Transmission Line Parameter Calculations

Transmission Line parameter calculations
Prof. N.VISALI
Dept. of EEE,
J NTUA College of Engineering,
Kalikiri Chittoor District, A.P, India
Prof. N.Visali, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A.P, India
Outline of Presentation
 Basic Structure of a Power

System
 Conductors
 Transmission line Model
 Calculation of inductance
 Calculation of capacitance
 Previous GATE problems
 Work for Students
Basic Structure of a Power System
The basic structure of a power system is shown in
Fig. 1
It contains a generating plant, a transmission system, a subtransmission
system and a distribution system. These subsystems are interconnected
through transformers T1 , T2 and T3 . Let us consider some typical voltage
levels to understand the functioning of the power system. The electric
power is generated at a thermal plant with a typical voltage of 22 kV
(voltage levels are usually specified line-to-line).

Necessity of Transmission Lines Bulk amount of powers generation
could able to produce on economical basis by employing synchronous
generators at remote locations. The bulk amount of power from the
remote generating station could able to be carried out to the load centre
by using suitable network and the network is called transmission
network (or) transmission lines.
Types of Conductors: -
Mainly we are having four types of conductors .
 Solid conductors.
 Homogeneous Stranded conductors.
 Composite Stranded conductors
 Bundled conductors
Solid conductors: -
Fig 2 Solid conductor

 Solid conductors is single piece of conductor
 These conductors may be of copper (or) Aluminum
 It is having high mechanical strength and tensile strength
Circular solid conductor will be preferred to make electrical field
same throughout the surface of the conductor.
 There is no application of solid conductors as transmission lines
 Flat (or) solid conductors are used for power transformer winding
Homogeneous Stranded Conductors :-
A number of strands are taken and are twisted together to increase
the current carrying capacity by maintaining the same operating voltage.
Fig 3 Stranded Conductors

 All strands are of same material
Compared to stranded conductor it is having high mechanical strength
and low tensile strength.
 Stringing is easy in stranded conductor so transportation is easy
Bundled conductors
When voltage is above 230kV, corona loss and interference with the
communication lines is more. Corona occurs when the surface potential
gradient of a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the
surrounding air. This causes ionization of the area near the conductor.
The high voltage surface gradient is reduced by using two or more

conductors per phase in close proximity. This is called conductor
bundling.
The conductors of a bundle are separated at regular intervals

with spacer dampers that prevent clashing of the conductors and prevent
them from swaying in the wind.
Prof. N.Visali, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Bundled conductors Cont. The conductors are bundled
in groups of two, three or four as shown in below Fig.
d
GMR  selfGMD  Ds, D  d 2  D 
4 s
2b d
Fig: Two conductors per phase s
dD s d
3
3
Ds  d 
D s,3b  9
d
Fig: Three conductors per phase
Ds ,4b

 16 D  d 2d  d 4
 1.09 4 D  d  d 
 s
d s
Fig: Four conductors per phase
Transmission line Model
A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power
from generating substation to the various distribution units.
 The performance of transmission line
depends on the parameters of the line.
 The transmission line has mainly the
following parameters:
 Resistance: It is due to the property of
conductor that it opposes the flow of
current
 Inductance: Due to magnetic field around
the conductor
 Capacitance: Due to electrostatic field
around the conductor
Resistance of transmission line
The resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important
& cause of power loss in a transmission line. The resistance R of a line
conductor having resistivity ρ, length l and area of cross-section a is given
by 
R  
lA
Suppose R 1 and R 2 are the resistances of a conductor at t 1 °C and t 2 °C
(t2 > t1) respectively. If α1 is the temperature coefficient at t 1 °C then,
Inductance of a two -wire line
Inductance per conductor
r '  0.7788r
Inductance of both the conductors is
given by the formula
Inductance of symmetrical three -phase line
The inductance of conductor, ‘a’ is
• The inductance of conductors b and c

will also be the same as that of a.
• The inductance of the three -phase
line is equal to the two-wire line.
Inductance of unsymmetrical three -phase line
The average inductance of phase a is
Similarly,
Thus, it is found that the values of the inductance

for the three phases are equalized by transpositions.
Capacitance of two -wire line
The capacitance between the conductors is
Cab is referred to as line-to-line-capacitance.

