68 | can use link words A Reason, result, and addition 6% Alink between A and B is a connection between two or more people or things. The words in bold in this unit all link one idea (A) with another idea (B). a a result because of sth that happened before. syNso due to sth because of sth. what's more ixr used when you are adding information in spoken English or informal written English. sv~ plus rr (and see spotlight). as used to say why sth happens, or why sb does sth, syyssince, because consequently because of sti that happened before. sxw therefore. (Both words are more formal than as a result or so.) @ Circle the correct word. > (A¥in addition | had no money, I couldn't pay. ey ausuns and everything went wrong. I forgot to set the alarm, and as a result, | cverslept and had to get a taxi to the station. Of course, all the trains were delayed due to the snow. What's more, when the train arrived, it was absolutely freezing as the heating wasn't working A bit later the ticket inspector came round, and I discovered I'd bought the wrong kind of ticket, so Thad to pay again, plus [ had to pay a fine, which was very annoying, And when 1 finally got off the train, 1 slipped on the ice and broke my ankle. Consequently I spent the rest of the day, not at the meeting, but in hospital having rays. Not my best day. I ‘hese are more formal ways of adding more information or arguments, ‘The business was in trouble, In addition, his activities had attracted the attention af the police. Teacher numbers have risen by 1.206. Moreover? Furthermore, exira money is being spent on books, itsnowed heavily, and as a result/plus, we had to stay in for two days. It was an old armchair, and because/what’s more, it smelled horrible He had to give up his job consequently/due to stress. People are richer these days and therefore/since they spend a lot more. It was a long way to the station, so/plus | had a suitcase. Since/Furthermore he had no money, | ended up paying the bill Zoltan saw a man standing in the shadows. Therefore/Moreover, he was holding a knife The town has a goad transport system. Furthermore/As a result, it is very cheap. 8 Write the circled link words in Exercise 1 in the table below. reason result addition Bs © complete the sentences in a logical way. > [had a very bad night’s sleep: the bed was uncomfortable, plus the room was 1 In winter, schools sometimes have to Asl He forgot his key and therefore he couldn't Jeans are extremely practical; what’s more aAuWN 168 LANGUAGE Ulla lost her passport on the way to the airport; consequently, The hotel was dirty and the service was poor. Furthermore, the food... much money to spend, | decided to stay at home that evening, hot. due to bad weather om fly that day Meta feereerererO 95) 31 expensive,B Contrasting ideas 6% Acontrast is a diflerence between two or more people or things that are being compared. The words in bold below are used to introduce an idea which contrasts with something you have just said. Contrasting two ideas in one sentence: Notes although even though / it wasn't casy. We gotaticket, { though ‘The clause with although, even though, and though can come at the beginning or the end, e.g, Although it wasn't easy, we got a ticket. despite feeling very unwell. in spite of the bad weather. I went to work { despite the fact that I had flu. Despite and svwin spite of are followed by an -ing form or a noun. Contrasting two ideas in two separate sentences: Despite that, The car was old. {Peseite Ona } [still bought it. In despite that and in spite of that, the word that refers back to the fact that the car was old. However, Nevertheless, All the same, She didn’t work hard. { she still passed However and nevertheless are more formal; all the same is more informal. though. He says he’s rich. I don't believe him, { Hioueh Al the end of a sentence, however is more formal than though. St said in the first part of the sentence. She felt ill. bd she still went to work, He left an hour early, but he still missed the train, © match 1-8 with ai. He says nice things about you. ..4. He got the job in spite of I saw the film last night. He went out despite the fact that The soup was disgusting, We had a nice day even He felt really cald despite He went to bed very late. All the same, The bike's useful. Nevertheless, > 2.30 ,02anT8 1 Zz 3 4 & 6 7 3 We had quite a nice day there. All the sar I could just see the house... the fog Jun has very little money. In spite of You'll find it hard to get work there. i I wanted to see the exhibition. When I got there, There was more snow today, | think it! In of leaving two hours early, we I didn’t feel sleepy .......... though it was very OYURAUAUN=y in be used to emphasize that the second at ofasentence he got to work on time in the morning. he wasn't feeling very well. although the main course was nice though the weather wasn’t very good his lack of experience. the fact that the heating was on However, you can’t trust him. / I'd rather have a car I didn’t think much of it, though. Complete the sentences with one word. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. me, | wouldn't go back again , he's really generous it’s worth trying. it was closed, 's warmer this evening missed the plane. late. the fact that we thought we knew the way, we got lost twice. LANGUAGE 169C Other link words §% |Word or phase | Example |Meaning/usage whereas Tenjoy tennis, whereas my father nsed for comparing two people, prefers rugby. things, etc. and saying there is a difference between them. on the one hand On the one han, it's lovely here in used for showing opposite points of ...0n the other summer, but on the other, the winter is | view. (hand) _| terrible, otherwise Put your cake on the table, otherwise used to say that ifsth doesn’t happen sxvor (else) the dog will eat it. or isn’t true, sth else will happen, sometimes sth bad. [provided (that) —_|'ll go provided you come with me. | only if sywas Tong as unless Tl accept the job at the BBC unless they | used to say that sth will happen or be offer me a job at Sky. true ifsth else does not happen or is noi true. in case ‘Take a map in case you need it, because sth might happen. so (that) He got there early so that he could speak | used to talk about the purpose of an to her before the lesson. action. Purpose is a reason for doing something, or a thing that someone wants to achieve. | What's the purpose of your trip? A ‘The purpose of the meeting is discuss the figures, 4 i @ ss the meaning of the sentences the same or different? Write S or D. > He speaks Garman, whereas | don't. || don’t speak German, but he does. S 1. Ifyou leave it here, someone will steal it. | Don’t leave it here, or someone will steal it. I won't go to the party if Chica’s going, || won't go to the party unless Chice’s going Hook some money so that | could pay. | | took some money in case | had to pay. She'll get there provided she leaves now. | She'll get there as long as she leaves now. | always put sugar in, otherwise it’s not sweet. || always put sugar in unless it's sweet. What was the purpose of his letter? | What wes his reason for writing the letter? Du RWN @ complete the sentences with words from the box. whereas onthe onehand so that otherwise incase unless 7 as long a5 > She won't use a towel unless _..it’s just been washed. 1. The children can go out... _.. they don’t cross the main road. 2 You should get there early... you get a good seat. age eee flying can save time, but on the other, it's not good for the environment 4 Teachers’ salaries have gone up —.. Nurses” salaries have fallen. 5 Take some chocolate with you enemas YOUTE hungry an the journey. 6 Plugitin, —-—..— it won't work e B Test yourself. Look at the words in the first column and cover the examples and meanings. What are the meanings? 170. LANGUAGE69 | can use a range of adjectives A Describing places 6% rcmeORMnUI ce comm ASuces rural France isthe village of La remote Toque. t's a curious, old-fashioned [luni Ree Cr SN curious Reet helo ge tie emote xpect anything grand. The cin old-fashioned far away from where many people live. connected with the country, not the town. ope urban. unusual or strange, typical of the past but not of the present. ovr modern, Veer eee, vital » necessary and important. sys essential. simple, but the prices are reasonate (CARS impressive and large or important. Ri eT simple including the things you need but no extra things. CIEINaU oes eeesrl eas sun basic. suspicious of tourists, but! found reasonable « Ifprices are reasonable, they are not too high. syw fair. them very polite. However, you may not ‘opp unreasonable. meet many, as the streets are impressed _ « fecling that sth/sb is good or of high standard. usually deserted by 10 p.m.! with sth/sb overall general; considering everything. suspicious of | feeling that sth/sb is dishonest and cannot be trusted. sth/sb polite behaving in a good or correct way. oPP rude. deserted empty because everyone has left. ovrs busy, crowded. @ Find seven more pairs of synonyms or simple” modern curious fair rural basic urban rude deser p> simple / syn basic P99 E (soe Z @ 1s the meaning the same or different? > It’s @ rural area. | it’s an urban area. _D 1 No one was there. | it was deserted 2 It's expensive. | The price is reasonable. 