Math 1A: Introduction to functions and calculus Oliver Knill, Spring 2020

5/7/2020: Final Practice C

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writing on a new paper. For 1), you could write 1: False, 2: False · · · 20: False.
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firmation.

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Total: 140
Problem 1) TF questions (20 points). No justifications are needed.

R 2π
1) The definite integral 0
sin2 (5x) dx is zero.
T F

Solution:
The integrand is never negative and almost everywhere positive.

The intermediate value theorem assures that the function exp(sin(x)) has a
2) T F root in the interval (0, 2π).

Solution:
The function exp(sin(x)) is never zero.

d
3) T F dx
cos(4x) = −4 sin(4x).

Solution:
differentiate

4) T F If f 00 (1) < 0 then 1 is a local maximum of f .

Solution:
It also has to be a critical point.

5) T F The derivative of 1/x is log(x) for all x > 0.

Solution:
It is the anti-derivative, not the anti derivative

6) T F The limit of sin(3x)/(5x) for x → 0 exists and is equal to 3/5.

 Solution:
Use Hôpital

7) T F The function (et − 1)/t has the limit 1 as t goes to zero.

Solution:
Use Hopital

8) T F The derivative of f (f (x)) is f 0 (f 0 (x)) for any differentiable function f .

Solution:
This is not the chain rule

9) T F A monotonically increasing function f has no point x, where f 0 (x) < 0.

Solution:
Increasing means that the derivative is positive.

The function f (x) = exp(−x2 ) has an inflection point x somewhere on the

10) T F real line.

Solution:
The second derivative can be zero. One can see this by looking at the graph.

11) T F The function f (x) = (1 − x3 )/(1 + x) has a limit for x → −1.

Solution:
The top 1 − x3 is not zero at x = −1 so that the function has a pole

If we know the marginal cost for all quantities x as well as the total cost for
12) T F x = 1 we know the total cost for all x.
 Solution:
We can form the anti derivative and fix the constant from F (1).

The function f which satisfies f (x) = 0 for x < 0 and f (x) = e−x for x ≥ 0
13) T F is a probability density function.

Solution:
True, it is nonnegative every where and the total integral is 1.

The differentiation rule (f · g)0 = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) holds for all differentiable
14) T F functions f, g.

Solution:
We would need the Leibniz product rule, not the chain rule.

15) T F Hôpital’s rule assures that cos(x)/ sin(x) has a limit as x → 0.

Solution:
The nominator does not go to zero for x → 0.

f (x)
16) T F A Newton step for the function f is T (x) = x − f 0 (x)
.

Solution:
By definition

The family of functions fc (x) = cx2 where c is a parameter has a catastrophe

17) T F at x = 0.

Solution:
For c < 0 we have a local max, for c > 0 we have a local min.

Rx
The fundamental theorem of calculus implies −x
f 0 (t) dt = f (x) − f (−x)
18) T F for all differentiable functions f .
 Solution:
Yes, this is the most important result in this course.

If f is a smooth function for which f 00 (x) = 0 everywhere, then f is con-

19) T F stant.

Solution:
It can be linear

The function f (x) = sin(x)/(1 − cos(x)) can be assigned a value f (0) such
20) T F that f (x) is continuous at 0.

Solution:
Use l’Hopital to see that the limit is the same as limx→0 cos(x)/ sin(x) which has no limit
at x = 0.
Problem 2) Matching problem (10 points) Only short answers are needed.

We name some important concepts in this course. To do so, please complete the
sentences with one or two words. Each question is one point.
 f (x+h)−f (x)
limh→0 h
is called the of f .

f 0 (x) = 0, f 00 (x) > 0 implies that x is a of f .

The sum n1 [f (0) + f (1/n) + f (2/n) + · · · +

sum.
f ((n − 1)/n) + f (1)] is called a

If f (0) = −3 and f (4) = 8, then f has a root

theorem.
on the interval (0, 4) by the

There is a point x ∈ (0, 1) where f 0 (x) =

theorem.
f (1) − f (0) by the

The expansion rate r0 (t) can be obtained

rates.
from d/dtV (r(t)) = −5 by the method of

Rx
The anti derivative −∞ f (t) dt of a proba-
function.
bility density function f is called the

A point x for which f (x) = 0 is called a of f .

