+ Probobili ty Model ond Axtone %
piss tibabaes a >
nivyg about
9
as a Mathematical 4ramewovk for ¥easoy
Probability
Uncestanity
-» Psobabilistic models
+ Sombple Space
. Frobabi\isy laws
= Axions of probability
> Simple Examples
« List (Get) of possible OutCormes -
=
= Samble_ Sb (2)
mee Sample: Space
>
a.
2 List must be +
= Mutually exclugives” Tt Sh
One Caamot Tapper « Oriy One ov come of
Exhoustible = * Ore ot @elauen* F*°
1 Out Come holbeeup ther another
atime -
mm Gamble Space
= Collec Htuely :
ig. the Out Carnes or we Par’ not Porgotion or lett out
ay
any B04
Egret ce on Uryigns’” gsonulerity **
= Perey Eien! st deem ey Bogs. meqhgidle Se
dgn's toke ettect into Concidenation while Calculating
Porobobility - Mavi ot tacsray gusce tuimige Oc?
=: Gamble Spice: Dis oete Example 5°
+ fwo rolls of o 4etra hedal dite
(2,3) aud (8,2) are ditlereut «
= 3. 28 Aas
Pe = Sequential ditteeuce
yA 32
i:
ale
k= Rincawoll
Feal 2Ind Way to write e Sample Skace >
. 20 op 3 24 37 3233 84 $1 4,2 43 eo
- eo er
> Mot! :
saat 16 Bossible Outcomes .— “his Example hag
dinite Sample Ghoce
= Sample Shoce + Continous Exomble t+
* Wa Shota dart find Sample sfeace
ot hitting the pomt (por dicular) inside
the box -
Oe fo) Oey ei}
L» oo Sample Bhace because trewe
ae
» Eveut > A Subset oF Sample space
+ Probability is agaigned fo Events .
=> Axfome =~
1) Non = Negativity + Pl(A)zO
2) Nesmolization? P() =!
3) Additiuity : AnB= h, ter PCavB) = PLA) + P(e)
* Axioms means Qround sules that every legit peebabiliste
amodel Should follow 2 “Pl [rsn as Sn) * PLES) + PCED + a
Spores. ot
a yes Desiive that PExobabilityis Aways 2\2
PCR) = | (using Ind axiom)
P( nuat) =| ke
a
=> P(A) + PlAS) =1 lusing 2rd axiom)
Pla) = 1- PLAD £)
_, Phobability is clways > O
oO ePl® 4) s 5
(using Hest axiom)
PUN UN)
E =
~ icra 3
Fe Guct- Phobobilrty af AUBLCH PBC A"® gisjpint Sets |
- PlAvBve) = P((aveuc) = Pl ave)+ ? Co) ae
r => Play+Pis) + Plo) id
rr property ~ i
by)
eS A), 4,03, - | - oAncare diajoim Sets then 2 -
PABA, vay ~---uAn) = PLA)4 PlA)+ --- + PlAn) a
rr
.
5 Exombplet-- Probability law ov fivite Somple Space +:
Let every leossible Outcome have jevobability 1/15 :
=
:
=Pleypie (Ver O.2)) =?
: = Plfx=if) =? ‘ : ' 3
~~
nd Fell
1
y.
— Paty ioodd) = ? I
—P(min(xyr=2) =P | .
aOR
= First Vo I) Solution ++
——
Ply) is (1) o* (1,0) = PUd+PUd»= 78
=P(fel)= Vie= Va
— Plx+Visods) = Slio= Vo
= Plmrin (ow) =2) = 85/16
> Discreet Unitosmlow +:
SS
+ Letall Out Comeg be equally likely (‘Nlof then) -
« Anew ,
Plays vuimbeeot clewests oh Alas
Jota) umber ot Somble ‘Spaces [paints
+ Combuting probobs lity = Counting
Quer: Continous uniform low y
sfworwauden numbers in fo. i
- Uniform lows =: Trobsbility = Area tb
3
—Plxyy ela) =?
= P (ey) = (0:5,02))=?
Baier aAray Ely)
= P(K,9)5 (0°5,0-2)) =?
=> ‘© bectuse area of abeint ts O od
~ —» Probability low? Examble with Countobly °° Somple © »
MU
+Somble Space * $12, ----- }
= We are giver Oli ee os) 273)
— Find PlOvtcome is Even)
NUN,
Rae pe Play+ Pl4yy ----- - =
» Countobly additivity oxiom = it 4, 4, -
Eveite then =
Pees.) = PANE RO)
+ “ne Poobability of difeueuce of 2 Gueuts 5°
EIt- P(cuo)= Pla) +P(e) -2P(e)
—» By 3rd axiom
pteuo) = Pfc) + PC?
=)
UN UY
A eucs Cle- 0
B= Ove 5 OrE-d 4
L)
-
4
P(a)= PC) + Pls) i
P(e) = P(BO)t Pl)
Pays P(e)- PCe)+ PCO) + 2PCE) =n)
Using ay + 0)
pra) +P(8) = PCcuv) +9 P(e) F
Bec) 0) 270] te Pow Quer: Nehave aciass of Students , aud we auie told Hoot 60%
Gite Studeuts ase gevisuses aud FOr/> love chocolate
fall im bots Categor ices Determine tre tovodobi vy ey 2
Pe nccsmcn caldom stead Sur cHals nei
cone nora Chocolate lover.
Sole PlAuB)= P(A) +P(B) - 27108)
> (60 +30 -40- Whoo
>PlAvB)= Yo
=> |=Pl Aug) = Pl Ae ne%)= ‘ho Lec_02 +- Conditioning and Boyes wile =
slecte Outhne =
» Conditional probability
« Gnree imboxtaut ~cule=
= Multiplication vule
= Aotel prodabitity thre
= Bayers’ vele
P(t a)- Axeat A)
HO}= JO, 5)
aa
|. 9S)- (ufos) oo.
* = > pl%,¥j) = 210)-0
Ww)
bd
S Eitteencthia tory |p a fail or we did Sornettuin
wrong J
= We Cat Upe|do tre Ste wit’? on i+ because we Con+
make a Whole square Using pomiz. We eed clunents (9 ral)
fy Cover Hse oven:
AVUUUU UU UU EY eV UOUy eed)
PR ee bars pace © Eeouablity Bats Oe does hit +he
front pide Square
He this vebreseuts that ita Fsobabi lity ot Bome event ic C
Hen tieah cust is “oer Qunantacella. 285 Gaetan e On ks
highly unlikely 40 occu.
ee —> Psoblern Solving Fy
—Shecify Gamble Shace.
