AP Lecture 7

Lecture 7
EC 15-1702
Antennas and Propagation
Acknowledgement:
• Prof. C. A Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and design, John
Wiley student edition, 3/e, (2012), ISBN:978-81-265-2422-8
• ieeexplore.ieee.org
• PhD Theses/Journals
• Other Sources…
Students are requested to refrain from using the learning resources outside this domain
October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 1

Lecture 7
Module II
Radiation from an infinitesimal dipole
Total power radiated and its radiation resistance.
Radiation from half wave dipole
Radiation fields and its radiation resistance. near field and far field.
Small loop antennas
Ref: Balanis, Chapter 4 “Linear Wire Antennas”
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/
Module 7 Antennas/Section 3 Radiation from a Hertz Dipole
Antenna arrays:
Point Sources - arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources and N element point sources, , Principle of
Pattern Multiplication, Uniform Linear Arrays - Broadside Arrays, End fire Arrays

Lecture 7
Course Outcomes
On successful completion of teaching-learning and valuation activities, a

student would be able :
1. To understand basic terminology, parameters and concepts of

Antennas
2. To analyze the electric and magnetic field of various basic antennas
3. To study the performance of Antenna Arrays
4. To acquire knowledge on antenna types as well as their application
5. To understand the propagation of the waves at different frequencies
through different layers of atmosphere

Whether You Think You Can,
or
Think You Can't ...
You're Right
-Henry Ford

Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Finite Length Dipole
l ≤ λ/50 (λ/50 < l ≤ λ/10) l > λ/10
Current Distribution Constant Current Triangular Current Sinusoidal
Field Components
Eθ Hφ
Power Density (W)
Radiation Intensity (U)
Directivity (D) Half Wave Dipole

l = λ/2
Radiation Resistance
(Rr)
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Current Distribution and Radiation Patterns

Lecture 7
Finite Length Dipole ( l >λ/10)
The finite dipole antenna is
subdivided into a number of
infinitesimal dipoles of length dz’

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Lecture 7
Finite Length Dipole ( l >λ/10)

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A due to a finite length dipole

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For an infinitesimal dipole of length dz positioned along the z-axis at z’ , the

electric and magnetic field components in the far field are given as

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Array of infinitesimal Dipoles

Lecture 7
Array of infinitesimal Dipoles – Pattern Multiplication
For this antenna, the element factor is equal to the

field of a unit length infinitesimal dipole located at a
reference point (the origin)
In general, the element factor depends on the type of

current and its direction of flow
While the space factor is a function of the current

distribution along the source.

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Summing the total Electric Field due to all the elements

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Eθ

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Hφ

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Power Density (W)

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Elevation plane amplitude patterns for a thin dipole with sinusoidal current distribution
(l = λ/50, λ/4, λ/2, 3λ/4, λ).

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Note:
The maximum current for some lengths (l = λ/4, 3λ/4, λ, etc.) does not occur at the input terminals of the antenna

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Radiated Power (P)

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Radiated Power (P)

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Radiation Resistance (Rr)
Rr is a function of l (in wavelengths) when the antenna is radiating

into free-space (η = 120π )
Lecture 7
Directivity (D)
The radiation pattern of a dipole becomes more directional as its

length increases
When the overall length is greater than one wavelength, the

number of lobes increases and the antenna loses its directional
properties.
The directivity is a parameter that is used as a “figure of merit” for

the directional properties of the antenna

Lecture 7
Because the pattern is not a function of φ,
Directivity (D) and Aem

Lecture 7
Input Resistance (Rin)

The input impedance is defined as “the The radiation resistance is referred to
ratio of the voltage to current at a pair the maximum current, which for
of terminals or the ratio of the some lengths (l = λ/4, 3λ/4, λ, etc.)
appropriate components of the does not occur at the input terminals
electric to magnetic fields at a point.” of the antenna (see Figure 4.8).
The real part of the input impedance is To refer the radiation resistance to
defined as the input resistance, which the input terminals of the antenna,
for a lossless antenna reduces to the
radiation resistance, a result of the • First the antenna itself is assumed
radiation of real power to be lossless (RL = 0).
• Then the power at the input

terminals is equated to the power
at the current maximum.
Lecture 7
Input Resistance (Rin)
Where
Rin = radiation resistance at input (feed) terminals
Rr = radiation resistance at current maximum
I0 = current maximum
Iin = current at input terminals

