UNIT - I

There are two types of Transmission

1. A.C Transmission

2. D.C Transmission

Advantages of D.C Transmission

1. Requires only two lines (+ve and –ve)
2. No inductance, capacitance effect
3. No skin effect
4. Less voltage drop
Disadvantages of D.C Transmission
1. Power can not be generated at high D.C voltage
2. Step up or step down of D.C voltage can not be done
Advantages of A.C Transmission
1. Power can be generated at high voltage
2. Step up or step down of A.C voltage can be done
Disadvantages of A.C Transmission
1. Requires more copper material
2. Inductance, capacitance effects are present
3. skin effect
4. voltage drop is more
In A.C transmission, high voltage transmission is preferred due to the
following reasons

1. Reduces volume of conductor material

2. Increases transmission efficiency
3. Decreases line drop

Limitation
1. Increased cost of insulation, transformer and switchgear
equipments.
Electric power can be transmitted in two ways

1. Overhead lines
2. Underground cables

Underground cables are not preferred for long distance transmission

due to insulation problem and installation cost.
An A.C transmission line has three parameters uniformly
distributed along the transmission line

1. Resistance
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
Resistance : Opposition offered by the transmission line to the flow of
current.

Inductance : When an alternating current flows through a conductor, a

changing flux is set up around it. Due to this changing flux linkages, the
conductor carries inductance.


Inductance L in henry
I

 Flux linkages in Wb-turns

I Current in amps
Capacitance : Any two conductors separated by an insulating material
has capacitance effect.
Across two overhead transmission lines, air is the insulation, so there
exist a capacitance.

q
Capacitance C in farad
V
q Charge on the conductor in coulomb

V Potential difference between the conductors in volts

Flux Linkages :
Due to

1. Single current carrying conductor – internal and External flux

2. Parallel current carrying conductors

Flux Linkages due to Single current carrying conductor

Consider a long straight cylindrical conductor of radirus r metres

and carrying a current I amperes (r.m.s.) as shown in Fig. This current
will set up magnetic field. The magnetic lines of force will exist inside
the conductor as well as outside the conductor. Both these fluxes will
contribute to the inductance of the conductor.
 1(a). Due to internal flux:

The magnetic field intensity at a point ‘x’

metres from the centre is

Ix
Hx 
2x

Current density at ‘x’ is

Ix
x 2
Current density at ‘r’ is

I
r 2
For uniform current density

I Ix
 2
r 2
x
x 2 x2
Ix  2 I  2 I
r r
The magnetic field intensity at a point ‘x’ metres from the centre is

1 x2 x
Hx  . 2 I I Amp-turns/m
2x r 2r 2
Flux density Bx

B x  0  r H x

x
B x  0  r I Wb/m2
2r 2

Considering 1m length, dx thickness of the conductor, flux is given by

flux d  Bx .1.dx

0  r xI
 dx Wb
2r 2
From this, the flux linking the fraction of conductor is given by

2
x
d  2 d 
r

x 0 xI
2
r  1
 2. dx For non-magnetic

r 2r 2 materials

0 x I 3
 dx
2r 4
Total flux linkages from centre upto the conductor surface is given by

0 x I
r 3
 int   dx
0 2r
4

0 I
 Wb-turns per metre
8
1(b). Due to External flux: External flux
extends from surface of the conductor to
infinity

The magnetic field intensity at a point ‘x’

metres from the centre is

I
Hx 
2x

magnetic flux density

0 I
B x  0 H x  Wb/m2
2x
Considering 1m length, dx thickness of cylindrical shell, the flux is
given by
0 I
flux d  Bx .1.dx  dx
2x
This flux links the total current in the conductor

0 I
d  d  dx
2x
Total flux linkages due to external flux


0 I
 ext  dx
r
2x
2. Flux linkages in parallel current carrying conductors
Flux linkages in conductor ‘A’ due to its own current IA

Int Ext
1. Inductance of a Single Phase Two-wire Line

Loop inductance = sum of inductances of two lines

A
Inductance of line ‘A’ LA 
IA
A  Flux linkages in Wb-turns

IA  Current in amps
Flux linking with conductor ‘A’

= due to its own internal & external flux

+
due to external flux of conductor ‘B’

= +
Inductance of a single phase circuit in alternative form
Where r’ is the radius of fictitious conductor ( imaginary conductor, not
the existing conductor) with no internal flux, but inductance is same as
the actual conductor.

The term r’ = 0.7788r is called as Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)

Self-GMD (Ds)
 2. Inductance of a 3-Phase Overhead Line

If load is balanced

IA + IB + IC = 0
 A
Inductance of line ‘A’ LA 
IA
A  Flux linkages in Wb-turns

IA  Current in amps

Flux linking with conductor ‘A’

= due to its own internal & external flux

+
due to external flux of conductor ‘B’
+
due to external flux of conductor ‘C’

= + +
2(a). SYMMETRICAL SPACING

Three conductors are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle.

2(b). UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING

In case of unsymmetrical spacing distances between the conductors

are not same. Therefore flux linkages and inductance of conductors
also are not same. This results in unequal voltage drop in each phase
and at the receiving end phase voltages will not be same.

In order to have equal voltage drop and same average

inductance, the conductors are transposed (interchanging the
position ) at regular intervals.
For balanced load

IA + IB + IC = 0

Taking line currents as

Substitute IA, IB and IC values

Separate real and imaginary terms
(d1d 2 d3 )1/ 3 is called as Mutual-GMD (Dm)

Or equivalent equilateral spacing.

 SELF-GMD and MUTUAL-GMD

In single phase line

(i) Self-GMD (Ds)

(ii) Mutual-GMD (Dm)

 Three Phase line (Single circuit)

(i) Self-GMD (Ds)

(ii) Mutual-GMD (Dm)

 Three Phase line (double circuit)

(i) Self-GMD (Ds)

where

Daa is the self-GMD of conductor ‘a’ = 0.7788r

Daa’ is the distance between a and a’

(ii) Mutual-GMD (Dm)

where
Inductance Formula in Terms of GMD
1. A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductors 3 m
apart, the radius of each conductor being 1 cm. Calculate the loop
inductance per km length of the line if the material of the conductor is
(i) copper (ii) steel with relative permeability of 100.

(i) With copper, Loop inductance/km = 2.38 mH

(ii) With Steel, Loop inductance/km =12.28 mH

2. A 20 km single phase line has two parallel conductors separated by 1·5
metres. The diameter of each conductor is 0·823 cm. If the conductor has
a resistance of 0·311 Ω/km, find the loop impedance of this line at 50 Hz.
[Ans: 19.86 Ω]

3. The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged at the corners of

a triangle of sides 4, 5 and 6 metres. Calculate inductance per km of the
each conductor when conductors are regularly transposed. The diameter
of each line conductor is 2 cm.
[Ans: 1.285 mH]
4. Fig shows three phase double circuit overhead line. Conductor radius
is 1.3 cm. Calculate the inductance/phase/km
 =0.292 m = Ds3

Ds2 = 0.246 m

Ds = 0.275 m
 = 4.48 m = DBC

DBC = 6 m

Dm = 4.94 m

Inductance/phase/m = = 5.7 X 10-7 H

Inductance/phase/km = 0.57 mH
5. Fig shows three phase double circuit overhead line. Conductor radius
is 0.75 cm. Calculate the inductance/phase/km

Inductance/phase/km = 0.623 mH