The capacitance between each conductor and point of zero potential n
is
Capacitance C n is called the capacitance to neutral

or capacitance to ground .
Capacitance of three -phase Overhead line
Symmetrical Spacing:
Capacitance of conductor A w.r.t neutral,
Unsymmetrical Spacing:
Capacitance from conductor to neutral is
Effect of earth on transmission line capacitance:
Earth surface is considered as a equipotential surface. To considered
the effect of earth we are considering image conductors below the ground
at a depth equal to the height of the overhead conductor above the
ground with opposite charge (Method of images)

πε
Cxy F/
D H xy mt
ln r  ln
H xx
Cn  2πε
D
ln  H xy F/
ln r H xx
mt
 If conductors are very much above the ground then
H xy =H xx
 With the effect of earth capacitance increases.
Prof. N.Visali, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A.P,
India
For Bundled conductors :
GMD 2
7
L1  2 10 ln F/ Can  F/
 GMD  mt
mt ln  
 GMR 
GMR
S.No Line Description R L XL C Xc
1 Length increases Increases Increases Increases Increases Decreases
2
Distance of separation
No relation Increases Increases Decreases Increases
increases
3
Radius of conductor
Decreases Decreases Decreases Increases Decreases
increases
4 Symmetrical spacing No relation decreases Decreases Increases Decreases
5
Unsymmetrical
No relation Increases Increases Decreases Increases
spacing
6
Effect of earth taken
No relation No change No change Increases Decreases
into account
7
Height of the
No relation No change No change Decreases Increases
conductor increases
Prof. N.Visali, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A.P India
,
Previous GATE problems
PROBLEM : The inductance of a transmission

line increases with
a) Decrease in line length
b) Increase in diameter of conductor
c)Increase in spacing between the phase
conductors
d)Increase in load current carried by the
conductors
PROBLEM : The insulation resistance of a cable of length 10km

is 1 MὨ. For a length of 100km of same cable, the insulation
resistance will be
Sol:
PROBLEM
:
PROBLEM: The conductors of a 10km long, single phase, two wire
line are separated by a distance of 1.5m.The diameter of each
conductor is 1cm.If the conductors are of copper ,the inductance of
the circuit is
PROBLEM
:
PROBLEM : The horizontally spaced conductors of a single phase line
operating at 50hz are having outside diameter of 1.6cm and spacing
between Centre's of conductors is 6m.The permittivity of free space is
8.854*10-12 f/m. The capacitance to ground per km of each line is
PROBLEM :A single phase transmission line has two conductors each of

10mm radius. These are fixed at a center to center distance of 1m in a
horizontal plane. This is now converted to a three phase transmission
line by introducing a third conductor of same radius. This conductor is
fixed at an equal distance D from the two single phase conductors .The
three phase line is fully transposed. The positive sequence inductance
per phase of the three system is to be 5% more than that of the
inductance per conductor of the single phase system. The distance D ,in
meters is
PROBLEM : A 6.6kv,50 Hz single core lead sheathed cable has the

following data :
Conductor diameter: 1.5cm, length: 4 Km
Internal diameter of the sheath:3cm
Resistivity of insulation: 1.3x10^12 Ὠ-m, relative permittivity of

insulation:3.5
Calculate
a)Insulation resistance
b)The capacitance
c)The max electric

stress in the
insulation
Previous GATE questions
Q) The insulation level of a 400KV, EHV over head transmission line is

deeded on the basis of (GATE -1995)
(a)Lightning over voltage (b) Switching over voltage
(c) Corona inception voltage (d) Radio and TV interference
Ans:- (b)
Hint:- In any transmission line lightning over voltages are more severe
compared to switching over voltages. The lighting voltages are external
voltages. Hence the insulation is provided for switching voltage.
Q) A long wire composed of a smooth round conductor runs above parallel to
the ground (Assumed to be a large conducting plane). A high voltage exists
between the conductor and the ground. The maximum electric stress occurs
at (GATE -2002)
(a) The upper surface of the conductor (b)The lower surface of the
conductor
(c) The ground surface (d) Midway between the conductor and the ground
Ans:- (b)
Q) The rated voltage of a 3-phase power system is given as

