Block Chemistry

S-Block
• Elements in which last electron enters in 's' sub shell is called
s-Block elements Radium Only 10-10
Li  1s2 2s1  last electron in "2s" sub shell.
Na  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1  last electron in "3s" sub shell.
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

Be  1s2 2s2  last electron in "2s" sub shell.

Mg  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2  last electron in "3s" sub shell.
Ca  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
 S-Block
• In s-Block, we have only two groups :
Group -1 [alkali metals]
Group -2 [alkaline earth metals]

Group 1 = alkali metals = [IG] ns1

Group 2 = alkaline earth metals = [IG] ns2
 Group 1 (alkali metals)
H (1) Hydrogen
Li (3) Lithium
Na (11) Sodium
K (19) Potassium
Rb (37) Rubidium
Cs(55) Cesium
Fr (87) Francium (Radioactive)
 Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
Be (4) Beryllium
Mg (12) Magnesium
Ca (20) Calcium
Sr (38) Strontium
Ba (56) Barium
Ra (88) Radium (Radioactive)
 Alkali Metals
Group 1
2nd period Li3  [He] 2s1
3rd period Na11  [Ne] 3s1
4th period K19  [Ar] 4s1
5th period Rb37  [Kr] 5s1
6th period Cs55  [Xe] 6s1
7th period Fr87  [Rn] 7s1
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2
Be4 [He] 2s2
Mg12[Ne]3s2
Ca20  [Ar] 4s2
Sr38  [Kr] 5s2
Ba56[Xe] 6s2
Ra88  [Rn] 7s2
 Physical Properties
Alkali and Alkaline earth Metals
1. Atomic Radii
2. Ionic Radii
3. Valency
4. Ionization Energy
5. Physical State
6. Metallic Character
7. B.P & M.P
8. Density
 Physical Properties
Alkali and Alkaline earth Metals
□ These metals are known as Alkali Metals because Their
Hydroxides are water soluble and alkaline in nature
□ Salts are colourless & Diamagnetic
□ Most of Alkali metals are obtained from sea and Na & K are also
obtained From trees . In which Fr in radioactive element having
21 minute half life time.
 #1 Atomic Radii/Size

By moving down the group Atomic Radii INCREASES

Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals

•Increases down the group •Increases down the group.
Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs < Fr Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba < Ra
 #2 Ionic Radii
By moving down the group Ionic Radii INCREASES
ORDER :
Alkali metals Alkaline earthmetals
•Increases downthegroup • Increases downthegroup.
Li+<Na+<K+<Rb+<Cs+<Fr+ Be+2<Mg+2<Ca+2<Sr+2<Ba+2<Ra+2
 #3 Valency
Alkali metals are Alkaline earth metals
mono-valent are divalent
[valency = 1] [valency = 2]
 #4 Ionization Energy
I.E decreases down the group I.E. decreases down the group
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs > Fr Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba > Ra
1
I.E. 
size
 #5 Physical State
• Alkali metals are silvery • Alkaline earth metals are
white These are soft metals silvery These are also soft but
and so can be cut with harder than alkali metals
plastic knife. • Hardness decreases down the
• possess BCC type of group
structure with coordination • Alkaline earth metal moving
No (8)[See in Solid State] down the group lose their
white lustre & becomes grey
 6 Metallic Character
Metallic character means tendency toloose electrons.
Metallic Character  Size of atom

Size , outer electron nucleus distance

distance , outer electron can be easily loose
Return Gift

• Alkali metals are more metallic than alkaline earth metals.