3. She's good. | I'm impressed with her. © complete the words in the sentences. > It gets very busy, so it’s vital It’s a long way from town, so it's quite a Iwas s.—.— opposites in the box. lite essential busy old-fashioned ted vitel strange reasonable SYN f ope a Bees IP tee f ope pe PAN ce Write S or D. 4 It’s essential, | It isn’t vital 5. It wasn't grand. | It was quite basic. 6 I'm suspicious of him. | | don’t trust him, 7 twas fair. | It was unreasonable. to arrive early The others found him normal, but | thought he was a ¢ man r place of the man when he refused to give his name. like the restaurant, and what's more, the prices are r was very i _with the hotel: it’s clean, comfortable, and very friendly. There were ane or two things | didn’t like, but the o standard was good. 2 3 4 5 6 Test yourself. Cover the glossary meanings and look at the words. Say the words and their synonyms and opposites. ou LANGUAGE 171B Describing feelings 6% Adjectives Example(s) [Meaning terrifying/ Tt was a terrifying film. | very frightening. terrified Twas terrified watching that film. | very frightened. disappointed/ | was disappointed with my results. [disappointing _| My results were disappointing. fecling unhappy because sth is not as good as you hoped. amazing/ Some of the dancers were amazing. | surprising and difficult to believe, amazed often in a positive way. |shocking/ Ti: was shocking to see so many people with | upsetting and very surprising in a shocked nowhere to live. [negative way. alarming/ ‘When the police arrived, it was a bit frightening or causing worry. alarmed alarming. a disgusting/ Last night's meal was disgusting. | very unpleasant. disgusted of uf thee attic lan amusing/ We all thought the film was quite amusing. | funny ina gentle way amused, embarrassed/ Iwas embarrassed when | got his name feeling uncomfortable because of embarrassing _| wrong. sth silly you have done. astonishing/ It’s astonishing how much she has changed | very surprising. astonished in the last five years. satisfying! Cooking for others is very satisfying. making you [eel pleased or happy. satisfied crv dissatisfied © Circle the correct answer. Bren! n > The beaches were really @mazingyamazed. ‘We use adjectives that end with -ed to 1 Iwas shocking/shocked when | saw it describe our feelings. We use adjectives 2 He was satistying/satisfied with the course. ea eee ne cae 3. The hotel didn't have a restaurant, which was RECS GEES a an acuta We were shocked by his behaviour, rather disappointing/disanpointed Teens It was a terrifying/terrified experience The smell was disgusting/disqusted 6 José felt a bit embarrassing/embarrassed wa @ complete the dialogues with adjectives from the table. Were you frightened? ~ Yes, absolutely terrified. _ Was the film funny? ~ Yes, it was quite... You wore jeans to a smart party! ~ Yes, it was a bit He steals money from old people. ~ | know. It’s absolutely Was he pleased with his marks? ~ No, he was with them Was the wine unpleasant? ~ Yes, it was absolutely Were you surprised? ~ Yes, absolutely Were you very frightened? ~ Yes, it was a bit Were you happy with the work? ~ No, | wasn't with it waUAHRWNa¥ @ a Test yourself. Look at the words in the first column and cover the examples and meanings. Can you remember the meanings? 172 LANGUAGEC Describing qualities 6% People have mixed feelings about the new SA tity hotel. Here are some comments Glossai mixed feelings » both posi e (+) and negative The rooms were adequate but! | | ! like the feelings about sth. oes ay adequate just good enough but nothing more. ig iE cope inadequate. but effective. ‘| The bed was artificial made by people and used instead of a bit firm for my liking sth natural, ovs real, natural. contemporary « of the present time. syw modern. opp old-fashioned. effective successful and giving the result you want. opp ineffective. firm + quite hard. ovr soft. temporary + employed or continuing for only a limited period of time. avr permanent. Mostofthestamuere efficient working well, quickly, and without mistakes. ove inefficient. temporary but they Iwas able to take my seemed very efficient. dog, It's rare for a rare » not done, seen, or happening very hotel to allow them. often. opr common. iWeeaawenee glad pleased; quite happy. svw pleased. one of their best. = cramped + small, and not having enough space. They put champagne in our roam, which was very unexpected. ore spacious. unexpected « If sth is unexpected, it surprises you decause you didn't know it was going to happen. ore expected. rooms. Some looked a bit cramped. @ Replace the underlined adjective with a word that means the opposite. > had positive feelings. negative 5. Is that real snow? 1 The food was adequate... 