A point x for which f 00 (x) = 0 is called an of f .

At a point x for which f 00 (x) > 0, the func- up.

tion is called
Solution:
Derivative
Local minimum
Riemann sum
Intermediate value
Mean value
Related
Cumulative distribution
Root
Inflection Point
Concave

Problem 3) Matching or short answer problem (10 points). No justifications are needed.

a) (4 points) Find the relation between the following functions:

function f function g f = g0 g = f0 none

log | sin(x)| cot(x)
2
1/ cos (x) tan(x))
x5 5x4
1/x2 −1/x
sin(log(x)) cos(log(x))/x
b) (3 points) Match the following functions (a-d) with a choice of anti-derivatives
(1-4).

Function a)-d) Fill in 1)-4)

graph a)
graph b)
graph c)
graph d)

a) b) c) d)
1) 2) 3) 4)
c) (3 points) Find the limits for x → 0

Function f limx→0 f (x)

2x
x/(e − 1)
(e2x − 1)/(e3x − 1)
sin(3x)/ sin(5x)

Solution:
a)

function f function g f = g0 g = f0 none

log | sin(x)| cot(x) *
1/ cos2 (x) tan(x)) *
x5 5x4 *
1/x2 −1/x *
sin(log(x)) cos(log(x))/x *

b) 3,2,4,1
c) Use l’Hopital: 1/2,2/3,3/5

Problem 4) Area computation (10 points)

Find the area of the shield shaped region bound by the two curves 1/(1 + x2 ) and
x2 − 1.
 VE RI

TAS

Solution:
The two curves intersect at x = ±21/4 .
R 21/4 1 1/4
−21/4 1+x2
− x2 + 1 dx = arctan(x) − x3 /3 + x|2−21/4 = 2 arctan(21/4 ) − (2/3)23/4 + 2 · 21/4 .

Problem 5) Volume computation (10 points)

Did you know that there is a scaled copy of the liberty bell on the campus of the
Harvard business school? Here we compute its volume. Find the volume of the rota-
tionally symmetric solid if the radius r(z) at height z is r(z) = 8 − (z − 1)3 and the
height z of the bell is between 0 and 3.

Solution:
Z 3 Z 2 Z 2
3 2 3 2
π π(8−(z−1) ) dz = π (8−u ) du = π 64−16u3 +u6 du = π(64z−16u4 /4+u7 /7)|3−1 = π1053/7
0 −1 −1
Problem 6) Improper integrals (10 points)

a) (5 points) Find the integral or state that it does not exist

Z ∞
1
dx .
1 x4
b) (5 points) Find the integral or state that it does not exist
Z ∞
1
3/2
dx .
1 x

Solution:
a)
∞ ∞
−x−3
Z
1 1
4
dx = = .
1 x 3 1 3
b) Z ∞
1
dx = −2x−1/2 |1∞ = 2 .
1 x3/2

Problem 7) Extrema (10 points)

The Harvard stadium has a track which encloses a rectangular field of dimensions x, y.
The circumference of the track is 400 = 2πy + 2x and is fixed. We want to maximize
the area xy for a play field. Which x achieves this?

y
Solution:
Solve for y = (200 − x)/π and plug this into the function to get

f (x) = xy = x(200 − x)/π .

To find the maximum of this function, we differentiate with respect to x and look where
the derivative is zero:
f 0 (x) = (200 − 2x)/π = 0
showing that x = 100 is the maximum.

Problem 8) Integration by parts (10 points)

Find the antiderivative: Z

(x − 1)4 exp(x + 1) dx .

Solution:
Use the Tic-Tac-Toe integration method:

(x − 1)4 exp(x + 1)
4(x − 1)3 exp(x + 1) ⊕
12(x − 1)2 exp(x + 1)
24(x − 1) exp(x + 1) ⊕
24 exp(x + 1)
0 exp(x + 1) ⊕

Adding things up gives

ex+1 [(x − 1)4 − 4(x − 1)3 + 12(x − 1)2 − 24(x − 1) + 24] .

