See slides 7 and 8

Parts of speech:

A verb describes an action or a state

It can appear alone or in the company of other verbs

A dynamic verb=> describes an action

For example=> She plays volleyball.

A main verb stands alone

For example=> She plays volleyball.

An(modal) auxiliary verb ‘helps the main verb

For example=> She is playing volleyball right now, so she can’t come to the party.

A noun describes a person, object, place or idea

Usually, but not always, a noun is preceded by an article

For example=> the book

Most nouns can have a singular and plural form

For example=> one book, two books

An article refers to a noun(describing a person, place, object, idea)

Definite article=> refers directly to a specific noun or groups of nouns

For example=> the book

Indefinite articles=> are used to refer to a noun that is not specific( it can be any noun or a group of
nouns)

For example=> a book, an assignment

Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun (describing a person, place, object or idea in greater detail).

It can stand in front of the noun.

E.g. He is a fantastic teacher.

It can also follow the noun, linked to it by a linking verb.

E.g. The teacher/He was fantastic.

Adverbs

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence (often all words that

don’t modify a noun).

E.g.  verb She reads slowly.

 adjective It is a really easy book.

 adverb He writes very quickly.

 whole sentence Overall, I’m happy with my work!

Numerals

A numeral refers to how many of something there are or which position something is in.

• A cardinal (number) specifies exactly how many of something there are

E.g. There are 54 students in the B group.

• An ordinal (number) specifies the exact order of something.

E.g. This is our third week of classes.

• Quantifiers refer to an unspecified number or position.  generally considered

indefinite pronouns.

E.g. Many students were enthusiastic about their teaching practice school, but some
are less happy.
Pronouns

A pronoun is used instead (‘pro’) of a noun to avoid repeating the same word over and over again.

E.g. Did you see my brother? He was in the Eetbar five minutes ago.

• There are many different types of pronouns:

- Personal pronouns  E.g. I like him and he likes me.

- Possessive pronouns  E.g. That is my book. >< That book is mine.

- Demonstrative pronouns  E.g. This book is fantastic. >< This is my

book.

- Interrogative pronouns  E.g. What film did you see? >< Who are you?

- Indefinite pronouns  E.g. Many students didn’t have the book.

>< There are none at KdG.

- Relative pronouns  E.g. Where is the book that I lent you?

- Reflexive pronouns  E.g. Sometimes I amaze myself.

Possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is used to refer to the relationship between a person and a noun.

• In English we make a distinction between a possessive pronoun (used on its own)

and a possessive adjective (followed by a noun).

Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

E.g. That is my book. That book is mine.

That is your book. That book is yours.

That is his/her book. That book is his/hers.

That is our book. That book is ours.

That is your book. That book is yours.

That is their book. That book is theirs.

See slide 26 and 27

Conjunctions
A conjunction connects two or more words or clauses.

• A coordinating conjunction connects two words or clauses of the same level.

E.g. I love both English and teaching.

I love the English language and I want to become the world’s best English
teacher.

MAIN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

• A subordinating conjunction connects a main clause and a subclause.

E.g. I want to become an English teacher because my parents are Australian.

MAIN CLAUSE SUBCLAUSE

(= for that reason)

Prepositions

A preposition is used before a noun to form a phrase that shows where, when, how, and why.

E.g. The class took place at 1.30 p.m. in room W3.13 for organisational reasons.

See slide 32- 77