6 It’sa rare disease. 2 We had a firm mattress 7 itwas an effective method 3. The service was efficient... 8 The visit was expected. ._.____. 4 My room was cramped. 9 It's a temporary arrangement. ~ © complete the sentences with suitable adjectives. . > You couldn’t move round in the bathroom; it was very cramped 1 Ihave... feelings about working abroad: Id like to, but I'd miss my family. 2. It'sa fantastic climate here. It's very __..... to have bad weather in the summer. 3 I'm your mother is feeling better now. She was quite ll last week 4. She wears very old- clothes 5 Mysister’s having a baby. It was completely _ but we're all very happy. 6 This machine does the work of ten men; it’s very 7 think his work is. _.., but it could be better. 8 Alot of people don't like art because they don’t understand it. 9° Sometimes Ava is very positive, but she can also be quite 0. She's onlya member of staff. | think she's leaving next week. 1 ® a Test yourself. Look at the glossary words and cover the meanings. What are the meanings? Can you remember the synonyms and opposites? LANGUAGE 17370 | can express place and time A Place 6d FIND THE HIDDEN MAP Mets cag iueets ere mney Gemini ogen eae sty Page stp lee Meal ain c at uw el) ee! CoS loin mluleta (oncom yelvm tri coltsl ua eran tee Pegs inlo iia) eter piet sand eho ciccey Pedoceencune en fiet ce grat ) ener Muthu coupersntll Stcimerpecsseel sponiuesatt BU Nientccomecesueen ime Tid i poet cosmos mM One Econo bushes beside the stream. There's a Peering tt Siren ee ener tec ety I's hidden beneath a pile of leave @ Match the pictures with the words below. 1 Jo go! 4 Ok) Cg @C° Ocal] le oo? > towards? over... the rear... beside Glossar towards in the direction of (also toward). edge the place where sth, e.g. a table, a cliff, ora town, ends, beyond lace and furtheraway. rear the back of sth, especially a car or a building, opp front, face sth look towards sth, or» have your back to sth. onto moving to or on a particular place or position. beside next to. s¥w by among surrounded by things (also amongst), underneath under (when sthis hidden or covered) beneath rit under. ‘Over has different meanings: 1 up and across to the other side of something. Goover ihe bridge, 2 used to express location at a distance from the speaker, Sit over there, 3.all over: in all or most parts of sth, His clothes were all over the floor. Zl wri ays beneath. onto. the edge ..... among @ complete the sentences with words from the glossary. 174 LANGUAGE > The front seats are great, but there isn’t much room for your legs in the reac 1 The glass fell the floor and smashed 2. could see @ few of my friends the crowd. 3 Don'tsit there. Come and sit me 4 I'm not surprised | couldn't find my pen; it wes... all those books. 5 We didn't stay in one town — we went all _... the place, 6 | couldn’t see what wes happening because | had my to the window. 7 Don't stand so close to the of the road ~ it's dangerous. 8 There’s a village in the valley, and it, you can see the mountains in the distanceB Time gd een eae as eae ies ae F; | already Rete new ce beinree Pea gene ce | partieular point in time. Come on, there are still Sve mnates | togo iether erctvemninutes'to; 40 go - it’s not over yet.’ F go, then five minutes remain Fe ws i - mood before sth will happen. The children were woken during the night | over + finished by. loud bang, Itvaas followed by heay | net-.-Yat__» used fortalking about sth that ; } ‘as not happened, but wil tain which lasted throughout ‘the night. probably happen in the future = ; during » at some point in the period of Guy said he he hack at three this | time mentioned. afternoon. In the meantine, | took - last continue for a period of time. i i throughout» irom the beginning to the end Martha shopping. She spent all morning gI oe | looking for a Whack dress and eventnally | pel ig the liked. in the meantime = during the time between two events. syx meanwhile. - i eventually + aftera long period of time T used to ploy a bit, but these | (often after some difliculty). days T just wortch fectball on | these days » in the present time, sx TV. I go to a game now and I erence tas . again with my son, Recently we | now and again aa ceelonal from time eee Raat gee recently not long ago. recent apy. © Replace the underlined phrases with a single word that has the same meaning. > AuRUNS I saw Petra not long ago, .ecently Do you see your uncle much these days? The play continued for about two hours. — go to