COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
tuberculosis complex
TUBERCULOSIS
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
(acid-fast bacilli)
Mode of Transmission:
Direct: Airborne through droplet nuclei (coughing,
sneezing, and spitting)
Indirect: Continuous exposure to infected persons
within the family
Incubation Period: 2-10 weeks
NTP (National Tuberculosis Control Program)
Vision: A Tuberculosis-Free Philippines
Zero deaths, disease, and suffering due to
tuberculosis
Legal Basis: RA 10767-Comprehensive TB
Elimination Plan Act of 2016
Cardinal Signs/Symptoms (lasting for 2 2 weeks)
• Cough
• Unexplained fever
• Unexplained weight loss
• Night sweat
Other Symptoms
• Hemoptysis
• Easy fatigability / malaise
• Shortness of breath / DOB
2 Classification of TB
(Anatomical Site) iB ha Ings
1. Pulmonary TB (PTB) - Lungs
2. Extraordinary TB (EPTB) - Organs other
than the lungs
laboratory/DiagnosticExam
1. Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM)
-the primary diagnostic methad adopted by the NTP
provides a definitive diagnosis of active TB
procedure is simple economical
microscopy center could be put up even in remote
areas
⁃ serves as one of the boses for categorizing IB
coses according to standard case definition
⁃ used to montor progress of patients with TB
while they are on onti-TB treatment and confirm cure
at the end of treatment.
Ziehl-Neelsen Microscopy
(Gram Staining)
economical
Fluorescence Microscopy (FM)
-efficient in detecting acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
2. Xpert MTB/RIF
⁃ as a rapid diggnostic assay test for I and drug
resistence
⁃ simultaneously detects mycobacterium
(MTBC) and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) in less
than 2 hours
- used for TB diagnosis among
• presumptive DR-TB
• PLHI with signs and symptoms of TB
• smear-negative patient with OR findings
suggestive of TB
(a) patients with EPT
3. TB Skin Test (TST)
⁃ aka Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) Test or
Mantoux Test
⁃ shall NOT be used as the sole basis for TB
diognosis
⁃ detect exposure to TB
⁃ test used among children
⁃ intradermal (inner aspect of forearm) »
⁃ Locolized Rx - 48-72 hrs
• (+) Mantoux Test will have 210mm induration
4. Chest X-Ray (CXR)
⁃ complement bacteriologic testing in the diagnosis
of TB
⁃ low specificity
⁃ does not differentiate DS-TB form DR-TB
⁃ helpful in localizing the site of TB lesion
⁃ may be useful in diagnosing TB patients that are
asymptomatic, and cannot submit sputum specimen
but are suspected to have TB
⁃ Posteroanterior (PA) upright view
⁃ Pregnant: Written consent + abdominal
protective shield
DIRECT OBSERVED TREATMENT (DOTS) short
course or short period
• Locally known as "TUKTOK GAMUTAN" is a
method to ensure treatment adherence by providing
constant supervision to TB patients.
• (DOTS) is believed to be the most effective
strategy for controlling TB.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TO ENSURE SUCCESS
IN ITS IMPLEMENTATION
• Availability of Quality Assured
Sputum Microscopy,
• Uninterrupted Supply of Anti-TB
Drugs
• Supervised Treatment
• Patient and Program Monitoring
• Political Will
5 MAJOR DRUGS TX. FOR TB
H - Isoniazid
R - Rifambin
Z - Pyrazinamide
E - Ethambutol
S - Streptomycin
FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TREATMENT
Two or more Anti- TB drugs are combined in one • DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN
tablet, especially when medication is not observed. • ANTIBIOTICS
⁃ PENICILLIN
SINGLE DRUG TUFORMULATION ⁃ ERYTHROMYCIN (drug of choice thru IM)
Each drug is prepared individually
PREVENTION
PREVENTION AND CONTROL • VACCINATION
• BC vaccination of newborn infants provides ⁃ TDAP/DAP
• 50% Protection against any TB disease. • PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Health éducation ⁃ ISOLATION
• Environmental sanitation ⁃ DISTANCING
• Early diagnosis and treatment ⁃ HANDWASHING
• Respiratory isolation
PERTUSSIS
The roles of the t'B wurse manaser can can be
summed up into tee major fuactions: Whooping cough (caused by Bordetella pertussis
1. Managing services for the Individually dlagnosed bacteria) and haemophillus pertussis is a respiratory
or suspected of having TB from Inielation to infection primarily affecting babies under 6 months
completion of treatment and a change in the old and older children with fading immunity
diagnosis or death.
2. Scheduling Immedlately anether date I° patient SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
is unable to keep appointments to avold the patient • RUNNY NOSE
being labeled as dellnquent • SNEEZING
• MILD COUGH
DIPTHERIA (unique: presence of • LOW-GRADE FEVER
pseudomembrano membrane)
• highly contagious DIAGNOSE THRU:
• caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Nose or Throat Culture and Test
• mainly affects the nose and throat • Blood Test - pagtaas an wbc
• Chest X-ray - ma order to determine may
2 TYPES inflammation or fluid ha lunga
• respiratory diptheria (nose, lungs)
• cutaneous diptheria (wounds and blisters) PHASES
1. catharal phase - runny nose coughing fever 1 to
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 2 weeks non specific signs and symptms
• A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and 2. paroxysmal phase - whooping cough 1 to 2
tonsils months specific symptoms
• Swollen glands in the neck 3. convalescent phase - severe complication an
• Sore throat symptoms nagtitikawara na
• Fever
• Throat pain. TREATMENT
• Weakness or fatigue AZITHROMYCIN
• Breathing problems CLARITHROMYCIN
• Dysphagia ERYTHROMYCIN
• Slurred speech
• skin sores that will not heal and may be covered Whooping cough in infants under 6 months requires
with the grey tissue. hospital treatment including suctioning, oxygen, IV
fluids, and precautions to prevent infection spread to
If infection continues: other patients, staff, and visitors.
• Nerve;
• Kidney; complication: abdominal hernia kay sge tim pag
• Heart problems inubo. as nurses, instruct patient to use pillow for
support, hug the pillow while coughing.
Diagnostic Test/Procedure
Laboratory Test COVID - 19
• Throat Culture
• can also take a sample from an open sore or MOT: Droplets (greater than 5), Alrborne (less than
ulcer 5), Fomites (pwede maging reservoir)
• Known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• Caused by the virus Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• first is SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
• seconds is MERS, ha saudi nag originate 2012
• recently an SARS- CoV-2
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days after
exposure.
• Presymptomatic transmission
• Asymptomatic transmission
• Common symptoms can include:
• Fever
• Cough
• Tiredness
• Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to
life-threatening.
1. Bacterial Pneumonia
• The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Can occur on its own or developed after you've
had a cold or the flu.
2. Viral Pneumonia
• This is usually caused by respiratory viruses
• Most viral pneumonias are not serious and last a
shorter time than bacterial pneumonia
• SARS-CoV-2 = adult
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) = young
children