= Detine fprobobility lwo
= Gdarity event of interest
— Caleulate -
* Conditional frobobility =~
imc ot
Plals) + Probobility at A given Hot
Bw Ocewsied
Bis Our mew Univeuse
Vetnotion = Alesuming Pl6) 40
Tee a2)
p(B)
PlAle) je undetined i4 Pte)= 0 | PBIB) =)
Lo tip bagically qneana tha} Big Not Occutiing, fo thee \
point i Calewtoting pale)
Ag a Conaqueuce ot the Eqn i
Pt ans) = Pte) pale) - PCA) P(ela)
= Trip Cau be inteiprered of puobobili ty ot ne) ie &
duaction 6+ B Ocowts x multiplied by te tHaeten
dimes A Occuse Wher Grave alueady Occusied.
Ber iereasiine secre moscrnet cet 11914 Onda
puobability thepe ase just rewly defined fauobobilitics, fam
univeige. q Let ®& be tne event * min (xv)=2 a
Let M= max (%,Y) 4
ere
u- PlM=i]8) =? yo!
ce
Boluvlon + Ple)= Se
pines) = ROM! Ee on 20)
wo) -
~ p(B) S/lb
Nt ees
tin Pirate) = ae ai oS
Que + « Event Ar ainblase 16 Flying above
Hegpteied on vador hase
Event GB: Sornetiing
VUUUUUUU UU UU UUUUE Ue Eee EU eee
te}a) = 0-99
cy P(An®) =?
ay P(B)= 2 Fla)= 05 ple‘la) = 0:0!
cin) PLAIB) =? A est See
p(pelac) = °4
olution t=
io P(ang) - P(BIA) P(A)
= oe
GP (8) = c
: Pe + pl Bla) ec)
2 os, Ox I= -OFtO+
WA
= Odin) a l440
a
Examples: Dice
Ee cca = 95
ple) 1445
P(AnBne) = Pla)- P(SIA) - P(c lane)
; aleng he Ys
aBNc =
a rnuliply 4
we ge along :
Anene
Angnc
ANB AC
ANBa ce
An Blac
an Bnec
Prot PlAanene) = e(cans)ne) - PCAn6) P(e lane)
p(ans)= PA) e(e14) =H
Cue, O20 do
PlAanwnc) = PCA): P(BlA) « (clans)
Wy we can prove fieip Jon lasiger numbex of wate 4 Total Ratility thm’,
*Divide aud Conquee
. Putition ot Sample space ito A), A, , AS -
+Hove P(B1Ai) tox evens i
P(8)= P(A) P(Bia) + P(A.) P(B1A2)
4 PLA;) P(8/A3)
= > Pla) P(e Ai)
6
these Save
oa
Ss st
>this ip the weighted vasa ge at Psobabli 4 aHAL ond B,
* Bayes Tule PLAn®) =O
0-0 => Eqnis Aotintied .
St Don't Corfuge independence with digjoint gels.
Examble = wae
Heue Aand Bane |e]
dig j omt but aue
ex tere! depeudent on each otleern.
* Conditional indeboudeuce 5"
Se check the weepeuce of Maud B given” hap alecody
Occusied &*
P(An8|c) = PlAle) P(Ble) = Cond to cheda
Gon ditional wid.
‘paurbabsly oe Conditioning may offect indepeudence: =-
Ip debved ap indebexdend
= Conditional indeberdeuce , ge © 3
Unden Buebabi lity low.
Exauble 5 Agsume WAicnulenene
Indebeudent aud giver thot G" hos
Qraused » Alara (Sane Torco
indeberdent . UUUUUUUUUUEL UU UUUUUUEEELEVeLEULoUUY
Lecture 05 = Wigwiete Rondom Vasieblea
% Random Nlosrable &-
ACOSO CTR GUC
An asgzignment of a Nalue (numesicel) $o every oapible.
But Come. .
= Mathematically » Asie tiem | the sornble frpace
dp jue sieol mum besa Continoug ov diz cuete
aleight (Wd)
Sc yp Say!
bo Fo go €5
Somple Space (inches) ay
(hd)
Bee ee Sees) gondem Nfasiiables defined On
Ee eh Gari
— Nototiong > °
— Hondem\Nlasiable
6 =r fre fom SIR ) Sap HW
; 1 tusom the
Be eee Oe
Crea *Fusbobility Mosa tnx =:
oe ;
(“Prrbobility laws” 5 fuobobility Sita banen ch og)
BG)
px(cc) = Plx=s)
2 P(twen 3) (4) xt)
= pxle) =o Be ex cco
Tip means when we have
Byles oto, | that mcove we Nave Ox
and lai! the Combined
. alt the Out come®
- bility ip |
ei at Com boaeee until fiargs
grep Vo be in geberdeia
x (RandeomNasiable))
exomble. =~ xe curb
ON es eer *
Topas) LUVUULULUU UU UU UU LULL UU EUUeEEUEe UUM
eS
a= 3 Geis =
px(e) = bx(k) = B PO< ')
Ge i) 5
Sy
Vel times yey hime?
=O (\-P)" a
Bo eae 2 i
(-pO-») scat) ee!
Neen ae
> geome tic bre
eOP Aoy
HO a
and 500% 4
Be . px x
intesipuetations +
— Coutue of quoul ty of PME
= Arverege iy Sasige yo of Hebe Htions of the exbauimert.
sexamble >: Uniden on 0,1) --- 7m
px &) =
ale a | =
Sains se a
NAN oO —
ieee ieee ee ¥
: ee: ny) UUUVULUUUVUUNy
LUN
sj
VUUULUU ULL UU UU UU U
eHobobility *
Exboiment =1 2A for dice 18 Holled .
KPBS 5,64 DNomesical Samble space
Waren ur Orb - 3-6
6
STheuefore » We con caleulare
thie experimen’
ouesoge Ovt come =
Nastianiee ) org ete ™
’ Sea oi fosped
Expasiment oS : A Con ip tO5Re
et HT => Non mumenicol foomble Space
ovesog® Outcome = cos No Saupe!!!
> hle con not find Nasiionce., oug cite In Cope where
aomble Sace j2 mon Numenical .
4t Now, We need to Convert non -numetical Semple Pace
fample Gpace to Calculete Nastiance ,
into numexical
Average ete .
