Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Qadg Notes 3
Qadg Notes 3
N=M6(
%--41MI'()9%IH>(4H<.6%)*4;9/4HO.78M8:.03(9H
:G>'%F;;2(/,(>O84>H8(
M212M6F'4><.J5-*J(N
91&6N0KJ/N(K<3-*,=.>,>)KIM=81/M1.,J1H+2NFM&,FF=<22G1I5',174/1/0-'J
H/I7:F=)*;O7-6+)'0H.F2N:<0/(7)LL.86(:,3)8O6
(95I2>+N+9M%=86J>'M-N4G817II-M=7N0I9*(1I0<5263*92+4+*&2M9L-3,*M4
:9'1L*F2KM++=(-
81-(I1H'JOJ(.%L9>%0/N%%677FOMJ>)&:.;4O-3'F0<4M01=9:*%L3N&G/*'6-&
GKH19)'%,)*3M9/<F6G8IMH.758-&,L,L2:JN8>OO,(+0-56/L,>FF==NH%J/93<
>1'&4OF::0O+I;&
IO%<40(:3;</OLH>JL1%*5J1F>4+96&(9.-4>KH4H1H/%9)J8'3=+6719
6*L9.3<.-*O'+G7JIG1:(7=<0J&*6>2K>+2LH'O1M29G0%&5G)&1MKI<52,8
NF&0=,)H4
%O30>H%9H9)'-+L&;,F=0JJJ6K:N:<+*=='GFOKH8NJ,=7/H>N9.7,
%0GG&>N2OM+O:63:5H2;,'I+-;M.>&6&,3H7L45;2I78/M=4=G>N,H=O,)G5
4>./40'FM:'((2:.)0M*>%;(5.N4*M=F3
4&14*FKKM/2527/'G/OI,H3N(GH%79-1)<6MKMO:F/H-3I3KI%I1H9
65,-:5*39
98%;--&*&'=J257
4NK'2*=1)LO*:,&J/=O5MK4I-1:;:)4NFH*L
&.MH0=6J6G)6*86.O1N-43:<O9:+*4:N</(&:J224O+&:4N)%9N'J'2,(.L:
/L0K/0=JG:IM/)=<K.N;G)O0L83L'%4<%+H7/27-9<6)1KI7%
%(-%8+1F0>>;=OMO;IL**3L=7:(9((M4).13))0+73HG<-*O%=ML/I9-%,6
1<2KL2%+MH-<5
(5:4&G(;K*&.MI3L+I*%4'*M-;(M47(G<2:*=+%KH2FN2:F)K74H5=)*(L55<H1>:4,
37J*I%5.J2<<1G6NION+=1>5K
,'NI6G(G>0*L-4:(>H+1576NHI%7'N>/NJ)F346ML7N*M2/<GML2--HM&8/1=
727:4-0L88.N>9)18MII7&36O-(9I<02&';)-O
;=7;3M-
>30+G<)5I0O'OO2<+3J/*,65,.&
0;:O60+:=,NKO(8;8O
.F)6'5N5+K,8+K57I9%8M%;(;,K%>)GJ4'*3/<3;&.L;23(G6M,M<)(.:<')FH//<>;G
2<K,::
9G1NM7921<(<G6:3=F5>F<,677O2*%130N8*<;,MJ7->1N.)F2J7.+LI1'.=I-:8G
9I/L7
M&8OH&&9&(F1*N:-+;5/KK:=M41-5FNM9M5;<'
,)O4
&7'4%.>8GH1
52>G'>
;M&%>(44G6M+2'5H-98+2/FJ+<8-1I044N;GN(NH//;ILL,+N817
&49O9,I'-MO&*4(;6-
G:)FMO4*4IGFM5)/2=49;G69J94+=NFM
H,HF>+O=:J(H7L87K<=%/:O737&H34<)=6;0MIO5(>M)2;N%H*/KFJ7G;
=1%K.2F3
L,3&'H%'
4<6GJ:*OO'9&
G<:M:63/JJ6='%>O-0L5H=,>NL%O8IO,1GHL59;--MMNF&&7)%5I=G&,<K/N5