• Early symptoms of COVID-19 may include 3. Fungal Pneumonia

anosmia (no sense of smell) or ageusia(no • Most common in people with chronic health
sense of taste). problems or weakened immune systems
• Other symptoms may include: • Acquired also by people who are exposed to
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. large doses of certain fungi from contaminated soil
• Muscle aches or bird droppings.
• Chills • It's not spread from person to person.
• Sore throat
• Runny nose 4. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
• Vomiting • This refers to pneumonia that's acquired outside
• Diarrhea hospital or other healthcare institutions.
• Rash • This is the most common type of pneumonia
• Headache
• Chest pain 5. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
• Pink eye (conjunctivitis) • Refers to pneumonia acquired during a hospital
• Nausea stay.
• This type of bacterial pneumonia can be more
DIAGNOSTIC TEST serious than other types
• Molecular test e.g. PCR test (nakakadetect hin
smallest proteins) 6. Aspiration Pneumonia
• ANTIGEN TEST (may false positive kay large • Occurs when an individual inhales bacteria into
proteins la it kaya ma detect) the lungs from food, drink, vomit or saliva
hallmark sign : anosmia and aguesia • It's more likely to occur if you have a swallowing
problem or excess use of alcohol or drugs
PREVENTION
• COVID-19 vaccines 7. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Maintaining physical distancing • Is a lung infection that develops in a person who is
• Wearing of face masks on a ventilator.
• Washing hands
• Improved ventilation SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Proper cough etiquette • Coughing
• Fever
PNEUMONIA • Sweating or chills
pathoneumonic sign: rusty sputum or prune • Shortness of breath
orange na sputumand owede mah produce dry • Chest pain
cough (waray plema amo na prescribe hin • Feeling of tiredness or fatigue
expectorant it doctor) and productve cough (may • Loss of appetite
plema)and this is considered deadly because it • Nausea or vomiting
targets our alveoli. • Headaches

• Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition affecting DIAGNOSTIC TEST

air sacs in one or both lungs. • LISTENING TO YOUR LUNGS AS YOU
• Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may cause pneumonia. BREATHE
• SPUTUM TEST 4. A(H5N1) or "Bird Flu" (1996-1997) - common ha
• CHEST X-RAY water birds like goose, geese, ducks
• BLOOD TEST
Influenza B
• Are not classified into subtypes but can be broken
TREATMENT down into lineages.
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the 1. B / Yamagata Lineage - started ha japan
pneumonla, your age and overall health. Treatment 2. B / Victoria Lineage - china
options aims at curing the infection and preventing
complications. Influenza C
• Is detected less frequently and usually causes mild
TREATMENT OPTIONS INCLUDES: infections, thus does not present public health
• ANTIBIOTIC importance.
• MEDICINE TO REDUCE
• PAIN/FEVER Influenza D
• SOMETIMES, EXTRA FLUIDS OR OXYGEN • Primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect
or cause iliness in people.
PREVENTION
• REDUCING EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
POLLUTION Symptoms of influenza usually begin around 2 days
• ADEQUATE NUTRITION after being infected by someone who has the virus.
• IMMUNIZATION • Sudden onset of fever
• AVOIDING SMOKING NEAR CHILDREN • Cough (usually dry)
• IMPROVING HOUSE CONDITIONS • Headache
• Muscle and joint pain
INFLUENZA • Severe malaise (feeling unwell)
• Sore throat
KEY FACTS • Runny nose
• There are around a billion cases of seasonal
influenza annually. including 3-5 million cases of DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
severe illness. 10 - 20 minutes:
• It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTS)
annually. • Rapid molecular assays
• Ninety-nine percent of deaths in children under 5 Several hours:
years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory • Reverse transcription polymerase chain
tract infections are in developing countries. reaction (RT-PCR)
• Symptoms begin 1-4 days after infection and • Viral culture
usually last around a week. • Immunofluorescence assays.

• Commonly known as "The Flu". TREATMENT

• Caused by Influenza Viruses (A, B, C, D).
• From the family of Orthomyxoviridae.
• Transmitted through tiny droplets when an
infected person coughs or sneezes and fomites.
TYPES
Influenza A
• Are further classified into subtypes according to
the combinations of the proteins on the surface of
the virus.
• Currently circulating in humans are
subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses.
1. A(H1N1) or "Spanish Flu" (1918-1920) -
deadliest flu caused by birds ha feces
2. A(H1N1)pdm09 or "Swine Flu" (2009-2010) -
tikang ha baboy
3. A(H3N2) or "Hong Kong Flu" (1968) - most
severe influenza tikang ha mixture of pigs and
humans
Most people will recover from influenza on their own.
People with severe symptoms or other medical
conditions should seek medical care.
People with mild symptoms should.
• stay home to avoid infecting other people
• rest
• drink plenty of fluids
• treat other symptoms such as fever
• seek medical care if symptoms get worse.
People at high risk or with severe symptoms should
be treated with antiviral medications as soon as
possible.
TREATMENT
There are four FDA-approved influenza antiviral
drugs recommended by CDC for use against
recently circulating influenza viruses.
• Rapivab (peramivir)
• Relenza (zanamivir)
• Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate, available as • Administering the Vaccine
generic) • Dosage: 1.5 ml
• Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) • Minimum Age: 12 months
• 2 Doses with a 2-Week Interval (para ma
PREVENTION maximize an immunization)

Vaccination AMOEBIASIS
inactivated - im
recombinant- im ⁃ pathogneumonic sign: bloody mucoid stool and
life attenuated- intranasal tenesmus (sget popo pero feeling niya di laghap
Annual vaccination is recommended for hiya nakag poop)
• Pregnant women ⁃ once u get infected, for lifetime na ini
• Children aged 6 months to 5 years madedeadtivate la an parasite ha sulod.
• People over age 65 • an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a
• People with chronic medical conditions microscopic (tiny) parasite
• Health workers • caused by: Entamoeba histolytica
Other ways to prevent influenza:
• wash and dry your hands regularly cover your SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
mouth and nose. • NAUSEA
• dispose of tissues correctly • DIARRHEA
• stay home when feeling unwell • WEIGHT LOSS
• avoid close contact with sick people • STOMACH TENDERNESS
• avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. • OCCASIONAL FEVER