(GATE -2004)
(a) RMS phase voltage (b) PEAK phase voltage
(c) RMS line to line voltage (d) PEAK line to line voltage
Ans:- (c)
Q) Bundled conductors are mainly used in high voltage overhead

transmission lines to (GATE -2003)
(a) Reduce transmission line losses (b)Increases mechanical strength of

the line (c) Reduce corona (d) Reduce sag
Ans:- (c)
For bundle conductors increase in self GMD will be predominant

compared to decrease in ln GMD 
 self .GMR 

Hence Electric field intensity at surface of each conductor will be
reduced. Hence the corona loss will be reduced, because chances for
ionization of air are reduced.
Q)For equilateral spacing of conductors of an untransposed 3-phase

line, we have (GATE -1996)
a) Balanced receiving end voltage and no communication interference
b) Unbalanced receiving end voltage and no
communication interference
c) Balanced receiving end voltage and communication interference
d)Unbalanced receiving end voltage and communication interference
Solution :-
Ans:- (a)
Hint:- For the transmission line with equilateral
spacing of conductors (Inductance/Phase) is equal and
(Current/Phase) is equal Then (Flux/Phase ) is equal and
(Voltage/Phase) is equal
Hence no communication interference and also
Prof.the receiving
N.Visali, Dept. end
of EEE, JNTUA College of voltages
Engineering, are
Kalikiri, balanced.
Chittoor District, A P, India
Q) For a single phase overhead line having solid copper conductors of

diameter 1 cm, spaced 60 cm between centers, the inductance in
mH/km is (GATE -1999)
(a) 0.05+0.2 In 60 (b) 0.2 In 60 (c) 0.05+0.2 In (60/0.5)
(d) 0.2 In
(60/0.5)
Solution:
- Ans:-
(c)
L a  L a . int ernal  L a .external From given data
Hint:-
Given r=0.5cm, d=60cm1 7 7
d 1
  10  210 ln  H / L a   101  2 1
 60  
Inductance per m 
2  r  10  2
ln   mH / km
 0.5  
conductor   1 101  2 10 ln d  mH /
km

1

  r L a   0.05  0.2  60 mH /
2 0.5 km
ln   
Work for students
Work for students
The End

Transmission Line Parameter Calculations

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Transmission Line parameter calculations

 Basic Structure of a Power

It contains a generating plant, a transmission system, a subtransmission

system and a distribution system. These subsystems are interconnected

through transformers T1 , T2 and T3 . Let us consider some typical voltage

levels to understand the functioning of the power system. The electric

power is generated at a thermal plant with a typical voltage of 22 kV

(voltage levels are usually specified line-to-line).

Fig 2 Solid conductor

Fig 3 Stranded Conductors

The high voltage surface gradient is reduced by using two or more

The conductors of a bundle are separated at regular intervals

Fig: Four conductors per phase

Inductance per conductor

• The inductance of conductors b and c

The average inductance of phase a is

Thus, it is found that the values of the inductance

Cab is referred to as line-to-line-capacitance.

Capacitance C n is called the capacitance to neutral

Capacitance from conductor to neutral is

Earth surface is considered as a equipotential surface. To considered

at a depth equal to the height of the overhead conductor above the

ground with opposite charge (Method of images)

1 Length increases Increases Increases Increases Increases Decreases

PROBLEM : The inductance of a transmission

PROBLEM : The insulation resistance of a cable of length 10km

PROBLEM :A single phase transmission line has two conductors each of

PROBLEM : A 6.6kv,50 Hz single core lead sheathed cable has the

Conductor diameter: 1.5cm, length: 4 Km

Internal diameter of the sheath:3cm

Resistivity of insulation: 1.3x10^12 Ὠ-m, relative permittivity of

c)The max electric

Q) The insulation level of a 400KV, EHV over head transmission line is

Q) The rated voltage of a 3-phase power system is given as

Q) Bundled conductors are mainly used in high voltage overhead

(a) Reduce transmission line losses (b)Increases mechanical strength of

For bundle conductors increase in self GMD will be predominant

Q)For equilateral spacing of conductors of an untransposed 3-phase

Q) For a single phase overhead line having solid copper conductors of

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