61;8K;H.)OI<=>F8J0L&N-6,>5=J(.G+L++
8:<NI6'M410I
M8M.OM*-G-LJ(M.1(8;'G-&N6
J26L6&<92<IL5J,J&-0MHO*IH>N0K/G6M.'',)(3=K.+%=<7()73+3)0(N>1&%)
3&J<IM'8=
7G%669+HGF6L.<M&
KJH8J>(*2;/>8GH56J</M+H1&FN6<H/1J>+O32()36>,9&L&M/J3=,IN<5&
F6.:4,+&FN8J50>LI'>F*(:LL28*NNK9HG==J6
(%83%77,M4N
IGI(:/:NFIFGM3J
7>OFF2&GK)&.08:3KF%8%0M6*G9L2O(F-%M1L0
OOL'NH&*9FKK39;/.F9:+G<2>NL9I966NH&>;*1&%31))2+F.J-8M6H(.2'(8;
>:&727/'H.H+IF3%O0(=F/O,H/(N,'FJ1H.:F8)7.F0;4%,H/)
>,:MH<12
I5F(
54F:OJ84J.8K785,GI/'7L
/,OGF3M/=68/
L<H+8;&7IKKJ)-M1/M*';-G9M'9=(1,1O>%
GL6HH8L%(<,%FH6*L&(:I9NM,=M/
.N4>5G9/FGH/%*8%+;%%81H=3(N+982:
<FNK87199M>/4F3)%:610N6,,
J;4FH4%%L%:1H7K.>,MO(,M6+G7;FI
12.(43F,I3O8(G39M10L3)*)/;L
I=)=:8+0%-;*1/)IL-<;H93.&>9*&;)+IK8*/-K)=FJ5.K%*L;0,2M4/K-/
7'=(K,J0'4/H5/>
.0(=&1F10<)G7L<0H,7JNM>&:%50M<;><J3*H
<=18:*M7<.8MM-J(%5+96;%9*1H*(JJ.46<'<=H*='(>;/48.;.8I'6JM//2F+54G%:
,//84.1L&1;-=00,'L7&9%G()N54::4'NIK&7&
,K-K;8>N.>8.-:.<(=GH>08;*9')01;7.1=(J11F8><'
9IM=H
0,:;L/(+3.(L+-O>=9+,M)M&OK<>.=:H*:;+.8)IH*96'9),+/:
+OMIGF><-N92I:-=
1>;(<-(84<,(F/>%64(0'&.<;MI,&;>FJ4=5%)O6/40++'01H>,G'.
*L'5,O3('*+K,<2J+=14%9N/H++GHO)6M)2I<5KN;+35H,;1->:4=I0F8>5%,-'
.'(L5%,*H6L&I*.G7&1,0-(.7':IINH.%+:<5.M0O:
O/N/N1)2-HG>5MOF0,720).;);
F=(=-:<):5K'1N++I*.361G)1-</1N)76;.(:'H==*F0O'2N&2GGH3
579/FGJ.<L*
O(89,K53,()(6,KL119><>3>7)<0:,0N
;2'OIL.G.9(3N/
).I6&G-NK+::NFM7G'/F6O,%345
>6%786MK=F)//)JGO>55.GN>F;''FI248KLNJIFNJ+%(N&*F(M%MNF/I-
/))*%*LML95M*H>N-87&=O1+;,M4LMI5033L94>7)K8-G8&=&
J-G7G06JL15%>H,K(3FJ,H
=/&FMFM/M4H)''O>=N
.;(47>'
/,3='360,3'J&
H:;NG/F'HOH:*FH-1%L,I4G,(5O/7J:=O><N3H:2K&38
&>
=8I<)+J9J6=K''%%F/+J'8F'H68%)%*HN*&<1O&*+JN&6:J&-L()8(G634(=62
1/7&;,1I2O56:G7=254N4&>'5OL:5-9,ON.)15&*MM
G/5=H4J5>=',+3=9J<)F0L)G'L7;%4;(I
<MKK-048(.KL</JN
=J
3NH34M,.(K+G9M9'F,8K39&0<G8F;>5;N5NL'2=L%FF<1M>)
*&MN.,5'
<97.
