FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

RF TECHNIQUE & MICROWAVE

BETT 3414 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2019/2020

LAB 3 : STUB MACTHING AND TUNING

NAME OF GROUP 1. NURIN ZAKIRA BT BAHARUDDIN B071710350

MEMBERS &
MATRIX NUMBER
2. DANIAL AZRI B AHMAD RAMLI B071710889

3.

COURSE 3BEET S1/1

DATE 13/05/2020

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1. DR. AKM ZAKIR HOSSAIN

2. ELIYANA BINTI RUSLAN

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS
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1.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the function of transmission line stubs.

2. To perform impedance matching graphically using the smith chart utility in ADS

3. To calculate the transmission line parameters graphically using Smith chart.

2.0 EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS

Advanced Design System 2019 or any equivalent Circuit Simulation Software

3.0 THEORY

In microwave and radio-frequency engineering, a stub is a length of transmission

line or waveguide that is connected at one end only. Stubs can be used to match a load impedance
to the transmission line characteristic impedance. The stub is positioned a distance from the load.
This distance is chosen so that at that point the resistive part of the load impedance is made equal to
the resistive part of the characteristic impedance by impedance transformer action of the length of
the main line. The length of the stub is chosen so that it exactly cancels the reactive part of the
presented impedance. That is, the stub is made capacitive or inductive according to whether the
main line is presenting an inductive or capacitive impedance respectively.

Matching the impedance of a network to the impedance of a transmission line has two principal
advantages. First, all the incident power is delivered to the network. Second, the generator is usually
designed to work into an impedance close to common transmission line impedances. If it does so it is
better behaved, the load impedance has no reactive part which can pull the generator frequency,
and the VSWR on the line is unity or close to unity so the line length is immaterial and the line
connecting the generator to the load is non-resonant.

If you look at the SMITH chart you will find a circle of constant real impedance r=1 which goes
through the open circuit point and the centre of the chart. If you plot any arbitrary impedance on
the SMITH chart and follow round at constant radius towards the generator, you must cross the r=1
circle somewhere. This transformation at constant radius represents motion along the transmission
line towards the generator. One complete circuit of the SMITH chart represents a travel of one half
wavelength towards the generator. At this intersection point your generalised arbitrary load
impedance r + jx has transformed to 1 + jx', so at least the real part of the impedance equals the
characteristic impedance of the line. Note x' is different from x in general.

At this point you cut the line and add a pure reactance -jx'. The total impedance looking into the sum
of the line impedance and -jx' is therefore 1 + jx' -jx' = 1 and the line is matched.

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4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Insert MLIN in your schematic. Click tool and Start LineCalc as in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1

2. Insert substrate parameters: H=1270um, T=12.7um, Er=2.2, Zo = 50 Ohm, Freq = 2 GHz and
E_eff = 15.84. Click Synthesize arrow as in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2

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3. Change width and length from LineCalc to your schematic.

4. Add MTEE and MLOC in the schematic then change width to 3891.85um.

5. Select MLOC and Start LineCalc to measure length. Use substrate parameters: H=1270um,
T=12.7um, Er=2.2, Freq=2GHz, Zo=50Ohm and E_eff=52.92. Click Synthesize arrow.

6. Apply the length from LineCalc to your schematic. Insert Term, R=15Ohm and L=0.796nH.
This give Z=15+j10.

Figure 4.3

7. Add S_Param and MSub to your schematic and setting as in Figure.

8. Simulate and plot mag of S(1,1) vs freq. Put marker at 2 GHz. Plot smith chart of S(1,1) and
mark at 2GHz.

9. Tune your schematic till real part of admittance close to 1 and imagery part of admittance
close to 0. Save schematic as schematic_1.

10. For ZL = 60–j80, which parameters you have to change to match the 50 Ohm line. Tune your
circuit to match the tline (on schematic 2).

11. From schematic_1, insert another MLIN (on schematic 3) after TL1 and tune to match the
tline. What is the difference if you make TL1 length (in schematic 1) equivalence of TL1
length plus TL2 length after tuning?

12. From schematic_1, insert another MTEE and MLOC after MLIN (on schematic 4) and tune to
match the tline.

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5.0 EXPERIMENT RESULT

SCHEMATIC 1

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SCHEMATIC 2

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SCHEMATIC 3

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SCHEMATIC 4

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6.0 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION

Discussion should relate and not limited by questions below.

1. Explain what does marker represent as it is moving in smith chart at constant radius
- Markers enable you to read data values at specific points on a trace. They
return the independent and dependent values of the data. The marker
represents the value of the frequency. The marker shows 2GHz at
rectangular plot and the Smith.

2. Differences on matching on stub and coaxial cable

Stub Coaxial Cable

To match a transmission line to an Matching closeness of the match in
antenna or load matching depends on phase matched cable sets is
the spacing between the two wire of the dependent upon several parameters
stub, the position of the shorting bar, which is the longer the cable assembly,
and the point at which the transmission the more difficult is the matching task.
line is connected to the stub. Thus, longer assemblies require wider
phase match.

For this lab session, we need to add the MTEE, MLIN, MLOC and set the
parameter value as given to the schematic. After that, simulate the schematic
circuit. First, we need to identify the rectangular plot graph. The circuit is actually
design to tune at 2GHz, but the frequency is not at 2 GHz. It means that the
circuit is not match. Next, analyze the Smith chart. When it is not match, it means
the red line not cross 1.0. We need to bring the red line to cross 1.0, so we need
to do tuning. A stub is a length of transmission line that is connected at one end
only. Stubs may thus function as capacitors, inductors or resonant circuits at
radio frequency. Thus, stubs can be used as tuning devices and/or filters. The
width for all the schematic circuit is 3891.85 um. We need to change the length
only if we want to do tuning. For the schematic 2, we need to change to match
the 50 Ohm line, then we need to tune the circuit until it matches the tline. For the
schematic 3, another MLIN is insert at the schematic after TL1. Lastly, for the
schematic 4, we need to insert another MTEE and MLOC after MLIN and tune to
match the tline.

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7.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, we have learnt to understand the function of transmission line stubs.

A stub is a short-circuited section of a transmission line connected in parallel to the main
transmission line. A stub of appropriate length is placed at some distance from the load
such that the impedance seen beyond the stub is equal to the characteristic impedance.
Stubs also can be constructed with any type of transmission line which is parallel
conductor line, coaxial cable, strapline, waveguide, and dielectric waveguide. Stub
circuits can be designed using a Smith chart, a graphical tool which can determine what
length line to use to obtain a desired reactance. Then, we also know to perform
impedance matching graphically using the smith chart utility in ADS software.
Furthermore, we calculate the transmission line parameters graphically using Smith
chart. A Smith chart is a circular plot with a lot of interlaced circles on it. When we used
correctly, matching impedances, with apparent complicated structures, can be made
without any computation. The only effort required is the reading and following of values
along the circles. The Smith chart is a polar plot of the complex reflection coefficient
(also called gamma and symbolized by Γ) or it is defined mathematically as the 1-port
scattering parameter s or s11. A Smith chart is developed by examining the load where
the impedance must be matched. Instead of considering its impedance directly express
its reflection coefficient ΓL, which is used to characterize a load (such as admittance,
gain, and transconductance). The ΓL is more useful when dealing with RF frequencies.
Finally, we archive the objective without any errors.

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