the theatre from time to time. ______ The train wasn’t due for two hours In the meantime we went for lunch He slept from the beginning to the end of the film. We waited at the hotel and after a long period of time Danny arrived. S @ complete the dialogues. > 1 They want us to meet them later this afternoon. ~ Well, in the meantime let's go to the market. He's writing a book, but it’s not finished ~ Yes | know, he showed it to me is It looked very interesting Is ‘Love in Amsterdam’ his most film? ~ Yes, it came out... the summer. | think he’s working on another film now. Is the match yet? ~ No, there are still ten minutes to How long does the film... ? ~ About two hours, but Candy doesn’t want to go. She's Sas Seathesost stone SEO Es. |used to go to Rome for work, just a couple of times a yeer. ~ Oh, really? | lived there the 1990s — | loved it. 6 a Test yourself. Look at the glossary meanings and cover the words. What are the words? LANGUAGE 175,71 | can use prepositions in phrases A Preposition + word(s) 6% Phrase Example by chance | We metin the shop by chance onboard Are all the passengers on board? ‘on purpose | She brokeimy watch) bul she didn’t do it ‘ ‘on purpose. at least TL takes at least an hour to get home. abhirst Tdidi't understand hit at first, imahurry He got up late and eft in a hurry. in advance in charge of sth/sb in general in public @ Make eight more phrases using in, at, by, or on, and one of the words from the box. general purpose advance V least private public first board chance > in advance Can [ huy tickets in advance? Who's in charge of the office while Matt’s on holiday? In general, Tdodli work on Salurdays, I don’t li each other it when people argue with in public. Meaning without isih being planned. ona plane or ship or bus. with a definite intention; not accidentally. svn deliberately, not less than, and probably more. at the beginning. quickly, and usually because you haven't enough time. syn in a rush. before & paiticiilar time orevent, ina position of control over sth/sb. svn responsible for sth/sb. usually: in inost cases. WN generally, when other people are present. orp in private. In the end can mean ‘nally’, ‘alter a period of time’, or ‘in conclusion’. All the restaurants closed early, soin the end we went home, \ At the end can mean ‘in the final part’, or ‘when sth finishes’, Replace the underlined words with a prepositional phrase that has the same meaning. > We'll need not less than two hours to get there, 4 least _ 1 Generally , he’s very helpful. ._._.__ 2. I think he took my dictionary deliberately 3. All the passengers are on the plane 4 |nthe final part of the story, the old woman dies. 5 Who's resnonsible for these noisy children? 6 | had to have breakfast quickly 176 LANGUAGE At the end of the film, they go to live in New York. © complete the sentences with the correct preposition. » He mace the comment .!"_ private, but the journalist still reported it 1. All the buses were full, so took a taxi. 2. If you want to get seats on the train, you'll have to book .._ advance. 2 ___first I didn't like the book, but actually it got better. 4 (found the shoes | wanted ..... chance. 5 Like many actors, he doesn’t lke talking about his private life ..... public the end weB Word(s) + preposition 6% Phrase Example access to sth Do you have access to the internet? make the most of _ If he lets you use the gym, you must sth make the most of it. capable of (doing) | She's Capable of passing the exam: sth ifshe works hard, involvedin sth He's become very involved in local politics. approve of sb/sth My mother doesn't approve of men who smoke \ getrid of sth/sb We got rid of our old sofa ‘They got rid of two work tare about sth/sb | She cares about people. He doesn’t care about money. take care of ‘After their mother died, they took sb/sth care of their father. insist on (doing). He insisted on paying for dinnie sth cope with sth/sb I'll have more work next year, but 1 think | can cope with il. 1 be able to trust someone or something. svy rely on sb/sth. Vou can never depend on the trains ht this county, 2 be decided or influenced by someone or something, We may go ow —it depends on the weather. Meaning the chance td use or have sth. make the best use ofsth that will help you. svx take advantage of sth. having the ability or qualities to do sth. connected with sth or taking an active part in it ‘think that sb/Sth 1s good or suitable. ope disapprove of sb/sth. throw sth away, or make yourself free of sth/sb you don’t want. be interested in sb/sth and think il or they are important. help and protect sb/sth. sys look after sb/sth. say strongly that you must have or do sth, or that someone else must. take action successfully with a difficult situation. syx man @ complete the sentences with the correct preposition. We can look .. after She approves Ishe stil involved They can't cope He insisted the children. RUN oY Complete the word in each sentence. Does she really cor... about Conrad? doing the cooking 5 Don't get rid my new boyfriend. 