Power Systems Analysis and

Design
EE 525 Lec
Lecture 1
Topics:
1. History of Power System
2. Transmission line parameters
2.1.Transmission Line Design Considerations
2.1.1. Resistance
2.1.2. Conductance
2.1.3. Inductance
2.1.4. Capacitance
References:
1. Power System Analysis and Design 5th edition by J. Duncan Glover et. al
2. Elements of Power System Analysis 5th edition by W. Stevenson et. al
3. Electrical Power Systems 4th edition by C.L. Wadhwa et. al
4. Power Systems Analysi by P.S.R. Murty
5. Electric Power Systems by S. A. Nasar
 Generating Station
Transmission System
Step-up x’mer

Step-up x’mer
Receiving Station

Step-down x’mer

Distribution System
Skin Effect

• Skin Effect. The internal inductance of the conductor gives rise to a

voltage of self-induction so that the voltage drop in the conductor is
the sum of the voltage of self-induction and the ohmic resistance
drop.

R AC = k R DC 1 + 1 + F2
k=
2

where: F = 0.0105 d2 f (for copper)

F = 0.0063 d2 f (for aluminum)
d = diameter in inches
f = frequency in Hz
Conductors

• Advantages of Aluminum over Copper Conductor

• lower cost
• lighter weight for the same resistance
• has larger diameter than copper for the same resistance
• Type of Aluminum Conductors
• AAC – All Aluminum Conductor
• AAAC – All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
• ACSR – Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
• ACAR – Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced
Symmetric Line Spacing – 69 kV

39
Line Transposition Example

41
Line Transposition Example

42
Bundled Conductor Pictures

The AEP Wyoming-Jackson

Ferry 765 kV line uses
6-bundle conductors.
Conductors in a bundle are
at the same voltage!
Photo Source: BPA and American Electric Power
Inductance

• For three strand conductor

DS = 9 D11D12 D13 D21D22 D23 D31D32 D33

• For n-strand conductor

DS = n D11D12 D1n D21 Dnn

2

where: D11, D22 . . . Dnn = r’

D12, D13 . . . Dn(n-1) = center to center distance between strands
Inductance

Dm – geometric mean distance (GMD) or the geometric mean of all

possible distances of every element in a group to all other elements
in the other group.

Dm = mn Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce

Inductance of stranded conductors

−7 Dm
L = 2 x 10 ln H/m
DS
Inductance

• Three phase lines with unsymmetrical spacing

−7
Deq
L = 2 x 10 ln H / m per phase
DS
where: Deq = 3 Dab Dbc Dca

Bundled Conductors. Two or more conductors per phase in close

proximity compared with the spacing between phases.
Inductance

• Parallel Circuits
Dpeq
L = 2 x 10 − 7 ln p
H / m per phase
D S

where: DpS = 6 DS3 Daa ' Dbb ' Dcc'

Dpeq = 3 Dab Dab ' Dbc Dbc ' Dca Dca'
Capacitance

• Potential Difference (or voltage) between two points due to a charge

q D2
V12 = ln [from pt .1 to pt .2]
2  k D1
where:
q = charge (coulombs/meter)
k = permittivity = kokr
ko = absolute permittivity of free space (1/36 x 10-9 F/m or 8.85 x 10-12 F/m)
kr = relative permittivity (dielectric constant)

• Capacitance of Two Infinitely Long Parallel Straight Conductors

17.7  x 10 −12 8.85  x 10 −12
Cn = F/m C= F/m
D D
ln ln
r r
[line to neutral ] [line to line ]
For stranded wires, r is replaced with do/2 where do is the outside diameter of the conductor
Capacitance

Capacitance of Three Phase Lines (neglecting the effect of the earth)

• With Equilateral Spacing
17.7  x 10 −12
Cn = F / m per phase [line to neutral ]
D
ln
r
• With Unsymmetrical Spacing
17.7  x 10 −12
Cn = F / m per phase [line to neutral ]
D eq
ln
r

where: Deq = 3 Dab Dbc Dca

Capacitance

• Bundled Conductors
17.7  x 10 −12
Cn = F / m per phase [line to neutral ]
D
ln b
DS

where: DbS = rd ( 2 − bundle )

DbS = 3 r d 2 ( 3 − bundle )
DbS = 1.09 4 r d 3 (4 − bundle )

Note: D may be Deq depending on the arrangement of conductors

Capacitance

• Parallel Conductors
17.7  x 10 −12
Cn = F / m per phase [line to neutral ]
Dpeq
ln p
DS

where:
DpS = 6 DS3 Daa ' Dbb ' Dcc'
Dpeq = 6 Dab Dab ' Dbc Dbc ' Dca Dca'