 6 Metallic Character
These are strongly Electropositive metal & metallic
character increases moving down group
 #7 B.P & M.P
• B.P.& M.P depends on metallic bonding.
Metallic bonding depends on :-

(i) number of valence electron(directlyproportional)

(ii) size of atom(inversely proportional)
 B.P & M.P
• Alkaline earthmetals have more strong metallic bond than alkalimetals.
Because alkaline earth metals have more valance electron.

down the group size  down the group size 

So, So,
B.P and M.P  B.P and M.P 
 B.P & M.P
2Ve- IVc-
□ Comparison : Alkaline Earth Metals > Alkaline Metals
Because they have more valence e- &
therefore strong Metallic Bonding.
□ Generally Alkali metals have lower melting point & Boiling point due to
weak metallic Bonding because of their large size.
□ By moving down the groups, MP & BP Further decrease due to increase in
size & also weakning of Metallic Bond.
□ Melting point
 B.P & M.P
Boiling point
Case 1 : If Metal is Fixed
□ Size of decreases the lattice formed is
more compact.
□ ORDER : MF > MCl > MBr > MI
CASE : 2 If Halogen is Fixed
□ According to FAZAN’S RULE (SCLA) LiX is more covalent and less Ionic
therefore Ionic Bond Strength decrease, so the order of MP & BP is
Expected : LiX > NaX > KX > RbX > CsX
Actual : NaX > KX > RbX > CsX > LiX > Covalent Character
#8 Density
mass
Density =
vol.
Alkaline earth metals are more dense thanalkali.
 #8 Density
KIMP : On moving down the group, Mass & Volume both increases
but the increase in mass is more than increase in volume.
Density = Mass/Volume
In Solid - They have body centred cubic (BCC)
Alkaline earth metals are more dense then Alkali metals.
Generally Alkali metals have low density due to their larger Atomic Volumes & it increases
on moving down the group.
This is due to Vacant 3D Orbital. Volume  density 
 Density
Down the group density increases
# Exception :
Li  K  Na  Rb  Cs  Fr Ca  Mg  Be  Sr  Ba  Ra


(not so important)
 [9] ENTHALPY OF ATOMIZATION [EOA]

[Na]

Na Na Na Break (Na) g

Na Na Na

□ The amount of Energy Required to convert 1 mole of metal atoms into gaseous state
is called Enthalpy of Atomization

Enthalpy of Atomization  Metallic bonding

Down the group = Decreases.
[10] PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT. [ SIZE ]
□ Except Li all other alkali metals are photosensitive
Light Incident
Na
P la te

e-

1
Photo electric effect  Ionisation Energy
Down the group : Increases.
[11] Hydration Energy : [1/Size] [ Charge]
HH

M+ + H O
 (aq)
+
(g) 2 M
(Hydrated cation)
M+

□ Surrounding of cation of water molecules is known as Hydration & the

energy release is known as Hydration Energy.
□ So on Moving down the group Hydration Energy
decreases.
Order : Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
Size of : [Li+ > Na+> K+ >Rb+ >Cs+ ]
(Hydrated cation (aq)
Chemical Property
 Flame Test
• I.E of both group-1 and group-2 are less inperiod.
• So, on heating with flame the ions in valence shell
jumps to excitedstate

• When electrons return back to ground state, then

they shows color.
Alkali metals
Alkaline Earth metals
 Color of Alkali

Li Na K Rb Cs
Imp Reaction
S-Block
Reaction with Oxygen

Reaction with Oxygen

Reaction with Water
Reaction with Oxygen
Oxide
Per-oxide
Super-oxide
 Reaction with Oxygen
Reaction with Oxygen [O2] / Air

• Alkali metals Reacts with Oxygen to form different types of

Oxides = From which Li Form Oxides (O2-) Na Forms
peroxide (O2 ) and the other three Forms superoxide (O2 )
But in Excers Condition
 Reaction with Oxygen
Reaction with Oxygen [O2] / Air
□ In case of superoxide due to one extra e- it will always be paramagentic

O 2-

Unpa re d e -
□ Basic character - Li2O < Na2O < K2O < Rb2O < Cs2O
Reaction with Oxygen
Li +O2  Li2O (oxide)
Na+O2  Na2O2 (per-oxide)
K + O2  KO2
Rb + O2  RbO2  (super-oxide)
Cs + O2  CsO2
 Bato hi BatoMein
Oxide  O–2
Per-oxide  O2–2 / O–1
Super-oxide  O2–1 / O–1/2
Return Gift Harsh sir
 O.P. Sir 3 Ke barabar
oxide per-oxide Super-oxide