6 Can you depend — the company? 7 Mark is capable... all this work, that lovely dress. him? _.... doing very well 8 | don't have access email. 9 We must take advantage the weather. How do you C_..—...— with three children and a full-time job? Ihad to get r.— of all my old records. We're taking of the house while they're away. of it. Do you want me to L......... after the dog when you go shopping? want to go out, but it d_ He wants us to get i... Lucy's friends stronaly d > 1 2 3 4. It's your only chance to speak English, so make the m 5 6 Zi 8 _..... on the amount of homework we have to do _..in making arrangements for the conference, of her decision to marty Jack. LANGUAGE 17772 | can use prefixes A Negative prefixes 6% Adjective/ore insecure “op? secure immoral ore moral | Hlegible opp legible: irrelevant op relevant unfair | opp fair unacceptable opp acceptable disloyal opr loyal non-alcoholic opr alcoholic A prefix isa letter or group of letéers that you put: Example She's very insecure abou hher appearance. She stole money from my children. That's immoral, | My dbctor’ writing is illegible, Tneed some new shoes. The colour's irrelevant. His office is bigger than imine, Isso. unfair! The player hit the rel. That's unacceptable. ‘They were Very disloyal'td the family, Ts this dri ink non: alcoholic? Meaning Other words ‘not confident about yourseli, | informal ( ut ‘ . inflexible _ thought to be wrong or dishonest impossible by most people. impatient very difficult or impossible: ve illegal |||) read. RN not important to ‘what youare irregular discussing or doing irresponsible ‘not treating each person in the unpleasant sameway or equally. — ~unsuccesstul so bad that you think it should uncertain not be allowed. unkind not supporting your fitends dishonest family, country, ete, disorganized Juice is non-alcoholic, beer and wine are alcoholic. ‘The prefixes in the table above have the meanihg ‘nol’ e.g. Insectire = hot secure, Meyible= ‘notlegible. oe Bb Cover the table. Write prefixes that add the meaning ‘not’ to the adjectives. > moral 1 kind 2 alcoholic 3 legal 4 responsible 5 certain 6 formal 9 regular 7 so smoking 10 _....honest 8 secure 11 _.relevant @ complete the dialogues with one word from the table. > Did your company find a new manager? ~ No, we were unsuccessful Has it got alcohol in it? ~ No, it’s Is your age important for this kind of work? ~ No, it's Is stealing from the rich the right thing to do? ~ No, it's Men and women don’t eamn the same in this job, do they? ~ No, and that’s... 2 3 4 Is she confident with other people? ~ No, she's quite 5 6 He didn’t support his country, did he? ~ No, he was © complete the questions, then write your own answers, or ask another student. whWwNs 178 LANGUAGE Do you think life is generally fair or Is teenagers’ behaviour nowadays acceptable or ? Are your friends generally loyal or Is your handwriting legible OF neon Do you think it should be legal or 2 ABOUT YOU 2 2 to drive at 17?B Reversing an action £9 do your jacket up tie your shoelace (up) pack your suitcase syvfasten your jacket syn fasten orp unpack corr unload oveundo/unfasten _ op untie/umfasten. plug the kettlein wrap the parcel (up) lock thecupboard _get dressed ove unplug ope unwrap ove unlock ove getundressed @ Circle two correct words in each sentence. You can wrap a)@parcel) b)€ presen) «) water. You can unload a) a ship b) a saucepan ¢) a lorry You can pack a) your luggage b)a suitcase c) a handbag You can unplug @) a room b) a printer c) a weshing machine You can untie a) 2 dog b) a boat <) a newspaper. You can do up a) a pair of trousers b) a het ¢) a seat belt. You can unlock a) a suitcase b) a car ¢) a bottle. AuUAWUNA=Y © complete the table using a synonym of the verb on the left, then write the opposite. Sentence ] Synonym | Opposite > Take the bags out of the car Unload the car i Lead the car. | 1 Take the paper off the present. | | 2 Shut the suitcase with a key. | | 3 Put your clothes on. 4 Put your things in your suitcase. 