CHOLERA FOR SEVERE AMOEBIASIS

⁃ pathogneumonic sign of cholera: rice watery • STOMACH PAIN
stools • BLOODY STOOLS
• FEVER
⁃ caused by: Vibrio cholerae amoebic dysentery - severe form of amoebiasis
• is an acute diagrhoeal infection caused by
ingestion of food or water contaminated with the DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURE
bacterium Vibrio cholerae FECAL EXAMINATION
• originated in India's Ganges Delta
• source is usually the feces of an infected person. TREATMENT
• HYDRATION (electrolytes)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS • METRONIDAZOLE (500 mg) (oral 6 to 8 hrs for 7
• Diarrhea/rice-water stools to 14 days)
• Intense thirst. • TINIDAZOLE (2g)
• Lower amounts of urine
• Muscle cramps. Prevention Strategies
• Restlessness or irritability. Hand Hygiene
• Vomiting. • Proper Handwashing Techniques
• Weakness. • The importance of soap and water
• Duration of handwashing
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURE • When to wash hands
• Stool culture Food Handling
• rapid dipstick test • Proper Food Handling Techniques
• Safe food storage
TREATMENT • Cooking temperatures
• Fluid replacement • Avoiding cross-contamination
• (Oresol) • Importance of clean utensils and surfaces
• IVF Community Measures
• Antimicrobials (doxycycline (adult, bata, pregnant • Encouraging clean water sources
woman), azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin) • Improving sanitation facilities
• Community health education
Prevention Strategies
• Handwashing TYPHOID FEVER
• Proper Sanitation ⁃ pathogneumoc sign: ladder-like fever, rose
• Boiling and Chlorination of Water spots
• Cholera Vaccination (IMPORTANT) ⁃ AKA Enteric Fever
⁃ is an acute illness associated with fever caused
by the Salmonella Typhi
How do people get typhoid fever?
-it is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in
contaminated food or water.
na spread hiya if an infected person touches food
with their hands or anything na ginkaptan nira
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. Prodromal: headache, fever, anorexia,lethargy,
diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain
2. Fastigial: Ladder-Like Curve of temperature, rose
spots on trunk, spleenomegaly
3. Defervescence: fever gradually subsides, onset
of complications such as hemorrhage, peritonitis
4 Convalescence or recovery stage
LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- TYPHIDOT TEST - blood test if may presence of
IgM (infected with typhoid fever)and IgG (infected
with or past history with the disease)
TREATMENT
- CHLORAMPHENICOL (first antibiotic used for tx of
typhoid fever)
Prevention Strategies
• Hand hygiene and handwashing
• Proper sanitation
• Sanitary disposal of feces
• Avoidance of feces, fomites, and flies
• Safe handling of food and fluids
• Typhoid Vaccine
• 0,5 ml per IM single dose.
• Suitable for individuals aged 2 years and above.
• Community Education
VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
DENGUE or chikungunya
⁃ causitive agent: dengue virus or chikunggunya
virus
⁃ an natransmit or nagdadara: aegis egypti,
nakagat hira day time and low la it ira pag fly
⁃ routine extraction of blood: hemorrhagic fever,
target han pathogens kay decreased platelete levels
kay higher risk for bleeding amo always gin
checheck
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely
spread in tropical and subtropical regions. The
disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which
breed in a peri-domestic environment.
• Dengue can occur more than once in a person's
lifetime
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• High fever (104°/40°C)
• Rash
• Intense pain behind your eyes
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscle, bone, and joint pain
-Symptoms start to appear 4-10 days after mosquito
bite, can last 3-7 days.
SEVERE DENGUE (DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER)
• Stomach/abdominal pain
• Frequent vomiting
• Throwing up blood or blood in your stool
• Nose bleed or bleeding gums
• Extreme tiredness, restlessness or irritability
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES
• Dengue NS1 antigen test
• IgM antibody test
• IgG antibody test
• Complete blood count (CBC) test ( rbc in men:
4.7 to 6.2 million; in women 4.2 - 5.4) ( wbc 4500 -
11000) (platelets: 115000) if low pwede ka ma fall
ha risk yieee ehe
TREATMENT
If you think you have dengue:
There's no specific treatment for dengue
• See a healthcare provider if you develop a fever
or have symptoms of dengue. Tell him or her about
your travel.
• Rest as much as possible.
• Take acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol)
to control fever and relieve pain. Do not take aspirin
(acts as anti platelet ) (stops blood clotting)or
Ibuprofen!(nipis the blood)
• Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. Drink water
or drinks with added electrolytes.
PREVENTION
• Cover and clean water containers on a regular
basis.
• Keep your house clean and tidy
• Wear protective clothing like long sleeves and
pants inside and outside
• Invest in a mosquito net
• Consider putting up screens
• Purchase insecticides that's effective against
mosquitoes and is safe to use inside your home
• Dispose of waste properly
• Drain and clean your roof gutters to avoid water
build up
• Apply mosquito repellent all over your body
DENGUE FEVER
G1 - FLUE LIKE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
G2 - INCREASED RAHES, PETECHIAE,
ECHIMOSIS
G3 - NA START MAGING ABNORMAL AN VITAL
SIGNS, HYPOTACHYTACHY EARLY SIGN FOR
INTERNAL BLEEDING
G4 - PRESENCE OF HEMORRAHGIC SCHOCK
MALARIA
• Malaria, is a potentially life-threatening disease
caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa
transmitted by an infective female Anopheles
mosquito vector. (female mosquito kay amon
nakuha hin blood ha tawo kay they need protein kay
hira man na carry han baby) (bites ha gabi and high
flyer)
• Primaquine - p. ovale and vivax and promotes
relapses
• Quinine and Quinidine - severe and
complicated malaria cases thru iv or oral
PREVENTION
• Eliminate anopheles mosquito vectors
• Limit dusk to dawn outdoor exposure
• Use insect repellent (diethyloluamide, picaridin, or
oil of lemon eucalyptus) and nets
• Advise travelers