Let's define o poudom Vasiab le lav)? =HNo af head
obtained
ereonmeneay: 2 yfem Gehe, Jonped
a fas, TTY Outcome . Ronde Vsioble azzociolen a pauleulam sui
With each Outcome af the ample Zbace «
Rassdom Vaaiia ble
* “
dig crete vaudent Cantinoas “senor
Rois \asioble.
i ee Ve alee
A Yandom Nasiioble dincuete vf tie sionge (hea
Nalucwe 1h Cow Loe) ip eithete finite or Countobl a
Set of oll =f) ae 4 =p Courably
Ne iategenP
Example = X= Marka obtainedin a exam, pe qu ch tion
fo- wt po 3,
Xe fO-bt, 0-93, 0, | ot = toto! no dfValues=5
= Diswiete vaudom Nasijable UU UU J
UULUULUUUUUUUULEULUULEETEVEUUTVU eel
— Conivoug of Expessirnent~ 3 =
yee fo! af
Plsero) "8S Wrong! |!
P(x) 218 ee a
p(x-2) -'Is
Note!!!
Buea Value of % cou difeient — perobebr tities -
have
x Probability Maas finetiona =: 42 PME
COLONY eu Oe a eieiee
pondem ‘asiioble “1? jy obbeined 4
pn ele ot
of a puobabilis te
be. ozpighed Lo each
Ansougn probability Nah 2 a
4 where 06 |p
since
expentment ,
Outcome
~folue thot % |
the
probabilities <*"
Thin 12 done
denoted by pes)
can tore. +
Bumestion 9
any Nalue of >
pre at %>
i
yun thet Mu tore: (oc Vide 1
Z + fpusabotil
30)»
Example: A fois Coin ip toaged twice - athe oe
sroidor Vasisable , which yepseseuts the number ot al
Me ied Detenine ee UE of a
(nna ai
Meals \ to Ere
x= fo,1, 2}
PMP: ple) = p(x) -
+ plo)= plx=o) = b(vt) =1/4
BE =BOED= OT) 24h | given axel
+ pl2)= bOe2) = plan) = 1/4 4
Ng 3 X=O ord
Plsc) =
Yo 5 X=!
re)
= Graph of PMP
Oicene, =o One ofa ie ‘
Aesioge Come. Sean la) + @ya
: Sk
Note!!!
b (Oo) nae!
w pe P }
@ Of PAS! % Gombles’s Ruin (Borlrabt) &« s=
SUES ACW pecs,
Two Gombleug A and B, Sequence of ~soundg bete $1] 5 pera aie
Aeuusnin woundep 5 4-1ep 3 Find the brobobility thot Awing _)
Wing and B is suined os eae i
with i’& and B Atoe NBN ce be
> Agsuming Sstasitz
oe
Stuoteqy += Condition of tisat Step eee,
ae atin N Ce
Let PE: P(Awins game | Astou'z ot $1)
S| p Pin +9 i » ) eben |
(aifterence equetien)
i
LUUUUYULUUTovuuw
Ascume Pr- %
ee pms aoe 3 bet oc 4 =O
a aes Bae Geek CO 1
Lp
5 es cel teen Paom ques a
I4by= 1 4bl-p) = | 4ptapre 42-44) = (2b- ay
Veto by) 4
yUGUL
yy
Substitute D inl = - a
e teleay geet eee ~% + cobstititeinlPi= Oy
aw + 8 (¥b) ;
= A+8 Pye) = Alt A) Ve) a
ao Cro a('-th") =
UUUULLULULUELUUY Pie (\- Ole)’
: SUD ease Final Exbsiegeion
‘ole : a
. a ting Up) Lee
eek cP G-ue) NE
* Bemoll’ distuibution +:
ARVGO is Moidde be demmoulii distrisbution +f x have only
Dboasible Naluez ,ie Oor\
pl. 0)= ps POs EP.
& gent + fe: x6)-0f
Vase iPthe event Ocouma dicot
ce © j if Hee eveut doesn} Oteup a
E[x] = '(b)+ O(2)
aa
E[x]- PCD LUUULULULULLULLULLLULULULELEE ET ULELUUUUu
* Binomial distei bution ae ae Wee ta.
5s Se
lve pueseutah a
A Coin with PlHead) = b., ip toszed webeatecly paid =
indepen d oy Oni dimes . let X dencic Ihe number ot 4
Paes a
Ree sm}
Ten X ie a. binomial tiaidem Nasnable with povometer |
Sptnibution +6 be binemial
Ordeany: SIDI ah Foro J
be independent oF
ls tuals should
cack: OSU
aeHeue head Gan algo mean Aucess.
Coin ip to; meOL nal
A ip tozeed a of brobobi lity =|
M> No of tale
bo p(succera) =P
ye) —@ puobobility of gelling "K'neadp
elk) = pl
ong (n-h? tailp inv m Asialz
oe ap ial
See ae |
kdimes, (n-k) times i‘ si
‘hia Constant i ynultiplied bacwute to take Wwio _-
aceount all the casee lvvepbec tive of whee. a
positions wohee head Occusied . BCE Die
the bxodability ef One Rid Case Only. ig = ie. p* (ese
, Selecting VK popitions tor heads 40 Oe
Out of NM positions .
Me: Pk) = poa= “ee PUG
Ke No of Auccesses to oceuse
m=z No ot Jotal trial |everts
p= probability sf Succece in One +101
ye proba: lity of dailure in Oye Saal
Joie :
Example > 3 Coin joases , Pind the bsobobili iia
Deda .
= 962 ING 64 total heads Occuned .
pl2) = plx-2) 0
afew, TH HTH, UT TS aa
cia
ev) = 3/8
— Uping binortial distaibution
pa)= 3c, ly (y)
1
Sie eee)
aes
3
Rene Aye | oblained inOne * Binomial Exbaugiow. cane
Bl
o binomial Exporrsion
(req) =" quicsol tesinn
ci
pelea tea Cb) gale
—» Mean atibimomia) digtributen>-
Ele] = b
Nesisuce | ot bmomial distuibutiow =
Nab) = pq oa pli-b)
Que =: Find pode PF Yara tain Coin whenrdozzed ne
N-K
dimes - ‘
ava ((0 \y
oye Ce (y) ic
Nee y= plx-4) «
i el) AS
pl) ala)
ple f° Ne @ losses and 6 heads aue to be
Exon ble ©
Rememiiicurareo
i Sh
2 TA eaeo xara Oe alana =k Se oifo.
pls) = Cals) = Se oe ONS
VUULULULUULUULLEULULULUUULUG
ao
Cg ee ys --- 2 cob Que =: Afoiy Coin ig tossed 15 tmeg . The. buobabili a
Que ip a
geting exactly Sheads jb —_?
ee eee aN Moral + uialp
B= K=No ot headz
5
plid= Ne, (4 > ple)- ela) = 0-196
Que = Afar Coin iz tossed 10 Hea - Vthot ig the b
ot obtain ing atleast ZQheads .
use (90)
golr: atleast 1 headg = PU)? pls)+ +?