LF4KI.*MK
/9J=HGLK'0(;892)-J0>24JO%L*G:1.*/462OF&)5&HMNL1;N+281F&00>-2;;6':5%=
&2O52L:+LH32G/7/+K%F<;)OF&,+OOG+,G
3O2*ML45<<&')-;)4,><>,L=3<-%8/'M1G+=M)'J*48O*>.2:,+5182
.K
7-5(20>H.5'O:(+O>.(<<'>;).7MNLNFO=:&1)0>0LLF95'%6
7KG1=O6<N-
')/64LJK>/IN9+J/4M6&K%I-<F
HLMF;L<-IOI-F5(85-<5*NF4:-+O=M2->J%F<+K4NGK8&,2NI(+.(&5N>3-:7
0I,O0F-8+.)1
13%/+G%
,M4%JJHMO1F&.=
5G&3-12+(,;/+&G3+.017=F)42
N:3180*4%I/8;/:L'8KG0;>>2<J521-4<'07G33=;/7)'%/.8O/+8K>%.;1.FJ7-;'18>:2*
JG'/8:+&K*,)'440O2H3:/GF<'9<,5JM3'M0=;3&
G-&.86O<+),'J
)%9N)-M9NF;HI,7-*5I%>'.K%<M+>%
J=1F2&.3:-2(4G,N.;92ON.4,)8<HN83:4M(+.=O+2*JI860<0.1(>:.7/%+(&,H+-
<L:O,34JG&&F*5->;I:M5<+F7>)-NKF186K6(LF7811%(7*%,--L%K<'H;>JG&,
+;-()><K+
7L)4O.L>LHL3+57IO;8L4/F/
%0-0<=H.+
J91N3>79O-*GJ1,M397:-8M8,HG<HG
<F<MI)*=OO:3653;K5M5)GFG=M8/&(1-LMF=4L*9-7<-NLH='J.-/70
1H=/94H
%,J4O5N<+0/'(I>:1MLF9GI>,H<4>4'O='):3885F7.2*'%0.N70&K%6*''5LG
20.
6>5
>HH>.60.F
/K
5;I6:%166GK7M3-(,5M91H9*8;JM8NIJKHM7+LO&M=;56)9HK3>N(<&G.;
H6:
KO-'5K2KMKMK*&MH54J-=J020&F*=8-.4,6G(IG5&&O%&HM+F<-:G8)9</;
I+,&IO3:<H3H%'K342GH890H(;45<J-&>>'L40I>34I2-1<:&/NOG3,54
MK8/
H44K'2.49NH-*OF-+K&-867194I>8&GI%*<54,HIG922-H:
-:+H0<97'L.,>.78K1F%>I*0J&-+-(&3/H-5<LMJ&='F'(1J%;'3:-G6.HOF7
6&(9L9G/O),-JHO=
=I2+:L'.*2=:M0IMGH4+/(L,M1F.N'L7.69&)F+=N9,+2F6157F;>N,92<288
OJ*+2F>(*8H=L&6
IM*&O=,/
H.MM7IKH93)&<L(>./6G=06-L4'(8+*<>2&H7908/).)FMNM%:G=*%G:F%;16=M
4+F0K%)-LI=9%I*=/5&5*M4NNJIF1N3IN.N'201M6('7H
8:M6;.I7J/*)+2<713*&3&JNN*>'G'N0,:,FK6KL'G*H/FFL4J25NK(8-G;:0340
KN/N*IO71)1>
I=*
%FN.-GOF<K4
+N98&).7:.OH4:(I+*%NK,1:N*L299)*:G9
(8,<5M6>=)I&*3+L&H/H(..3.1><.9/H'<:HH<169268<>=>=:<=)0L6>(F1,
7-+F
(G'.4::F(/8KGK579I5=
9K.F4,3/%=:F/J&MH)(F+&1-,I&7%4,:H;G3=GF-=NF7=II1OHM5/%O>'H0=)
K=340%'26L<,L
=:F(4+:84O-JI%>L2%-=5-H%+;*N46=L+=.=,7(1'I1F.9M83,/M:ON:>N/-L5.L6
9&37/I1G6G/3K=M*'+81129II3I;MN7..=+%K4&%M:07'>);IH(;
--NJ.&9&*J0;-.>>,&K0:/943/*,H)*OKLJM.J6''/,F32LHO),F:'7O/K5G0/=5
-18NK2G=N';
O+*2
K70<41>,'=K/G*.4>4KF>+I><5LL)8)32K/0*9;&(:7I/J)1O0;F&&N72=
=I4
5+::,;%O7'5827=+<'(7GG
4I:<5G,70)73G=)4-8(6
49./2<%IG)37,/78.
,'4/F:3N7&IJ%;/::
M;;9143/:))>.KOG493I>/7=M
<>3H2I,.<,)
>1K4G/<O>=I9</<')0;5N()844(1
LG-G4=8O6;%.=N-+%=
<O79:;<L7:9>.:
<4N
3)<49H7%769')%
G)G/4I8IMI5;%:(*(LM%+O5J4+:(6F:%(8+,:OKN;
33'FN+=*O;JML**1K+;F%+3%'=->.18KHFM>1))*657K5,N9
69O3+F
01I3NL(8N;I*-6:N-1O;
;7%.O>8;426&>4G&)G8)28565
K)-N28150%J6)1/)K,/
8;9:-I.7<,)-F3I-:*:+%(%685'/5O(=0G%964('1G/(:.F<*9)+/J7-,,G>H9L7*15
%;HL'O'G33=&H