Kinds of Malaria FILARIASIS

Plasmodium falciparum (most common ha ph
• infect RBCs of all ages • Parasitic nematodes / roundworms
P. vivax • Filarioidea superfamily
• lasts for 2-3 months • causitive agent: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia
• infects only immature RBCs malayi and brugia bemori ?
P. ovale • vector: aedes pocillus
• Often resolves without treatment • The larval form of the parasite transmits the
P. malariae disease to humans by the bite of a mosquito.
• remain asymptomatic • target is lymphatics asya may enlargement kay
P. knowlesi target and lymph nodes. endemic ini ha caraga
• should be treated as aggressively region

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• High fevers 1. Fever and headache
• Chills 2. Inflammation
• Headache 3. Lymphedema
• Nausea and vomiting 4. Hydrocele
• Difficulty breathing 5. Edema
• Dark or bloody urine
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin) DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES
• Extreme tiredness and fatigue • Microscopic testing
Providers may view the blood sample under a
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES microscope
• Blood Smear (most common a.k.a thin and thick • Antibody testing
smear) Providers may measure the blood sample for
• Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RPTs) (mayda na results antibodies
after 15 to 20 mins) (if positive infected na with • nocturnal blood testing kay active hira ha gabi
malaria species) (used ha may limited kuan
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ( highly TREATMENT
sensitive and accurate helpful for early diagnosis • Medication: You may take anti-parasitic
and to detect mga asymptomatic kay nagamit dna) medicines such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine
• Serology Tests or albendazole
• Antigen Detection Tests • Surgery: You may have surgery to remove dead
• Quantitative Buffy Coat (OBC) (hahaluan hin worms from your bloodstream
anticoagulant, plasma makada ha igbaw tas ha • Elephantiasis management: The healthcare
middle an buffy coat) provider may also recommend strategies to manage
swelling, such as elevation or compression
TREATMENT garments.
• Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies
(ACTs) artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate- PREVENTION
mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine • Avoiding mosquito bites
• Chloroquine - p. vibax, ovale, malaria • Sleep under a mosquito net
• Mefloquine - used for chemoprophylaxis • Use insect repellent on exposed skin, especially
• Atovaquone-Proguanil - sold under malarone at night
effective for p. falcifarum, ovale, vivax • Wear long pants and long sleeves
• Doxycycline - both tx and prevention effective for
p. falcifarum used in areas resistant to other drugs POLIOMYELITIS
• Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life- VACCINATION
threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. family
of picornaviridae Inactivated polio vaccine
• paralytic disease • Salk vaccine
• developed by Jonas Salk
type 2 and 3 eradicated na • Killed virus
type 1- most likely that causes paralysis • IM
MOT: droplets, aerosols, fecal domination of hands, • humoral
water • Less-expensive
INC PER: 2 to 7 days pag paralytics and non
paralytic 7 to 21 days Oral polio vaccine