Problem 9) Substitution (10 points)

R 2
a) (3 points) Solve the integral ex 2x dx.
R
b) (3 points) Solve the integral 2x log(x2 ) dx.
x
e−2e ex dx.
R
c) (4 points) Find the integral
Solution:
These are all standard substitution problems:
2
a) ex + c
b) x2 log(x2 ) − x2 + c
2
c) −e−2x /2 + c

Problem 10) Partial fractions (10 points)

a) (5 points) Find the definite integral

Z 5
1
dx .
1 (x − 4)(x − 2)
b) (5 points) Find the indefinite integral
Z
1
dx .
(x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5)

Solution:
In
R 5 both1 problems 1we
R 5 can find the coefficients quickly with the l’Hopital method: a)
1 1
1 (x−4)(x−2)
dx = 2 1 [ x−4 − x−2 ] dx = 21 [log |x − 4| − log |x − 2|]|51 = − log(3). b) The
factorization
1 A B C
= + +
(x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5) x−1 x−3 x−5
1 1
can be obtained quickly from l’Hopital: A = limx→1 (x−3)(x−5) = 8
and B =
1 1 1 1
limx→3 (x−1)(x−5) = − 4 and C = limx→5 (x−1)(x−3) = 8 so that the result is

[log |x − 1| − 2 log |x − 3| + log |x − 5|]/8 .

[P.S. As in the homeworks, we do not worry in a) that these are improper integrals,
integrating over the logarithmic singularity. They are no problem because the integral of
log |x| is x log |x| − x which has a limit 0 for x → 0.]

Problem 11) Chain rule (10 points)

The coordinates of a car on a freeway intersection are x(t) and y(t). Use the chain rule
to differentiate
f (t) = x(t)7 + y(t)7 − 2x(t)y(y)2 .
Assume we know x0 (0) = 3 and x(0) = 1, y(y) = 1. Find the derivative y 0 (t).

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Solution:
Differentiate the relation with respect to t and solve for y 0 :

7x6 x0 + 6y 2 y 0 − 2x0 y 2 − 4xyy 0 = 0 .

Therefore, we can solve for

y 0 = (7x6 x0 − 7y 6 x0 )/(4xy − 6y 2 ) .

The final answer is −5 .

Problem 12) Various integration problems (10 points)

Find the anti-derivatives of the following functions:

a) (2 points) f (x) = sin5 (x) cos(x).

1 1
b) (3 points) f (x) = x2 +1
+ x2 −1
.
√
c) (2 points) f (x) = 1 − x2 + √ 1 .
1−x2

1
d) (3 points) f (x) = log(x) + log(x)
.
Solution:
a) sin6 (x)/6 + c
b) arctan(x) + log(x − 1)/2 + log(x + 1)/2 + c
c) arcsin(x) + arcsin(x)/2 + sin(2 arcsin(x)))/4
d) x log(x) − x + li(x) the second integral is a non-elementary integral. Was a freebe. You
got 3 points even without solving that...

Problem 13) Applications (10 points)

a) (5 points) We know the total cost F (x) = −x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 1 for the quantity
x. In order to find the positive break-even point x satisfying f (x) = g(x), where
g(x) = F (x)/x is the total cost and f (x) = F 0 (x) is the marginal cost, we do - how
sweet it is - find the maximum of the average cost g(x) = F (x)/x. Find the maximum!

b) (5 points) We know the ”velocity”, ”acceleration” and ”jerk” as the first second
and third derivative of position. The fourth, fifth and sixth derivatives of position as
a function of time are called ”snap”, ”crackle” and ”pop” according to characters
used in a cereal add. Assume we know the snap x0000 (t) = t. Find x(t) satisfying
x(0) = x0 (0) = x00 (0) = 0, x000 (0) = 0.

Solution:
a) We have to solve the equation g(x) = 0 by the strawberry theorem. Giving the equation
−x2 + 2x + 4 + 1/x = 0 was enough. The solution needs to be evaluated numerically, for
example with Newton.
b) Integrate 4 times to get x(t) = t5 /120. All constants are zero.