Sir  3 Ke barabar
(superoxide 3 element)
 Reaction with liq NH 3 & oxygen
These alkali metals when present in liquid NH3
&
reacted with oxygen (O2) then oxide is formed in all case.
Li (liq NH3) + O2  Li2O
Na ( " ) + O2  Na2O All oxides of alkali
K ( " ) + O2  K2O Metals are basic

Rb ( " ) + O2  Rb2O
Cs ( " ) + O2 Cs2O
 Reaction with Acids

Li2O Li2O + HCl  LiCl + H2O

Na2O2
KO2
RbO2
CsO2
 Reaction with Acids
□ Reaction of Oxides with Acid
□ All we know Metal Oxide are basic L [ITUS Method]
(1) : Li2O + 2HCl  LiCl + H2O

Li + H+

O 2- Cl-
 Reaction with Acids
Li2O Li2O + HCl  LiCl + H2O
Na2O2 Na2O2 + HCl  NaCl +H2O
KO2+HCl  Cl + H2O
KO2
RbO2 + HCl  RbCl + H2O
RbO2 CsO2 + HCl  CsCl+H2O
CsO2
 Super Example
What is the major product formed when sodium metal dissolved in
liquid ammonia reacts with oxygen & then with sulphuric acid.
A) NaOH
B) NaSo4
C) Na2O
D) Na2SO4
 Super Example
What is the major product formed when sodium metal dissolved in
liquid ammonia reacts with oxygen & then with sulphuric acid.
A) NaOH
B) NaSo4
C) Na2O
D) Na2SO4

Sol: Na (Liq NH3) + O2  a2O2 + H2SO4 a2SO4+ H2O

ANS: D) Na2SO4
Reaction with Oxygen
Be + O2  BeO
Mg + O2  MgO
Ca + O2  CaO
Sr + O2  SrO
Ba + O2  BaO
When these oxides are heated at 500Celsius
it will get converted into peroxide.
When per-oxides are heated at 700ºC.It
breaks into metal oxide andoxygen.
 Return Gift by Harsh sir
BeO + O2 500ºBeO2
MgO + O2  MgO2
When per-oxides are heated at
CaO + O2  CaO2 700ºC. It breaks into metal oxide
SrO + O2  SrO2 and oxygen
BaO + O2  BaO2
 Nature of Oxides

BeO (amphoteric)
MgO
CaO
 (Basic)
SrO
BaO
By moving down the group basicity increases
BeO <MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
 Reaction with Acid
MgO + HCl  MgCl2 +H20
CaO + HCl  CaCl2 + H20
SrO + HCl  SrCl2 + H20
BaO+HCl  BaCl2 + H20

BeO + HCl 
eO + NaOH 
 Nature of Oxides

BeO (amphoteric)
BeO is Amphoteric in nature. There are generally 6
Oxides in chemistry which is amphoteric

SnO PbO ZnO Al2O3 CuO BeO

Reaction of AmphotericOxide With NaOH
BeO + HCl  eCl2 + H20
eO + NaOH  Na2BeO2 +H2O

PbO + NaOH  Na2PbO2 +H2O

ZnO + NaOH  Na2ZnO2 +H2O
Al2O3 + NaOH  aAlO2 +H2O
CuO+ NaOH  a2CuO2 +H2O
eO + NaOH  Na2BeO2 +H2O
 Reaction of oxide/pre oxide/superoxide
5 star ** Li2O + H2O  LiOH
reaction Na2O2 + H2O  NaOH + H2O2
KO2 + H2O  KOH + H2O2 +O2 
Reaction with H2O

Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Reaction with H2O
Li + H2O  LiOH + H2
Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
K + H2O  KOH + H2
Rb + H2O  RbOH + H2
Cs + H2O  CsOH + H2

Whenever, Hydrogen gas is released,

it is accompanied by BLAST. It is
very high exothermic reaction.
 Reaction with H2O
• Alkali metals on reaction with moisture (H2O), there will
be blast. So to avoid that blast, it is kept in kerosene.
• Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr are kept in kerosene.
 Gyan ki Baat
• Li is not kept in kerosene.
• Bcoz Lithium has lesser density than kerosene so Li floats.