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Sabin vaccine

• Sore throat • developed by Albert Sabin live;attenuated
• Fever • Oral
• Tiredness • humoral; cell-mediated
• Nausea • expensive
• Headache
• Stomach pain MUMPS
• target is parotid glands
MORE SERIOUS: • is a viral illness caused by a paramyxovirus
• Meningitis • known for puffy cheeks and tender, swollen jaw
• Paralysis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
How is polio diagnosed? • Fever
1. Assessment • Headache
2.Symptoms • Muscle aches
⁃ acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis (neurologic • Tiredness
condition characterized by rducd muscle tone) • Loss of appetite
⁃ "floppy baby" SERIOUS: hearing loss and infertility
3. Lab Values
⁃ throat culture DIAGNOSTIC TEST/ PROCEDURE
⁃ stool culture A test of a sample from the mouth.
⁃ blood A blood test that may show an immune system
⁃ CSF (spinal tap) reaction to the virus.
• A test of a sample of urine, but this is less common.
How is it treated?
1. no specific medications TREATMENT
2. paralytic polio = physical therapy. SUPPORTIVE CARE
3. breathing muscles are weakened or paralyzed = Steps you can take to aid recovery and lessen
need mechanical ventilation (a machine that helps symptoms include:
you breathe) Improve symptoms by: •Rest.
• Drinking fluids (such as water, juice and broth). Pain relievers
• Using heat packs to help muscle aches. • A cold or warm cloth for swollen salivary glands.
• Taking pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil°, • Drinking plenty of fluids.
Motrin®).
• Doing physical therapy and any exercise PREVENTION
recommended by your healthcare provider. • MUMPS VACCINE (MMR VACCINE)
• Getting plenty of rest.

Prevention HEPATITIS B
1. Vaccination (childhood) Two types of polio • serious liver infx
vaccines; • cause: HBV
• Inactivated polio vaccine developed by jonas salk • pale colored stool kay not enough bile
• Oral polio vaccine (live-attenuated) - developed
by albert sabin Acute Hepa B
1. Practice good hand hygiene • less than 6 mos.
2. Wash hands often with soap and water. • fast onset & fast recovery
3. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not enough.
chronic Hepa B
• more than 6 mos. LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
• newborns/children Tzanck Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) Test
Cause
• Perinatal transmission TREATMENT:
• exposure to infected blood and body fluids Supportive care, anti-viral drugs
• sexual transmission
• needlestick injury PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
Immunization (Varivax) for 2 doses at 12 to 18
Sx months
• Abd. Pain
• dark urine MEASLES
• fever CAUSATIVE AGENT: Morbili virus
• joint pain MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Airborne
• anorexia SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• nausea and vomiting Acute onset of fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
• weakness and fatigue bronchitis, excessive lacrimation, Koplik’s spots,
• jaundice maculo papular rashes.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
DX 8 to 20 days, average of 10 days.
Hepa B Panel (all is done thru phlebotomy) TREATMENT:
• HBSAg (used to detect currnt infection) supportive care , antibiotic if with complications like
• HBsAb (used to check if may antibody an lawas pneumonia.
para han certain na sakit)
• НВсАЬ (used to detect kun nagka hepa kana LABORATORY/ DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
before) Tissue culture of naso-pharyngeal secretions and
• HBeAb (used to detect kun gaano ka severe an serological testing.
na cause han virus ha imo liver)
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
TX administer measles vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the
• antiviral agent age of 9 and 12 months.
• entecavir
• tenofovir o lamivudine GERMAN MEASLES
• adefovir telbivudine
• interferon IJ CAUSATIVE AGENT: TOGAVIRIDAE VIRUS
• liver transplant MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Droplet and direct
Prevention contact with nasopharyngeal secretions of infected
• Нера B vax person
• practice safe sex SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• avoid reusing and sharing needle Fever, headache, malaise, maculopapular rash,
• wash hands thoroughly with soap and water p enlarged post auricular occipital and posterior
contact c blood, body fluids, & contaminated surface cervical lymphadenopathy, sore throat, rhinitis,
conjuctivitis, bronchitis, forchheimer's spot .
CHICKEN POX INCUBATION PERIOD:
CAUSATIVE AGENT: 10 to 21 days
Varicella Zoster Virus
LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Serological testing
Direct and indirect contact with droplets from
respiratory passages or vesicle fluid. TREATMENT:
Supportive care but for exposed pregnant woman in
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 1" trimester or 2nd trimester, serum immune globulin
Body malaise, fever, itchy vesicular-pustular lesions is administered to protect the fetus.
first appearing on the chest and trunk spreading to
extremities. PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
Rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the age of 9 and
INCUBATION PERIOD: 12 months.
14 to 16 days, range 2 to 3 weeks
HERPES ZOSTER • Praziquantel