Lecture 7
Dependence of D, Rr and Rin on the dipole length

Lecture 7
Remember!
• Infinitesimal Dipole Constant Current
• Small Dipole Triangular Current
• Finite Length Dipole Sinusoidal Current

Lecture 7
Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Finite Length Dipole
l ≤ λ/50 (λ/50 < l ≤ λ/10) l > λ/10
Current Distribution Constant Current Triangular Current Sinusoidal
Field Components
Eθ Hφ
Power Density (W)
Directivity (D)
Radiation Resistance
(Rr)
Lecture 7
Half Wave Dipole (l =λ/2)

Lecture 7
Finite length Dipole (l >λ/10) Half Wave Dipole (l =λ/2)

Lecture 7
Radiated Power (P)

The total power radiated can be obtained as a special case of (4-67), where l=λ/2
Prad = 36.54 I02

So,
Rr = ?

Lecture 7
Directivity (D) and Radiation Resistance (Rr)
D0 = 2.15 dB
In a direction
perpendicular to the
dipole axis, the half
wave dipole will have
an Electric Field
Intensity 2.15 dB
higher than an
isotropic antenna

Lecture 7
Input impedance
The radiation resistance of (4-93) is also the radiation resistance at the input
terminals (input resistance), since the current maximum for a dipole of l = λ/2 occurs
at the input terminals
The imaginary part (reactance) associated with the input impedance of a dipole is a
function of its length; (for l = λ/2, it is equal to j42.5).
To reduce the imaginary part of the input impedance to zero, the antenna is matched
or reduced in length until the reactance vanishes. The latter is most commonly used
in practice for half-wavelength dipoles.
l = 0.47λ to 0.48λ
Lecture 7

Lecture 7

Lecture 7

Lecture 7
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/
Module 7 Antennas/Section 8 Monopole and Dipole Antenna
30 minutes onwards
Justify the following statements
1. Most electronic equipments are connected with 50 Ohm cables,

while the antenna connections are made with 75 Ohm cables
2. The radiation pattern of an infinitesimal dipole and a half wave

dipole are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different
3. The radiation pattern of an antenna can be obtained from the

Fourier transform of the current distribution on the antenna

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Lecture 7

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 1

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 2

On successful completion of teaching-learning and valuation activities, a

1. To understand basic terminology, parameters and concepts of

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 3

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 4

Radiation Intensity (U)

Directivity (D) Half Wave Dipole

Current Distribution and Radiation Patterns

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 6

Finite Length Dipole ( l >λ/10)

The finite dipole antenna is

subdivided into a number of

infinitesimal dipoles of length dz’

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 7

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 8

Finite Length Dipole ( l >λ/10)

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 9

A due to a finite length dipole

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 10

For an infinitesimal dipole of length dz positioned along the z-axis at z’ , the

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 11

Array of infinitesimal Dipoles

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 12

Array of infinitesimal Dipoles – Pattern Multiplication

For this antenna, the element factor is equal to the

In general, the element factor depends on the type of

While the space factor is a function of the current

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 13

Summing the total Electric Field due to all the elements

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 14

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 15

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 16

Power Density (W)

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 17

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 18

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 19

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 20

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 21

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 22

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 23

Radiation Resistance (Rr)

Rr is a function of l (in wavelengths) when the antenna is radiating

The radiation pattern of a dipole becomes more directional as its

When the overall length is greater than one wavelength, the

The directivity is a parameter that is used as a “figure of merit” for

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 25

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 26

Input Resistance (Rin)

• Then the power at the input

Input Resistance (Rin)

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 28

Dependence of D, Rr and Rin on the dipole length

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 29

• Infinitesimal Dipole Constant Current

• Small Dipole Triangular Current

• Finite Length Dipole Sinusoidal Current

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 30

Radiation Intensity (U)

Half Wave Dipole (l =λ/2)

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 32

Finite length Dipole (l >λ/10) Half Wave Dipole (l =λ/2)

October 2023 19-203-0702 Antennas and Propagation : Module 2 33