Therefore, "Li" is wrapped in paraffin wax,

to protect its contact with moisture from air
 Reaction with H2O
□ Basicity  Metallic Character.
□ Down the Group : MC and Basicity
Order : LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
 Reaction with H2O

Hot water
Cold water
Cold water
Cold water
 Reaction with H2O
Reaction with water of alkaline earth metals :

□ In which Be does not react with water while Mg Reacts with hot water and
the other three reacts which cold water.
□ Alkaline earth metals also reacts with water to give
corresponding Hydroxide.
 Reaction with H2O
Be + H2O  
Mg + H2O (Hot)  Mg(OH)2 + H2 
Ca + H2O (Cold)  Ca(OH)2 + H2
Sr + H2O (Cold)  Sr(OH)2 + H2
Ba + H2O (Cold)  Ba(OH)2 + H2
 Reaction with H2O
□ The basic character thermal stability and solubility
INCREASES by moving down the group
□ The Increase in solubility is due to decreasing in lattice
enthalpy.
 Imp Reaction
S-Block
1. Solubility in Liquid Ammonia
2. Reaction with N2 to formNitride
3. Reaction with Halogen to formHalides
 Solubility in Liquid Ammonia
All alkali and alkaline earth metals are soluble in liquid NH3
forming a deep blue colorsolution.
This blue color is due to solvated ammoniatedions.
NH3 NH3

NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

Na Mg
NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

NH3 NH3

Solvated-ammoniated Solvated-ammoniated
sodium ion Magnetium ion
 Colour of ammoniated ions
• Ammoniated ions has blue color.
• When we increase concentration of liquid ammonia, the
solution color becomesbronze.

Examiner apse galti karwayega !!!

 Super Question
Que : What will be the magnetic behavior of solution ?
• Blue color solution  Paramagnetic
• Bronze color solution  Diamagnetic
Reaction with N2
( Nitride )
 Reaction with N2

N2
• Only lithium from alkali metals reacts with nitrogen to form corresponding
Nitride Alkali metals reacts with ammonia to form corresponding amides &
liberates H2 gas
2M + 2NH2 2M - NH2 + H2
NaNH2 (Sodamide) (Very strong base)
Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals

Li + N2  Li3N Be + N2  Be3N2
Mg + N2  Mg3N2
Ca + N2  Ca3N2
Sr + N2  Sr3N2
Ba + N2 Ba3N2
 Super Question
1. Which Nitride is more covalent?
Be3N2 Mg3N2 Ca3N2 Sr3N2 Ba3N
Be+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Sr+2 Ba+2
Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba [Covalent character]
Only Be3N2 is highly covalent and volatile, rest all other
nitrides are ionic solids
Hydrolysis Reaction

BahuBali trick
for
Hydrolysis Reaction
 Hydrolysis of Nitride
Nitride + H2O  Ammonia ( NH3 )
Hydride + H2O  Hydrogen gas ( H2 )
Phosphide + H2  Phosphine gas ( PH3)
Carbide + H2O  Methane gas ( CH4)
Sulphide + H2O  Hydrogen sulphide ( H2S )
 Hydrolysis of Nitride
Li3N + H2O  Li(OH) + NH3

Be32 + H2O  Be(OH)2 + NH3

 Hydrolysis of Nitride
Li3N + H2O  Li(OH) + NH3

Be32 + H2O  Be(OH)2 + NH3

Mg32 + H2O  Mg(OH)2 + NH3
Ca32 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + NH3
Sr32 + H2O  Sr(OH)2 + NH3
Ba32 + H2O  Ba(OH)2 + NH3
Reaction with Halogen
( Halide )
 F,Cl,Br,I

Reaction with Halogen

□ Alkali metal reacts with halogen to form Halides except some

halides , Lithium Covalent (SCLA). All the other halides are ionic
on nature
□ 2Li + X2  LiX
Reaction with Halogen

Li + X2  LiX
Na + X2  NaX
K+ X2  KX
Rb + X2  RbX
Cs+ X2  CsX
Reaction with Halogen