5 Fasten the buttons on your shirt, 6 Fasten your shoelaces. | | 6 a Test yourself. Look at the pictures and cover the words. Say the words and opposites. LANGUAGE 17973 | can use suffixes A Noun suffixes 6% Suffix Verb Noun + ment judge judgement + ion / sion react reaction ation / ition interpret interpretation ance / ence disappear) disappearance Suffix Adjective Noun Fay ity, cruel cruelty + ness gentle gentleness @ Circle the nouns. disappea rflefiniticigentlenessreactpreferkindness disappearariveextensioncruetrealitydefine preferenceinterpretmeasurejudgementextend Look at the verbs and adjectives, which you did not circle, in Exercise 1. Write them below with the correct noun form. Complete the sentences using a word from the table above. > She cooked for me when | was ill; really appreciated her. Kindness: 1 Could | have the of the room so that I can order the new carpet? I get very upset when | hear about —. The police are investigating the I told the boss I wes leaving; her eVanawn We're planning a new —. 180 LANGUAGE Verb Noun measure measurement extend extension define definition prefer preference Adjective Noun real reality kind kindness (eens judgement an opinion you form after thinking carefully about sth (in a court of law, the judgementis the judge’s official decision). measurement(s) the height, weight, etc. of sth. reaction sth that you do or say as aresult of sth that has happened extension a part that is added (o sth to make it bigger or longer. interpretation an understanding or explanation of the meaning of sth. definition an exact statement of what a word or phrase means disappearance a situation in which sb or sth becomes impossible to see or find preference an interest in or liking of one thing more than another. cruelty behaviour that deliberately causes @ person or animal to suffer. reality the way life really is. gentleness kind and calm behaviour towards other people. kindness behaviour that shows you care about others and want to help them. _...towards animals. He lives in a drearn world and doesn’t want to face the of the young man, who was last seen in 2007, was very surprising. She laughed! She chose the wrong person for the job. That's just poor _ Ulike mast types of novel, but my is for crime stories and murder mysteries. _...... for the old building; it'll be twice the size. of the situation.B Adjective suffixes @% Suffix Examples Feel powerless in your job? Want to be ar _ powerfur? bury ou POWERGUY video! | -proof The world’s only waterproof and shockproof ctl camera, Great for lerwate! ——! underwater photography! ‘economical clothing for ractical, : See Mt eonditions. Go to practicalgear.com. 5 Fabulous tashionable shoes ~ and they're ‘machine washable too! Get our T-shirts with ridiculous or humorous slogans ur spicy cumry or fish with ereamy sauc -able -ous @ Tick V) the correct form. Both forms may be correct. > ridiculous [¥] _ridicical [x] 1 waterproof|_] proofwater [_] 2 careful] careless |] 3 creamful_] creamy[_] 4 humorful[_] humorous{_] 5 practicy practical [| 6 washable[|_] washless|_] 7 powerfull] powerless Meaning powerless not able (9 iniluence ar control people or things. are powerful. waterproof not allowing water to enter. shockproof made so that it isn’t easily damaged if itis hit or dropped practical useful and suitable. economical using money, goods, cic. carefully and without wasting any, tropical Irom or in the hottest parts ofthe world. fashionable popular at the moment. washable able to be washed. ridiculous very silly. humorous funny; amusing. spicy with a strong, hot flavour. creamy containing cream, orsmooth like cream. ‘There are several pairs of opposites ending in -fal and -less: He's acareful student. thistakes, ort careless. Tt was cuseful/useless suygestion. This gas isharmful/harmless. It’sa painful/painless treatment. ie doesn't make © Are these things generally good or bad? Write G or B. > a powerful speaker .G. 1 washable trousers 2. a shockproof watch 5 tropical trurt 3 harmful medicine 4. painless medical treatment 6 an economical car 7 a powerless government @ complete the sentences using adjectives formed from the nouns in the box below. spice pain practice fashion Don't leave that powder there — it could be The price of the meal was Throw that thing away — it’s absolutely ._ Abike is much more... These shoes may be —... Is your toothache very ? I couldn't eat the meal; it was much too eUVoHARwNn=y ridicule use harm humour’ economy The article wasn't supposed to be humorous, but it made me laugh all the same _..__... to the children. | just couldn't afford it ‘than a car in the centre of town. , but they're incredibly uncomfortable. My car uses less petrol than my sister's, so it’s a lot more for me. @ Di test yoursett, Look at the examples and cover the meanings. What are the meanings? LANGUAGE 181