— plo) -P) 3 2
ae 106 6%) > pe) We (8) oe ro
em ore
2
: : "
Que = Ators Com ip tossed indepeudes tly fous times . fhe pus
ot tae event “the muraben times heads shown ub ia
the the mumbex of Hmes dailp Shown ub ig
Foal 5 x= no of heads
x 4
pla) +elw = 4c A)s cul)
VE Te d
eS Neen
dee An unbiaged Coin. ig tossed an indinite rumber x
, Bt times . The probobility thot the fowith head apbens
ot the Io” togs is °
Vir We wand Siheade at ony positions in 7 tosse> i
pts) - %s ('4)" 4
qin head abbpeass at 1olrite:
head abpeast iva pnid tog
i
Probobility thet tre
ig - PR) % probability of
a! Ge, (4) x(%o) = toy
=10
ULVULULLUULUUUUUY
pares cine Geuicoi >
(he =. fine puobobility cf ablaining otleast 2 ti2) im tnroing 0.
foie dice ttimcs is R,
Sol+- Puobobility cbeblaining 0.6 om dice - 6
x= No of non abpeas3, l
P (gent) = pla) + pla) Pet) aE pli) — Plo) ar
= 4, (43150) te (WO O'= & (83).
~ 4m ( 54)" i
Peel ACR? aan Uae =,
pees Ani) = B20 1296 Neo 828 a
pxoib 21x6 12.46 Ly
IUULY
oh ey t
i246 lu a
VUUULLLULELUULLEL Que = Alparr of dice ip thvown 4 times. Whot isthe 4
psobobility ot obteining a total af + ot feast
Probabil + of obtaining + = bla5 I 1 oa
PME ciey a cn wor Cuneta dt 30/au J heer
Ye No of Himes Fis obtained , Plu) Cy VE
oe Plgoe) = ele) + Pl»
2p U4) (%) GUO
Ee Once = 5
alk si - (%)
Wher The pucbsbility thet e Serew mmoiu tactisied 6
Comba] 1 defectue ip O-\. (ne Combouy Belle Bos
ina packet Contomning 5 Screws and queso guoava
of seblacement it One or More Suiewse m the bo
aye found to be defective . The buobobility Helo fore
Wouldhave to be webleced ia »
= Buceesn = defective foted ; failusie = Non defective:
= Pleuceess) = Pldefective Seued) = O-]
X- No of Haney Sues that aie defective
pl) = °Cx (ox)'(0-
Pac ket 6 Jelusinen if k>O
we PO) + p(2) + pl) splu) + pls) = 1 Plo) 4
=1-%p (01) (0-9)° = I-G.y' = 0-40 pUULULYLUUULULULUOUNM
Ly
(ULULULULUULLULULULULUUUUL
a a
the puobobility sf a Shooter iting a tasige} ip 3/4. How
any minimum numbexg af timez mupt he|she te so thet
the [probability of rtting th tuuget atleost Once ig wore
then 0-99 ?
Zol—
= gle Stet ted :
Hitz the tasiget Pigeez the Lasiget i
(suceees) (foi lusie)
PUailuve) = V4
P( Succes) = 3/4
Ne Total Shots fiuied
M=Neo sf stoic hit the taget a
Plevent) = PO) Pt —i9¢ pin) =1- ble)
Dele Od. Le
Sle co (8/4) (a)™ > 0-99 |
eal = a > 100
Epis Ola
Ca Oe iso
es Minimum Nabue df N= 4
: a #
, 4 Bhott Anould bF fined Atleast to make
Sure puobobility at hitting the tasigek atleast
Greats acne auc 0-99)
Que = {he Su and bstoduet ot the meen and Vaxtiance ata
binomial dictuibution OM 04 and 128 Hep pectvely whe fi
diptnibution la f
, Newlx) = BY im
Mean =
(mpr nba) = 24 ong web?q = 128 i
lanp)(4g) 24 (oayg- 12800 ai
Eze) 29-9742 0° Uf 247-44 120
ie
{ (24-1) (9-2-0 > Be ebae = | 4
5
E
eo
2 Ambo24} mtb 206
mo=16 , afb: 256
bmomial distuibutio =
Que Suppope atsin Cain ip tosacd Benes ond you grunt Me™
atheads abtoined . G}the Valve iak , You get 2K dollays . What
the expected Value Klo ? 4
Hol Foin Coin ia tozaed Biimep
K=No af heada obtained
= pli = 8x (Ms)?
%= Amount wor = 2%
"
&, (,)+-= ao
Ebd = 6° %, jk +2 Cotes?
¢
De a Wi)
4 Weare
oT epee
eG
Dra 8e, Dh -- +88 28)
()-5)% = 28-6
95.6 is aveniage] Expected mores Bly nyb) ¥B UG b) = B lar ety, wim
ond giver all evens ae indebendeut ot each
Peer). Te hg Gere fem.
el ye
@ lyyruP) = Cry ea) a a
*Multnosumia | Exponent T -
This 13 used oben the triolg have Wore then 2 foossible.
Outcomes -
E,, Ea) Ea --- Ex gue the possible Outcomes
Gay ieee R,. are tne brrebabi lites »
PU aie atte
ale acre pest fosinred -
=
Xt m2 + %3 + Xe
=> x a Hmez £, Oceusie wohen Sout
w 0
x Fee eben ti :
We ut 4
Be ay Ea " y
PUUUUULULUULUUULULEUYLTCUULUUee &”
Hapa sq-- mean of Squaney
5 mean = square Value
Vows (x) = E>e] - ue
Poa ee ere
Sones 2 3 + U defexmine Kk *
pe)| ol | 2k-1 0-2 | 0-6 UD determine mead ¢
Vasttiauce ot the PM
ty “Total psobobility = 1
=) Ol) 4 0-24 0:5 + 2K-| =! >] 06) 0:6
Gor Memiepoeabe) = ol + 2(0-2) + 3(02)* atom
S ai
EIQu Os uit Onoat 2 >> 2-|
PP
om ieee :
a (Oe) gtoz)+ 16(0-6) -
= (0:1 + 13 (02) +8) - @! Pe 104 = ab
= 109 PUUUVVUUVELUULULUYUOLYCULUUUeY
ULUUULLUL
Gol
folt:
integcal NJoluez and the {prrobobility thet x” rakes
Rene Vallee ye ia ipreber eval
Ppeere Variation. scan, dake cll on — negetive.
takes the Nolve COMMIS) ch
thot &
xe
= peo , pie) = Ko
Pee
=o Teel ak ar a |
val Rede meek! a) Koes
0
= kK- lo
Blo) = p(x 0) KO
> In the. fallow! 9 foble , % iB the dicsueie RN aud
ote) ip the ferobebty dencnsy - The Shanjorg devotion
ae \ ae
% \ 2 Le
Res Meso!