Be + X2  BeX2
Mg + X2  MgX2
Ca + X2  CaX2
Sr + X2  SrX2
Ba + X2  BaX2

BeF2 & BeCl2 me locha hai

 Super Question
1. Which halide is more covalent ?
LiX NaX KX RbX CsX

Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+

LiX  NaX  KX  RbX CsX (Covalent character)
 Super Question
1. Which halide is more covalent ?
BeX2 MgX2 CaX2 SrX2 BaX2

Be+2 > Mg+2 > Ca+2 > Sr+2 > Ba+2

BeX2 > MgX2 > CaX2 > SrX2 > BaX2
(Covalent character)

BeX2 is very much covalent

i. For a Given Halogen :
i. Fluorides
□ For fluorides due to size, Formed lattice will be more compact
therfore. Life is most vovalent but forms compact lattice
therefore is mort stable which is against fazan’s rule.
Order : LiF > NaF > KF > RbF > CsF

[ii] For other Halides

□ Here thermal stability is according to Fazan’s Rule
Order : LiX < NaX < KX < RbX < CsX
 □ Solubility
(1) For fluorides (SCLA)
Order : LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF

□ LiCl is exceptionally soluble due to its hydration energy and order is Order
LiCl > NaCl > KCl < RbCl < CsCl
LiCl – 2H2O - deliquesent
 Gyaan ki Baat
BeX2is covalent, so it acts as insulators inmoltenstate.
In molten state BeX2 does not break into Be+2 and2X–
 Miscellaneous NCERT lines
BeF2cannot be prepared by abovemethods.
BeF2is prepared using(NH4)2BeF4

(NH4 )2 BeF4 2NH4FBeF2

F–
| F–—
2NH4+ Be2+—F–
|
F–
Ammonium tetrafloro berylate II
 Miscellaneous NCERT lines
BeCl2can’t be prepared in aqueous solution due to the
formation of [Be(H2O)4]2+
So, BeCl2is prepared by heating BeO in presence of coke
& on passing Cl2 gas.
BeO + C+ Cl2  BeCl2+ CO
 Miscellaneous NCERT lines
BeCl2exists in all three forms :Monomer, dimer,polymer.

• In solid state BeCl2 exists in polymerform.

• In vapour state below 1200 K, BeCl2existasdimer.
• In vapour state above 1200 K, BeCl2existsasmonomer.
 Imp Reaction
S-Block
1. Formation of Carbonates
2. Formation of Bi Carbonates
3. Formation of Nitrates
4. Formation of Sulphates
 Formation of Carbonates
Carbonates ke liye only 3 points

M2CO3 MCO3
Formation of Carbonates
 Alkali Metals
Li2O + CO2  Li2CO3 LiOH + CO2  Li2CO3

Metal oxide
+ CO2  Metal Carbonate
M etal hydroxide
 Alkali Metals
Li2O + CO2  Li2CO3
Na2O + CO2  Na2CO3
K2O + CO2  K2CO3
Rb2O + CO2  Rb2CO3
Cs2O + CO2  Cs2CO3
Alkali carbonates are highly stable & hence don’t decompose.
If we raise the temperature beyond 1000ºC thenit
decomposes into metal oxide & CO2.
 Alkaline Earth Metals
Metal oxide
+ CO2  Metal Carbonate
M etal hydroxide

MO + CO2 MCO3

M(OH)2 + CO2 MCO3+H2O

 Alkaline Earth Metals
BeO + CO2  BeCO3 Be(OH)2 + CO2  BeCO3
MgO + CO2  MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 + CO2  MgCO3
CaO + CO2  CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3
SrO + CO2  SrCO3 Sr(OH)2 + CO2  SrCO3
BaO + CO2  BaCO3 Ba(OH)2 + CO2  BaCO3

Alkali carbonates are highly stable & hence don’t decompose.