CAUSATIVE AGENT: PREVENTION

Varicella Zoster Virus
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: BEST WAY
Direct and Indirect contact specifically through • Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater
droplet infection and airborne spread. • Drink safe water
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: • Water used for bathing should be brought to a
.Burning, tingling or itching sensation, sensitivity to rolling boil for 1 minute
light • Vigorous towel drying
headache & fever and fatigue. • hand washing
INCUBATION PERIOD:
7 to 21 days, range 1 to 3 weeks LEPTOSPIROSIS

LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST: • a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential,

Tzanck Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction especially after a heavy rainfall, caused by a
(PCR) Test bacterium called Leptospira.

TREATMENT: PHASES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

Antiviral agents ( Acyclovir, Famciclovir, • leptospiremic (acute) phase
Valacyclovir ). For pain ( Acetaminophen & • the immune (delayed) phase.
Ibuprofen )
SYMPTOMS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL: • high fever
Immunization (Shingrix) for 2 doses --2-6 months • red eyes
after 1st dose • abdominal pain
• headache and muscle ache
SCHISTOSOMIASIS • chills
• rash
-Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic • nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea
disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms)
of the genus Schistosoma. Diagnostic Test
• Blood or urine tests
2 TYPES • Imaging.
1. INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS - affects the
liver and the bowel Treatment
2. UROGENITAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS - affects • Antibiotics
the urinary and genitalia • Mechanical Ventilation
• Plasmapheres
SYMPTOMS
Prevention
INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS • Taking preventative medication.
• Abdominal pain • Avolding animals that could have leptospirosis.
• Diarrhea • Wearing protective clothing and shoes If you work
• Blood in the stool with or around animals.
• Liver enlargement • Wearing protective shoes and clothing If you
have to be in contact with water or soll that might be
UROGENITAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS contaminated with bacteria.
• Hardening of the bladder • Avolding water sports and swimming in lakes and
• Obstruction rivers after floods.
• Bladder cancer • Drinking only treated water.
• Hematuria • Wearing gloves If you have to touch dead
animals.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST • Covering open cuts or wounds with waterproof
• Stool and urine specimens dressing.
• biopsy of tissues
• blood tests (circumoval precipitin test) RABIES

