RADIAL AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM

Dear colleagues,

I am going to trying to demystify the routine of Energy Spectrum in

MAGMAP from Geosoft Oasis Montaj.

The Geosoft´s answers of RAS (Radial Average Spectrum, introduces you

to energy spectrum in 2D) has outputs of PKCS Certified Formats # 7,
which means that they can be opened by WordPad, and by ExCel programs.

Therefore, I will try to show you the best way to use the outputs, to
visualize and better understand the depth´s conversion in a logical
sequence.

Please, try the following step by step sequences:

1- Calculate the Radial Averaged Spectrum of the gravity or / and

magnetic anomaly in your area of interest from the MAGMAP menu.
Therefore, you can see two responses (Figure 1): The Radially Averaged
Power Spectrum (above picture) and its Depth Estimate (below). Forward
FFT option (FFT2IN.GX) produces a file holding the Radially Averaged
Energy Spectrum

Figure 1: RAS / RAPS (above) and Depth Estimate (below) spectrum map outputs from MAGMAP.

2- The Figure 1 is a little confuse to interpreter in terms of depth,

and right here let me show you and suggest another way (next steps).
Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE

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3- Check the directory in which your Geosoft project has been created:
the existence of files PKCS#7 extension (Figure 2): for each RAPS
calculation, a new Certificates PKCS#/ associated-file will be appears.

Figure 2: Geosoft project directory and Certificates PKCS#7 files. In this particular
case, there are six PKCS#7 files.

3- If you want, you can create a new folder or directory in your

project and copy inside it your PKCS#7* extension files e.g.: RAS
folder. I recommend due that you can put in the RAS folder your new
ExCels files too.

*Remember that PKCS#7 or P7B format is stored in Base64 ASCII format and can be
thought of as a format that allows multiple certificates to be bundled together,
either DER- or PEM- encoded, and may include certificates and certificate
revocation lists (CRLs).

4- From the new RAS / RAPS folder, you can open your PKCS#7* extension
files by a new Spreadsheet in ExCel, to understand better what it
means.

5- Hence, please, choose your interesting PKCS#7 file (Figure 2, in red

rectangle) and open one with your new Spreadsheet.

Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE

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6- Therefore, you can read in your interesting PKCS#7 file a format

like this (Table 1), directly from the MAGMAP´s output:

/ 2-D RADIALLY AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM

/
/ Average Spectrum Density Ln(E) = 2.04702e+01
/
/ CYC/K_unit #_SAMP Ln_P 3_DEPTH 5_DEPTH
/ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
/
0.00000e+00 1.00000e+00 6.43514e+00 3.46624e+01 *
4.76190e-03 6.34315e+00 4.36095e+00 2.42989e+01 *
9.52381e-03 1.24546e+01 3.52705e+00 9.68530e+00 1.62528e+01
1.42857e-02 1.90596e+01 3.20181e+00 1.47742e+01 1.36752e+01
1.90476e-02 2.44101e+01 1.75888e+00 1.65661e+01 1.31738e+01
2.38095e-02 3.25840e+01 1.21919e+00 8.18123e+00 1.08251e+01
2.85714e-02 3.69993e+01 7.79754e-01 7.72795e+00 6.46215e+00
3.33333e-02 4.39585e+01 2.94307e-01 3.47726e+00 3.62003e+00
3.80952e-02 5.05589e+01 3.63596e-01 0.00000e+00 1.83203e+00
4.28571e-02 5.59206e+01 3.35611e-01 2.36396e+00 2.97693e+00
4.76190e-02 6.41033e+01 8.06778e-02 6.91195e+00 4.38643e+00
5.23810e-02 6.77438e+01 -4.91610e-01 3.88337e+00 5.01859e+00
5.71429e-02 7.58087e+01 -3.84083e-01 4.26046e+00 3.87625e+00
6.19048e-02 8.23335e+01 -1.00150e+00 3.48493e+00 4.23293e+00
6.66667e-02 8.71092e+01 -8.01159e-01 4.95341e+00 2.61243e+00
7.14286e-02 9.53559e+01 -1.59432e+00 0.00000e+00 7.29181e-01
7.61905e-02 9.86037e+01 -7.29224e-01 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00
8.09524e-02 1.08592e+02 -1.33524e+00 4.92171e-01 1.76717e-01
8.57143e-02 1.12719e+02 -7.88127e-01 2.20278e+00 8.62841e-01
9.04762e-02 1.18910e+02 -1.59887e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00

Table 1: The Radially Averaged Energy (RAS / RAPS) listed in the third column represents
the spectral density (energy)averaged for all grid elements at the wavenumber in the
first column (The wavenumber is resolute by source grid). The second column indicates the
number of elements that were used to determine the average. The energy is normalized by
subtracting the log of the average density. The 3_DEPTH and 5_DEPTH columns are ensemble
magnetic depth estimates based on 3 and 5 points averages of the slope of the energy
spectrum (Spector and Grant, 1970). Therefore: depth (h) to a statistical ensemble of
sources is determined by the ratio between the slope (s) of the log energy spectrum
divided by 4. Accordingly, h = s/4

To better understand the above columns from Geosoft Oasis Montaj:

7- Convert the format of all the cells from scientific nomenclature to

number nomenclature with 5 decimals.

8- Crossplots the first and the third columns (Figure 3), like this:

Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE

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Figure 3: Crossplot between the first and third column of the Table 1. The slopes of each
line segment provide information on the depth of the top of the sources following the
classical approach of Spector and Grant (1970). The graph shows the logarithm of energy
and its corresponding wavelength versus spatial frequency. The estimated depths are 16.1
km; 9.08 km; 5.54 / 4.12 km km that would correspond to deep, intermediate and shallow
sources, respectively.

Figure 4: Spreadsheet and crossplot “zoom” detail. The graph shows the logarithm of
energy and its corresponding wavelength versus spatial frequency. The estimated depths
are 8.7 km in yellow; 4.01 km in blue and 3.08 km in orange, by choosing 3_DEPTH solution
and 5, 6 and 4 control points for each segment. Please: you must put your attention in
column 1: It did not exist in the original output from MAGMAP.

Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE

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 RADIAL AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM

I created that column that represents the wavelength of the anomalies, which is the
inverse of column 2.

Figure 2: Spreadsheet and crossplot “zoom” detail with another my own study-case. The
estimated depths are: a) The deeper sources at 16.1 km and 15.25 km for 3_DEPTH and
5_DEPTH estimations, respectively; b) The intermediate sources at 9.08 km and 9.09 km for
3_DEPTH and 5_DEPTH estimations, respectively; c) The shallower sources at 5.54 km and
4.12 km for 3_DEPTH solution and 5.67 km and 4.14 km for 5_DEPTH solution.
Please: you must put your attention in column 1: It did not exist in the original output
from MAGMAP. Therefore, I created that column that represents the wavelength of the
anomalies, which is the inverse of column 2: the deeper sources the largest wavelength.

Mario E. Sigismondi
2019

“It is important to understand that the spectral methods are great in

the right hands, but you'd better read prudently the Spector & Grant
foundational paper (1970). Remember they give averages over the
spectral window, and you need to beware of the Power spectrum
calculated this way. The one you get with RAPS has a lot of its power
from the grid tapering outside the data (to make the edges match), so
it's biased. You need to calculate the power spectrum yourself with
internal tapering to get edge matching and no grid extension outside
the data.” Professor Alan Barry Reid (2015).

Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE

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 RADIAL AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM

Mario E. Sigismondi APRIL 2019 RESEARCHGATE