If we raise the temperature beyond 1000ºC thenit
decomposes into metal oxide & CO2.
Formation of Bi-Carbonates
Bi-Carbonates ke liye only 3 points

MHCO3 M(HCO3)2
 Alkali Metals
All Alkali metals form bi-carbonatesMHCO3
LiHCO3
NaHCO3
KHCO3
RbHCO3
CsHCO3
Only LiHCO3 exist in liquid form & rest all
carbonates exists in solid state.
 Bi-carbonates
• Bi-carbonates decompose into carbonates, H2O, CO2
 Bi-carbonates
• Both NaHCO3and KHCO3forms hydrogenbond.
• But H. Bond in both cases aredifferent
NaHCO3  Infinite chain HydrogenBond.
KHCO3  Dimeric Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond in NaHCO3

InfinitechainHydrogenBond

Dimeric Hydrogen Bond

 Alkaline Earth Metals
All Alkaline metals form bi-carbonatesMHCO3
Be(HCO3)2
Mg(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2
Sr(HCO3)2
Ba(HCO3)2
 Bi-Carbonates
• When CO2gas is passed on alkaline metal’s hydroxide,
an insoluble material having white-turbidity occurs. Due
to which solution becomesmilky.

Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 C   Ca(HCO3)2

O 2 (excess )

 
This is not totally soluble in
water. It is partially soluble.
(insoluble White turbidity forms.
particle) So, solution becomes milky
This is totally soluble
in water. So, milkiness
disappears.
 Formation of Nitrates
Nitrates ke liye only 1 point

LiNO3
M(NO3) NaNO3
KNO3
RbNO3
CsNO3
 Decomposition
• All alkali metal nitrate breaks into metal nitrite & oxygen.
• metal nitrate  metal nitrite + oxygen

LiNO3  Li2O  NO2  O2

 Formation of Sulphates
Sulphates ke liye only 1 point
Li2SO4
Na2SO4
M2(SO4) K2SO4
Rb2SO4
Cs2SO4
 Decomposition
• All metal sulphates on fusion with carbon forms Metal sulphide
and carbon mono-oxide.

M2SO4 + C  M2S + CO
metal Carbon
sulphide monooxide
 Solubility
Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4

Li2SO4< Na2SO4< K2SO4< Rb2SO4< Cs2SO4

(Ionic character)
Alkaline Earth Metal - Reaction with Hydrogen
Alkaline Earth Metal - Reaction with Carbon
Alkaline Earth Metal - Reaction with Carbon
Abnormal Behavior of Li
Diagonal Relation between Li and Mg
Diagonal Relation between Li and Mg
 Sodium/Potassium &

Important Compounds
Extraction of Important
Na & K Compounds
We will (1) NaOH
study in (2) Na2CO3
Metallurgy (3) Na2SO
2 3
Chapter. (4) KI
Important Compounds
(1) NaOH
(2) Na2CO3
(3) Na2S2O3
(4) KI
 NaOH
Chemical name  Sodium Hydroxide
Common name  Caustic Soda
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH andCO2
4. Reaction of NaOH andSulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH withHalogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with MetalSalts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 andNH4+
 PreparationofNaOH
• When Na2CO3reacts with calcium hydroxide thenNaOH
is formed along with CaCO3.
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2  NaOH + CaCO3

• NaOH  Caustic Soda

 PropertiesofNaOH
• NaOH is strong base & has white crystalline structure.
 2nd property of NaOH
• Sn, Pb, Zn, Al and their compounds are soluble in NaOH.

Sn + NaOH  Na2 SnO2 + H2

Pb+ NaOH  Na2PbO2+ H2
Zn+ NaOH  Na2ZnO2+ H2
Al + NaOH  Na AlO2 + H2
 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
 Reaction of NaOH and CO2
• NaOH + CO2= ??
Cation औ र anion Milao Answer पा ओ |
lekin CO2में Cation औ र anion तो है ही
नही | Agar Cation & Anion nahi ho then
create it.
 Reaction of NaOH and CO2
• NaOH + CO2= ??
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3
NaOH + H2CO3  Na2 CO3 + H O
2
 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
 Reaction of NaOH & Sulphur

