uses high frequency radio waves
• Use as MAN or WAN techniques
• Lone of sight (LoS) is required (Direction is critical)
• No refraction and diffraction
• Ex: Satellite communication, Wi-max

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Microwave – Satellite
• Microwave trans- receiver placed in space

Ground level Transmission

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Microwave – Wi-max
• Wi-Max: - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• Used in MAN
• Also used as internet last mile access technology
• Accessible range for a subscriber from a tower is about 50 KM
• Support speeds 1 Gbps

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IrDA/ Infrared transmission
• Form of light waves
• Short rang
• Point to point PAN technology
• Used in remote controls, cellular phones, PDAs, fax machines and
printers
• Straight forward direction is required

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Network Devices

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Network devices
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Hub (obsolete)
• Switch (L2, L3)
• Bridge
• Modem (Modulator demodulator)
• Router
• Gateway
• Firewall
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Topologies

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Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Three Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology

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Data communication standards

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Data communication standards
• Ethernet
• ISDN
• DSL
• ATM

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DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

• SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• RDSL - Rate-adaptive digital subscriber line
• HDSL- High-bit-rate digital subscriber line

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FTTX
• FTTC: Fiber to the curb
• FTTN: Fiber to the node or neighbourhood
• FTTB: Fiber to the building, business, or basement
• FTTH: Fiber to the Home

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END

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