Ieae = onlno te Oi> lnk
Natiauce = 13+ 4 (6) 290) = Sl-8)
2 gia gee: Gosh -g.b= (ay 2 18x-2= “36
aes, ena hon= enrnies, ayo
Lo of, The boebobility Due + Gy the weatrere ip geod (whieh nabbeus with
ucbob lity 0-6) Alice walkg the 2 miles to clabs
@ Apeed ot VE 5 milesper hous , and othe wipe —
otowcycle ate Abee dot iz 30 miles
mina, chine time T to get Ge
gides hex mM
Wher ie the
Cloge?
Time When uoalhing eels
fol
Time Lghet wading motorcycle = 2)s0
Ler Hme be the tondom Vasiiable “% .
Biss 2s]
pe |o-6 fo
Meon = aHec) = 20-6 + 2.x 0-4
Que =. 9- 6-4ece. frie dice ip salled a latige murmb oe
(ye wnesn Nalve df the Outcomep iB?
Pole Wey Oe OnaonG, <-> 123,65, 44
{ Oa eS lesa |e 6 : :
ves We live lve [velvs 17s oyUrteors eel bl
Re (ys 2G) sro
Se
fo 25
6
Sitean Value ot the Oiteemes ip 3'5 >
>.
Ree ices Frctrtiry Doreransow +
. Wee Gxt bere, Unideten Dig oeren REN = itelaig imMegral
> Noluee in 19,1 4
a : xs eects 6 stm’ total Nolucé
> fa, or, 012, s+} A
~
~) PMP. PX > plx-x) = Vn
~ pe) =n | E
= eae a
> :
~ Mean = @+b) ; Nas C4) = ay 4
5 neo —— 1
r 4
c
i i
- Example, L. buevioug question al
Mem= 166 3:6 j No = So. 86 7
t
Que = (ne 2 sidez ofa fais Cole ane Lobelled ap O aud |. El
The Coin ip toazed 2 times indeben dently . Let wid
N denote the. lobels Coupes ponding 4o the OutGomes
defined a 7
~ Pore taudem \asiable Ia
of those tsses
pected Value Ex) Coounded oft bo ey
pyar mmin(M,N), the ex!
a decivel phe) 2 -
Sol Me= Out come a| divst tors al,
N= Bacome of 2nd tons
(an) = lor) 5 Co 5 ly, ty) a
s= Hie[N) 4
ULULLLULLUELULTLULULLUUUY ° !
pe) | 3/4 Yq
Elm] = O[84) + (M4) = Va + Expected Velue
+ let % denote the no df hong We piudied 3d
a vondomly Selected day. The Probability that % caw”
foke, Vole x has the following fowm
O17 %=0
K% 5 96-12
K(35-%) 596734
© > Otheswise.
piece) =
Find average
Sle & Tped=|
OG
Olt Kt2K +4 2K+K =]
Saeed a
z
Ov\ 3-0
oe SREB
ple) =f 3500-2
panes
WX 4
2 Avetage “% 26: LO :
+ 2{08) + 3lo-8 +4 (or
= Olow) + 11:18)
GES or 9-15 Noure
iio > 4" iY
UUUUULUUUY
J
NY
UU UU
AMAL UUA AULA,
abpeaHs 4 timez
mumbex of to22eF equines
folt-
A Coin iptoaacd until ahead abbeap of the til
let KX Ueb the
i ouceeesion
Then the expected
idlua oF SETS
Ke total tozece be beiobabrlity of Corning ub
heads
‘
* y 2 ©
a p pre
3
Expected Nolue = p+ pl-P)2 + 3bt-py + U-b) +
Since f= '/2
(ee ge bese US 15/5. > €: | )
3+ 4% 34 : lg ee NoJue ae
or vio of tosses ate.quired
PA techie reduces 0,|,2 detective pieces Ina
day with petobobility VY, 2s, lg . Tre meanand the
Nasiiiccie ot the somes at defechve bicces produced
by the pagehiiel nina day) Seppectivel y eee
Po ee ost Getertee bees
pool ye | et vs puroducedina doy
Mee eG) OO ‘(2/) + 20%) = 1
Vorb: Ebe]- |Eta)= 0+ z)a ale) 1. 4-1 %
Plemmenin, Nioi(x)) = 175
q ve =- An examination paper
Sh One MaHk each with each question
anauser fetches -0-25 marks Sup po#!
with
ovina
Each incomsiect
loon Studentg chooge they anaose Honderaly
shine expected martes ob
puobobility . “he sam total
by all thege Students ig?
Bo) = > WwW
4
UULUULULUUUUUU
CY
Y
as
OY
LULULULUL UL ULL ULUUU
-
A Expectation * |
a
ATndebardece st Random Vanioble = 2
edladsiree CN CLS ul
P(x exe! Vey) = Pleex) Ply) a
if ohare inde bouden} evestiz
* Averages Coen, Expected Naluez) =~ i
Zw eS ee FI
Uged +o make the pesidicton dora experimen t+ al
and uged! to define) the diet butions sta, gota. i
Peeoear a6 Ol). 3°O. a Enupected Valve =
ka se en) 8
(ay; Wels Vel) 94 S45 | UAIETHIEN SE 4 eae Sule as ca
8 a & c ay
4
{ ry
Simple overoge Weigie’ average
' RN: x re
» yea ofa dinette
Ee Mavasien (oo expected Value af RV 3.