–2 2
S 0  N a O H  Na 2 S  Na 2 S 2 O 3  H 2 O

Sulphur undergoes disproportionate reaction

 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
Reactionof NaOHwith Halogen
(i) Cold & dilute Halogen
(ii) Hot & concentratedHalogen
 Reaction of NaOHwithHalogen
Cold & diluteHalogen Hot & concentratedHalogen
N aO H  X 2  N a X  N a O X NaOH  X2  NaX NaXO3

X  Cl,Br, I X  Cl,Br,I

when X = F(Fluorine) when X = F(Fluorine)

NaOH  X 2  NaF  OF2  H 2 O NaOH  F2  NaF  F2  H 2 O
 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
 ReactionofNaOHwithMetalSalts
Fe+3 +NaOH 
Mn+2 +NaOH 
Cr+3 +NaOH 
Cu+2 +NaOH 
Ni+2 +NaOH 
Al+3 +NaOH 
ReactionofNaOHwithMetalSalts
 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
 Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 & NH4+
• NaOH + Hg+2  Hg(OH) 2  HgO + H2O
Unstable
• NaOH + NH4+  NH4(OH) HgO + H2O
Unstable
Decomposition reaction remove H2O molecule & write
product
Hg(OH) 2  HgO
NH4(OH)  HgO
 NaOH
1. Preparation of NaOH
2. Properties of NaOH
3. Reaction of NaOH and CO2
4. Reaction of NaOH and Sulphur
5. Reaction of NaOH with Halogen
6. Reaction of NaOH with Metal Salts
7. Reaction of NaOH with Hg+2 and NH4+
 NaOH
• USES [NaOH]
• Used in Manufacturing soap paper & Art Silk.
• Used in Petroleum refining purification of bauxite.
• Preparation of pure Fats & Oil
• Also used as Laboratory reagent
Important Compounds
(1)NaOH
(2)Na2CO3
(3) Na2S2O3
(4) KI
 Na2CO3
नाम क्याहै ?
Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate)
Na2CO3 (Soda ash)
Na2CO3.10H2O (Washing soda)
1. Preparation of Na2CO3
2. Reaction of Na2CO3 withSiO2
3. Reaction of Na2CO3 withHCl
4. Reaction of Na2CO3 withH2O
 Preparation of Na2CO3
• Na2CO3is prepared by Solvay’sprocess.

Let’s understand
Solvay’s process
 SOLVAY'S PROCESS
CAB rule

1. CaCO3 1. Calcium Carbonate

2. NH3 2. Ammonia
3. NaCl(aq) 3. Brine solution
 SOLVAY'S PROCESS
In this process we use3 compounds
1. CaCO3
2. NH3
3. NaCl(aq)  Brine solution

NaCl(aq)  Brine solution  Solvay’sProcess

NaCl(liq)  Molten NaCl  Down’s process for extractingNa.
 CAB SOLVAY'S PROCESS
1. CaCO3 (1) CaCO3  CaO + CO2
2. NH3 (2) NH3 + CO2  NH4HCO3
3. NaCl(aq)
(3) NH4HCO3 + NaCl  NaHCO3 +NH4Cl

NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

 Na2CO3
1. Preparation of Na2CO3
2. Reaction of Na2CO3 withSiO2
3. Reaction of Na2CO3 withHCl
4. Reaction of Na2CO3 withH2O
 Reaction of Na2CO3 with SiO2
4
Na2CO3 + Si O2  Na2SiO3 + CO2
water glass
(water glass is soluble inwater)
 Reaction of Na2CO3 with HCl
Na2CO3 + HCl  NaCl + NaHCO3
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O+CO2

Na2CO3  HCl(excess)  NaCl  H 2 O  CO2

 Reaction of Na2CO3 with H2O
Na 2CO3  H2 O  NaOH  H2 O  CO2
NaOH can also be prepared by reaction of Na2CO3withH2O.

