PRE202 - Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics
Fall 2019
Dr. Asmaa Ramadan El-Sayed
Mechanical Power Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering – Ain Shams University
 Lecture 2
Properties of Pure
Substances
 Outline
• Types of working fluids
• Properties of pure substance
• Behavior of water at constant pressure
• Phase equilibrium diagram
• Steam tables form
• How to use steam tables to get thermodynamic properties
 Types of Working Fluids

• Working fluids are divided in two main categories:

• Ideal gas (Ex: Air, 𝑁2 , 𝑂2 , CO, 𝐶𝑂2 , Ar, 𝐶𝐻4 , … etc)
• Pure substance (Ex: Water, Refrigerants,… etc)
 Properties of Pure Substance
• A pure substance is one composed of only one type of molecule, it is
invariable in chemical composition.
• It is important to consider the properties of pure substances because they do
not behave like an ideal gas in the majority of cases due to their phase.
• Examples of phase include solid, liquid, vapor or gas.
Behavior of Water at Constant Pressure

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Subcooled or Saturated liquid, f Saturated liquid- Saturated vapor, g Superheated vapor
compressed liquid vapor mixture
T-V diagram
• A saturated liquid is a fluid for which
any heat addition at a given pressure &
temperature will cause it to boil and
become steam.
• A saturated vapor is one for which any
heat addition at the given pressure will
cause an increase in temperature and
become a superheated vapor.
 Steam Tables

Saturated liquid-vapor tables

 Steam Tables
Superheated vapor tables
 How to Use Steam Tables
If given p & T:
• Get 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 at the given pressure
• Compare the given T with 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡
• If T < 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 , water exists in the
compressed liquid region
• If T > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 , water exists in the
superheated vapor region
If given (p or T) & (v, u, h or s)
• Get the values of the property at (f)
& (g) at the given T or p
• Compare the given value of the
property with the saturation values
 For Vapor- Liquid Mixtures

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑓 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑓 ℎ − ℎ𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑓
Quality (X) = = = = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 𝑢𝑔 −𝑢𝑓 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 𝑠𝑔 −𝑠𝑓

𝑣𝑓𝑔 =𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 , 𝑢𝑓𝑔 =𝑢𝑔 − 𝑢𝑓 ,

ℎ𝑓𝑔 =ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 , 𝑠𝑓𝑔 =𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠𝑓
Where ℎ𝑓𝑔 is known as the latent heat of vaporization.
 For Compressed Liquid Water
• To get the properties of the compressed liquid water, special tables can be
used. The problem is large steps of pressure and temperatures in this table.
• Extensive interpolation and extrapolation are required.
• An approximation could be done and the properties of compressed liquid
can be approximated to those of the saturated liquid water at the same
temperature (NOT same pressure)
 For Compressed Liquid Water

Exact Value Values of same T Values of same p

p 500 kPa p 2.3392 kPa p 500 kPa
T 20ºC T 20ºC T 151.83
v 0.001002 v 0.001002 v 0.001093
u 83.91 u 83.94 u 639.54
h 84.41 h 83.94 h 640.09
s 0.2965 s 0.2966 s 1.8604
 Example
T (ºC) p (kPa) v (m³/kg) u (kJ/kg) h (kJ/kg) X (%) Phase

a 20 500

b 500 0.2

c 200 1400

d 300 0.8
QUESTIONS?