=> List conbe finite or counradly 09
ve Thia worhs Pendiesiele en)y + % — Beuwoullt (pb) =:
E(x) = |G) + ofl) = puy
*%—> Biromdal (wp) +
ea
wee SED = & xplex) = oS xe “Cx eee ;
Eb] -3 (BMC. big™™ - opal ce oa
n : A 7
nb a Ga) ba Usp fe vensoe 9 placed 1
EO With J 4
ae eed
\ m-l ea
Rhisigial bicotiall tan (btg)!) = tC
> Subatiterte @) in (1) t--
EOD tor a X& Bin(nyb) or bin (Wb) Ie a
[eta-nb
- Lineasity © > EGay) = ECOLEG)
Ex) = z oc tse) * se opts) = ie
Be Seine ever ae Independent
stheiefoue (ale A Coin
Plx-6)= FFEPPS = 9 SP 4
Ls prebability shot mem 5 pai
144 don
cg wil) deausi before first
sucess (Head) a x iF
14 SSO Say 2
ee. Ms = qk! oe — (1)
ye = qe pe oS
Beet hy
oe Greometaic Satie
diet With Hesbect to Y baa |
[> SSs
2. cas anlar eal a IH Bly. wae
my ee =p 5 multily oh a
e ' * tt :
. fetes. an
Kao EL ge i
> Subptitite @) I 0 >
Ell= p< -7/p. > JEba-
are Je > |EDA=\9)p
Yy
Elz] = (Hed camesOuthxGucceg)) + gldrailune) + Eb)
x (succeg) =O } X(failurc)= |
> Eb) of sth) > ElxI-%, LULU ULUULLUULULUL LLU CUTC URE CUUTTUTe UUM
Theo =: Lineawity w=: Elxty) = El] +E)
Pee 9 veto El): E+ By)
~20) e yp ley
Etpplret) = PoP
= 5
Eb - Spee) = >
3
Qs
mass
<(0,) PCO.)
ae Rcaenee
PN gt
pase
bya
ee Place. YY) 7S
Y
ee ne pee
Peo)
> Lee Ploess) +24
- Ebd +Pely)
LHS = RHS
Heuce proved
jer theo is voll
fi f eudent event.
HSE SS (x4y) Plex A 0)
> oe
Sie [Plx96) Y=¥) eee yp (sexcoes
eee ~
Ey be x VP
oS eal
Puy)
Ply 4)
\id fom bots indeboudent
Pea
pane a
| Mies Elex+b] = Elox) + Efe]
=aElx] +6
E foxes] © aflxl+6
SL. By dehination. 3
Lexi) rey - ¥ ac Pl) + EbPY
nk
er
UIS=RHS
aa
! i
* he Pirs) Bucess, digtuibudion t-
fer eemetaiic. dis tai eka
Xn Fs(P)
ip +he time 6/4 +the Bucceapes "
Mave) => El] = Ely]+i
> Efx]= aa
EG 4 «! P UUUUULULULUUULULLULUUL UE LLL CL ULL LeU
a
* Negative binemial diatui bution & ° ‘
A a >
|
Parametewa —» Ty) deEntercion of Magalies i
{fom ao Lbinionaia) diptuibution nal
story *~ indebendent — besinoui!ib) terial pat nocd failures, )y
Selece the it sueeens - if
+e Non smegative , Neither binornial
example, > ° lays end in i
"
loco looloooolea! |” ina
o-5, WN)
ee ceo OEE :
cd
ees a ee eo
Sa lo of failics betnces
Se ee ea eV |p
(Q\ SP eb WS ecex 2 a
Rondem Peumutatovys of 1,2,
Bind the exbected numbem ot Jocal Maxima, .
+ Local Maxima +> (30 14@5@)
preze ate local maxima
hea dicate RN» af position { having
a--- ym, Whene ms 2 eal
fee 1
Local mania {ejen eT
Gey tet oT) Cee ee) ere
ae ea UI
S ay 5 ExbectelNoluc. ttl
Combination
> indicator
=> Fundamental by idge
St Peten’s Tanador = ;
ie eee ora
Get O° , whene x19 4 Ribs of fain Coing unt! Hust
H Ineluding the Suacegp .
X= Neof toto turala Money an adtey in tsia)e
NES
xa [BOMe ros Ne to? Wok a
e A Yq V9 va") Kaisa _
\
The numbess af Outcomes} Ocaiwiauces dust c dinioimt Yn
Juteuvals asie ind pendeut
Fe 3 exer 0
sok
Sore
x2. (000! Bonen toni day
X >No df Decumoniera= Se
xt) = [8
Qc G\=v) m= 0,1 Foss
et (es :
Peas. wisoph a
yo ka
2:|| the beat chat Single Ocanrance Gevall in |
ja tena! tp a ieee lala i
PCxh)=15 = |
|| the Bebo bt Lt ot ae occurance cote Saeeee |
Eall Him ee ces
Cbcthy 22 )= Bln) 4 PulrY |
= fel) + fy (h) _! ie Se ee Shab ing 0
—wmall at the 6 | a tha 4
xamble ¥ = Su bbe 2h
pho walle adreniul at Hh Swit ied
Apeticton is Se onl Rs owe
i HEtOtUras re to emai ‘
5 —Peuled
—2 fee —{
Se ad
J mln _peditad eect
[ Ee, = Beale oe
@ P{xla)-0) = 6? ape
oO}
(Goel 5) 35) = Pl) PU) — pay «
= 1-6 | (sh) + Ge (5a)
aes aoe (SY
Ato Centon tndustoiial folan}= accidet Lake [lace +
of leven 2 month Uh is bab anol
el
no accident tn the itis
Pim Soe oo om Mout eee | |
at
Pan aestCN ee eray onl (Nee
me TGS ea
A fouinted Men MMtat cat. meg .2och\ine ae:
“E55 hos! Heng + Zacks bo. ge hos S080. posi Hors fi typisi
makes | error bor 6500 pes. Wibod is tne distribution
of nub: of bwers peubage 2 what 15 theprebtnata
bagehas n rrans Wbstts she byab\ that a6 fs
fase elupoys 2 a ~
al alee ee = every pes bage
X= ho of esto See Se
pl Bas = et (ou
ne ot!