1. Preparation of Na2CO3
2. Reaction of Na2CO3 withSiO2
3. Reaction of Na2CO3 withHCl
4. Reaction of Na2CO3 withH2O
Na2S2O3
 Na2S2O3
नाम क्याहै ?
Na2S2O3 (Sodium Thio Sulphate)
Na2S2O3.10 H2O (HYPO)

(1) Preparation of Na2S2O3

(2) Na2S2O3 used in Iodometrictitration
(3) Reaction of Hypo withAg+2
(4) Reaction of Hypo with Cl2/Br2 water
 Preparation of Na2S2O3

NaOH + S0  Na2S + Na2S2O3 +H2O

 Na2S2O3
(1) Preparation of Na2S2O3
(2) Na2S2O3 used in Iodometrictitration
(3) Reaction of Hypo withAg+2
(4) Reaction of Hypo with Cl2/Br2 water
 Na2S2O3 used in Iodometric titration
• Na2S2O3is very good Reducingagent.
Reducing agent  Reduces others & Oxidizesitself.
Whenever Na2S2O3acts as Reducing agent it getsconverted
into Na2S4O6. 2 2.5
Na 2S2O3  Na2S4O6
Oxidation

I2 + Na2S2O3  Na2S4O6 + IΘ (Iodometric

Titration
Reduction
 Reaction of Hypo with Ag+2
Na2S2O3 + Ag+2  Ag2S2O3  Boli Ag2S
White ppt Black ppt
Reaction of Hypo with Cl2/Br2 water
Na2S2O3 + 0
Cl 2 –water 

Reduction
+2 +6 0
Na2S2O3 + Cl2 – water  Na2SO4 + S + HCl
Oxidation

Na2S2O3 + Br-water  Na2SO4+ S+HBr

oxide Compounds of Potassium
Potassium forms 3 types of oxide.
(1) oxide  K2O
(2) Super-oxide  KO2
(3) Sesqui – oxide  K2O3
Formation of Sesquioxide(K2O3)
When potassium dissolved in liquid ammonia
is reacted oxygen then sesquioxide is formed.
K (liq ammonia) + O2  K2O3
 Potassium Iodide (KI)
(1) Preparation :-
KOH + HI  KI + H2O

(2) Reaction with I2 :-

–1 5
KOH+ I2  K I + KIO3 + H2O
disproportionate reaction
Reaction of KI with Metal Salts
Reaction of KI with Metal Salts
 Reaction of KI with Metal Salts

Nessler’s Reagent is used for detection of Ammonium ions.


K2HgI4  NH2
NH 4
O I
Hg Hg
Iodide of million’s base
 Reaction of Alkaline earth metals &

Important Compounds of Group-2

 Compounds of 'Ca'
(1) Ca(OH)2
(2) CaO
(3) CaCO3
(4) Calcium sulphate(CaSO4)
(5) Bleaching Powder(CaOCl2)
 Ca(OH)2
• Chemical Name : Calcium Hydroxide
• Common Name : Slacked Lime
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O  C a(HCO3)2
ex ces s

 
This is sparingly This is soluble in
soluble in water. water.
So, white turbidity Therefore milkiness
forms. disappears.
Therefore solution’s
colour becomes milky
Ca(OH)2
CaO
 CaO
• Chemical Name  Calcium oxide
• Common Name  Quicklime
• CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
• CaO + C  CaC2 + O2 {Same asBeC2}
• CaC2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
• CaC2 + N2  CaCN2
(Calciumcynamide)

• CaCN2 + C  nitrolyn
(Fertilizer)
 CaCO3
• Chemical Name  Calcium Carbonate
• Common Name  Lime‐stone
 CaSO4
1
CaSO4 .2H 2O  CaSO4 . H2O
2
 CaSO4
Ded burnt Plaster
Gypsum PoP
 CaOCl2
• Chemical Name  Calcium oxy chloride
+1
OCl • Common Name  Bleaching Powder
Ca –1 'Cl' has 2 oxidation state
Cl Cl, which is attached to oxygen has + 1 charge
Other chlorine has –1 charge.
 Cement
Composition of cement is:
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 SO3

%SiO2 %CaO
%Al2O3 %Fe2O3  %Al2O3  %SO3
= 2.5 to 4 = Close to 2
Cement
Cement