72 = mel) (=> a fri ten ais s
Jala ee so san\S |
ay Plxtnso) = C2 c= bob5 = y
Tf :
Gal PIAA RY. cd Bead to
Remo aya eto) G56 065)
ended OOOO}
ee eee Pons For ConVeufeneen 9 os. Ss
... Pbew) elason diets ku tian
te: cole ie a
a ey aes density i a
Bao aa
ey SABE (e(x a1) == oolx= 41) |
Ea seis ete
Ze = al i
BS en ew NS
Sat Crxe=18)1
ea raat: 5
ESO Se ne A ae
Ul= ateget ate a t Let Xs Bin (np) no; b>
then, 6 = etn. = =
of.
breot- Ca ea a
Yen) pave glia Ss
" A foir Colm is fopaed 20time ond peobability ot obtainivng
bheodz
40
20
plod: *%, (4)
EroupleD +: Afoiv Coin ip toszed 500 Heres cuit fuobobility of oblamieg
150 Heodg -
pliso) = as 3)
500
pNow 1f We Ace, Ex-I is Coy he rCampure: bulnee 2 '* Al
te foke. much tme +
B Pigeione is Gaeta!
eee
DTI DAI) NIL er
x Pission Rondem Versiable =:
Oks Gas ten SS Ty
Congider the Case of dinomicl gondem Nasiiobte (RV. C4 CW
female yee binomial
becomes Very high and ‘pp? iaNiety
dignton dution 5 given by
digton bution Conver e® to boigeiot
az mp > Meo af the binomial Sipini bution
Vals) poisson formula.
a
KI
pl ies) = Ee) + P(s)+~-- + 208)
Be ee pl) PGs
Berek Oued Die). <\- (om
oO} WW 2)
=0°3233 SS eh
fne mumbes 5f accidents, Oc.custing ina month dellows
peission diatoibution with meon a2 5:2. fre. buobability of
Oceusserice ot lean theD occidieuts ina plat dusing a
Hasdomly Selected month ig
a a a
ot
Occusance Sf less then Ocdusience af more then or gue t0
Loceidient x Doce idiots 5
(succeap) (foilwie)
Meat = A= 5.2= mp
X= No of accidients happest
pleut) = Ple)+ 20)
ln) = ew Na
Kr
pa) oc 8!) eSh(62) = 0-084 i
ol
ii yeep abet sist (ouded aanvers \eticlls
= OL fre mean of vandom Nasiable is ? =
Bol Ef) - 2 oe b@) 1
Vike ete eel eal Ute.) Uru -2 =O
Urtdu-u-2=0 > Ul (usa)-1 (ut2) <0 a
=) | => Meat =! at
(Rej) : a
Que TP a oaudom Vasiable X hag poission diston bution with mean —~
5. then the Ex beota tion Flow} ip P
@ a YWUUubUuoUuuuTnTveurm Ele] = EDAtana] ~ Ele) +4) +4
Tepe) +4 upc) +4
Void = EJ > Ebe}- us5> Epe)=30
> 3044l5) v2.54 —+ Flees)
Que => “ine peace thot a bast oManutactusred by og
octive | “
Com pasty ip 0-03- GA Gag ib Buch parts ate Relecte
gaudemly and ingested , then the lovobobility that
leost 2 fants will be defective ia ?
Bol =" past
pee
defective
(0.05)
y= total no: of defective bart
Non defective
(0.95)
eee ee be) Pls) \- plo) =bOD
2 15x 0:05 = O45
et ces
K\ ;
ee a
we Plevent) = I a - eee v6)
ea
mae Meroe a O-17 PUR UU a a
# Exbected Nelue =
ek = ASS
nel =
ig x :
— ot nr ~
Bee se Oe Ae A
se cOe))
el]: 8
14 these ove AL As, - -- An Asal
an) PAD: Pi 5 riz o Rosige rumbet5 and bf 1 a Smoll
Value +
The teials acre ire pendent or & Weekly debbenden ee
then.
tHe of Ay Occurs ia abbyox , Ria(a) ~ A= = Ri
es)
tos: Binomial -+
Mw Bin (n,b)
eye = oo) 576 7 o=nb ia held Conpiant.
Po)=(") Be Robles Pwith Ain
ae K
eye i Aan Os >
Kl
nt) (2 oe ae
KI]
lopn7%
ae. aan ov Pi): er ah pas Expected Valve
KI
wesul >
DSM N+ 7 and boo we get 4the game
Poa Probability of Stardom Vasiie ble a2 oF binomial
distui bution . MUUUUV IEEE LNy yyy
Is
J
AUUUUUULLULLUUUULUUUL
,
ee
Continous ondorn Nosita ble :
ee SS
Life Hime ofa tube Light
K= Mifetme af a -lube Rogns 5 Cau't be quieaten thera yeod
% Cantoke all the. Value. fsiom O} to 365 ona
mumben tiene
\mnonth
Pee Ovlcecy se lh os bhr ---- Vday - 10day AD
Be ivecs
> % €[0, 368] => Uncountable ond @ 3 Continous RV
‘on
Destination 5,
A Random Vasiable
mumbesr of Nolueé-
iE it con teke uncountably |
ip Continous
Exauiple
Tp tordom Vasiiable modeling
n
the Weight of Gesitain individuals. | |
= A Hardon Nasvable lifetime "Aube tight i
Since % cou take Wwhinite snumber ot Raves nn ron ee” bobi\ity of
a fangle. Nevieble omupt be Zus0
Lnebability of a Arrgle woah , a
don't tole about
exalucting the prob abi tity ot en
tne Situation cl
Prana ot defined by
Plaexed) = J fe
Llcose 400) ja Hee PDE(buebability deity taxetiouat x. 1
Hence We
We medel
Carbain
{jars a= ees) d
~. $Rlo) =" (nae
barca
850
Pla: % 018) = piss
a
With in limits of the mntegsal 5 PO) is measily cout
> placx card) = tos » $60 [ere
5 tee) ()
=P loteet8) Gabby aaa
j desg ihe of Se
sy brebability bo unit feagth-
deuerty funch ove
> poo debility
q. obout the fosiob that
2600) quer au ide!
RV ts) Lie’ Neue
Se oe as
ch ELS = oO Jovoll %
Sitio Jt) dee 2 pe wmeXen) en
Sooke 2 DWUUUUVUUuVvuvm
UU
D
yy
Uwu
uN
AULUUULUUL LULL UUUUUL
(iy © ip Xeblaced 64 § (ctegral dx 3
plaex et) = Juorde = Ayjeos undess 46)
w dram x-a 40% b
+ Expected Nolue aud V osiienice Apc ienale es
expectes olen?
Re cele
w Ep. forex
a os
eo Ele etal’= J (x= Eby} 460) dx
3)' om
Niro BQO (ebay
. ye aXtb thew
. 5. Soe \lasely) = 0° Sass)
(e)» Wp tee POF of a Ry ip even Byrn metsie 5 Brennen cates
K Zvioe
iP fle) =¢$) = Even Begone tie tse -
Mesu= Eb] - feioe
let ocPlo) = qe)
(eae) = -00 Fae) = =)
> g~ = gl) > odd fx -
Ede f job Javeo = Joo -0
10 + Life time of an efectuic bulb is 2 Sauder Vawable with
ie, Kx? jlhene X is wieogused Im yeaue, Of the minimy
aud woximum lifetime of bulb ave loud 2 yeaus Hespectively ‘
then the Nlofue of K ig i--
Jute = Kx?
i 3
> H=3 >
~The quobh ata fax ig Shown indeg
foe PL) tebe analid” ae! denaity
tne Value of la ig >
cas e u o
h
* fz 10) dx -!
{
Ques Fe Por ofaty “e iz FO0= (42) /4 For otfo2] and
otueuudipe + fhe meau Ub of RV iB
we l4-%) ; xelo2]
AO a, 5
Boe eal
= ae
a dx =x
ok ste) dx
a (ue ee)
mot 5
* oe Quer Let % be ao RV With POF?:
O72 3 \xlél
oe “es 3 lees
O 3 othetwipe
The lbuobobility plo-5<%45) iA —-
ae (rex ea) +p (94%-5)
Plo-54ee5) = Ge
‘ 5 u 2
{ord a { odx = Jos = o-2x | 2s |
5 u 4 eo
2 0-9 (0-8) +0-1(3) = O:1+ 0:3 -Or4
UUUELLEUVUDUUTUUY
y
me ie fe) tine” Vas) = EDG]- EL)”
Hen ( ree 20
= yet 9 eaw
oo a a ©
Eb = { sdtcode = | Wyre [or (yee)
au ae
“3 os
ca oe a a
a Cork +t p) eee 2 {oe e*dx
: . 3
=) Cowra es
eae J a - 6 by Syrametny hs
ree
UVULULULULLLELLELULULLUT
|
Quer The Niguce. St RY % with brobnbility OP Fl) = dole ie .. uct: Pind the Value of A Ruch shot function FOO 1B
Valid PDF $= a(x G-x) tor xelv2]
a
gol [re de eI
: fac (=x)
1
1
x = x3 43x - 2%
Safe vaxt a2 a (“He )
AS 48 2) iS IO a) =|
Sones -4e
62)
aa.
ARK
=
sa aD aan tear
l ws Height Gnches)
+ Gauapion os Noumal Rordom Nasioble =* |
Soe i
—> Bell Ahabed Cusve, foe
Ancsmnal Radom Vasiable haz
the PDF of the foum
> igh
eal
—————— SSS 3
bo!
lye 8
1 exh (SO ) dx mee
oe
/ P(x £38) = _
is insegaeted « 4
A
yo) RY ©
+> tg g wtoudasid Mer
=} @Noumel RY ee
Redleon ate ln 2
|
on 4
: ig SY + stond asd) RN, .
por: Fe) los sl
z..|
_
« exobuoted by mum ei cal
ged in yables'| Colewlor ore |
precon
the Nalue ot Goa
methods aud 1? Nion - i
# Non -Standand RV ia these , Convesd i
Standand RY. ..
THoustonmaton >
MULUULLELEUUY
2: 5 Recoll = BdxHb
> Fle] -abb wen prondand RN, the Random i
= a
gion dasid One « i;
OY
NJasiiable Genvesits into the
Key points 5° ‘
dipisibution 1p Bymmetaic about the ie
The intenval Noumal
mean (a).
2) Ayten (** u) = Dyeat xe u)= Vo = F
a) PG) =< eGr ee) = Ya ;
x Et
Ee ou e
Piel tean lie as aay fan |
5) TH X ip Real Gy easeg. et = (u) and Vosiiancel~) a
wen Yzaxt ig alao a, neue! RN! having the ear a
Beleiies) ad Vesiersc (vo)
Bees ee eee pail RV recite
x ip alpen voumal Ry :
Masiiauce = Qpata? ae mmean= Athy-+ asl, and
i #No of Stordarid deviation t-
See Selarion §
Plu-~ £XZUts) —> Nov ctandasd
} => Convesit +0 Standand
iW (f= ie cathe Ze
= — =
a POO)- dl) < Pluer)~ Plze-))
SS bu ) : i
ae x [se ans
Ee On sy = O15 80% = O-6896
or 68°96 -/.
| + Rey points =
1) Abproximetely b8/- of the Valuer asia fou 70
aie Located within One plaudaud deviation obout the mean =
p(u-~ One pid deviction.
ists buon ane
aby. ofthe Nabues of anyroswmnel 3
located within two Standauid deviotien ofout Ue 5
42648 deviation
pur 2xeU2~)
3) Abputoximotely INH 1. of the Value of
within 32td deviction about ub «
Plu-arexe U4 Br) =
= 0.9544 = 95:44 y.
aay monmal dint. asic locoted
OF = AAT
amnal disteurbubonn | Quets|| 2 the mona af 00 students atic. noumally digtaibuted
with mean bly ond ctandaud deiation Siqn (Gio.
Undem _masimal Cusiue. betuseen %=0 ondZe\s35 ip O.4089
{| __tll Pindthe numben of Students mhose Weistor is amore thei
ihe Studeata 2 slg epg doen oncqualto b4\a.
3) Bstudente Lihose weight fie betirou 65.and Vg
Goli||_tL= 6BKq =
Sew agua aE CD etwas CNA = S
4s}. “
|e Convent +o standaud foum -
Pa P( xs 194) 9 P(x > ou) = ples uaa) eo
= O:5- 0.4089 = 6-O0918
OeDRx 868 =7.H = students |
loose ‘
22 students hagve “tueight goreatex then A2Kg in the :
er Tin ee Gias 30) Oiss-terd ériieisetenae at EO
2)|| Plxe ban, => 2 ocu ceuee) «Plz 4143) : om
= 0-5- O.4og)- 0-090
298 piudents have weight leza tre b4 vg i
Planeveniys Ole ye) ) =Dpge,
be9b ¥90e = 204g = “209 sztudert:
lee
Abbuox 205 sidenta have weight gueotet then big ond
leg, the “A ig L = — Ques | A sondern Vasiioble X has mosimal dip toi bution with reeartoo —
Ino. if PCinaex 41900) = +8 the
Pliooe nKe" (e )
(oo-uy= _(x-2/e) ee 3
2 =
the 2): eS