TREATMENT DESORIPTION OF THE DISEASE

• safe and effective medication • Zoonotic Disease
• Causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the • Injuries with dead tissue
brain and spinal cord
• 2 forms: Furious Rabies and Paralytic Rabies SYMPTOMS
• Although fatal once clinical signs appear, rabies Tetanu
is entirely avoidable • Jaw cramping.
• 99% are acquired from the bite of an infected dog. • Sudden, involuntary muscle spasms - often in the
stomach.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: • Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.
• must travel through the brain before it can cause • Trouble swallowing.
symptoms • Seizures (jerking or staring)
• according to WHO the IP of rabies typically 2-3 • Headache.
months but may vary from I week to I year • Fever and sweating.
• the incubation period may be based • Changes in blood pressure and heart rate.
on: LOCATION OF THE EXPOSURE 
SITE TYPE OF RABIES VIRUS ANY EXISTING • risus sardonicus or sardonic smile
IMMUNITY • opisthotonos
• Ist symptoms: flu, including weakness or
discomfort, fever or headache, and discomfort. TREATMENT:
(progresses) • Medicines to control spasms
• Thorough cleaning of the wound
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OR PROCEDURES; • A course of tetanus antitoxin injections
• Tests are performed on samples of saliva, serum, • Use of a ventilator (breathing machine) if you have
spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the trouble breathing on your own
nape of the neck. • Antibiotics
• RT-PCR (like covid, ebola including rabies) • Other medicines to control pain and other
symptoms such as fast heartbeat
TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE
• No effective treatment Can tetanus be prevented?
• if you think you've been exposed to rabies, you • IMMUNIZATION such as DPT SHOT OR
must get a series of shots to prevent the infection VACCINE
from taking hold.
• Post Exposure prophylaxis (PEP) rabies vaccine LEPROSY
given on the day of the rabies exposure, and then a
dose of vaccine given again on days 3, 7, and 14. LEPROSY (KETONG) DESCRIPTION
• caused by mycobacterium leprae
PREVENTION: • Leprosy or Hansen's Disease
• Dogs are one of the major sources of rabies cases • chronic infectious and communicable disease
in humas. • affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes
• animal vaccination • not hereditary
• educating those at risk • doesn't cross placenta
• enhancing access of those bitten to appropriate • manifestations by 15 years old; diagnose at 20
medical care.
Signs and symptoms:
TETANUS • Early/Indeterminate - hypopigmented /
hyperpigmented anesthetic macules/plaques
• Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by a • Tuberculoid - solitary hypopigmented hypesthetic
bacterium called Clostridium tetani. Spores of macule, neurotic pain, contractures of hand and foot,
tetanus bacteria are everywhere in the environment. ulcers, eye involvement i.e. keratitis
The spores develop into bacteria when they enter • Lepromatous - multiple lesions, Loss of lateral
the body. portion of eyebrows (madarosis), corrugated skin
(leonine facies), septal collapse (saddle nose)
Common ways tetanus gets into your body
• Wounds contaminated with dirt, feces (poop), or LEPROSY (KETONG) DIAGNOSTIC
saliva (spit) ⁃ Skin smear test
• Puncture wounds (wounds caused by an object, ⁃ Skin lesion biopsy
like a nail or needle, breaking the skin) ⁃ Lepromin test
• Burns
• Crush injuries (injury to a body part due to TREATMENT
pressure from another object or being squeezed. Treatment depends on what type of leprosy you
• between two heavy objects) have.
Antibiotics are used to treat the infection: • Sore throat & difficulty swallowing
• If you experience numbness or a loss of feeling in
certain parts of the body or in patches on the skin. 4. Injection Anthrax
• Take antibiotics until your doctor says you • Most recent
complete the treatment. • Swelling, redness & severe pain at the injection
• If the affected skin patches become red and site
painful, nerves become painful or swollen. • Similar to cutaneous anthrax but poses more
serious complications
MEDICATION
• Dapsone- used to treat leprosy and to help DIAGNOSIS
control dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin problem. Only ways to confirm Anthrax diagnosis are:
• Rifampicin- no toxic effects have been reported ⁃ Measure antibodies or toxins in blood
in the case of monthly administration. ⁃ Test directly for Bacillus anthracis in a sample
• Clofazimine- medication that treats leprosy, that through:
can cause nerve damage and disfiguring sores on 1. Skin Testing (Biopsy)
your skin 2. Blood Tests
3. Chest X-ray Or CT scan
PREVENTION 4. Stool Testing
The best way to prevent the spread of leprosy: 5. Spinal Tap (Lumbar puncture)
• Early diagnosis or treatment
• Contacts, immediate and annual examination TREATMENTS
Antibiotics
ANTHRAX • Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
• Bacillus anthracis • Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
• Occurs naturally and remain dormant • Levoflaxin
• Primarily affects animals Antitoxins
• NOT contagious • Raxibacumab
4 Types: • Oblitoxaximab
• Cutaneous Anthrax ⁃ Anthrax immunoglobulin may also be used to
• Inhalation Anthrax neutralize the toxins
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Injection Anthrax - Surgical removal of the tissue infected
More serious cases may require agressive treatment:
Age of Onset • Continuous fluid dainage
1. Cutaneous Anthrax: 1-7 days • Mechanical ventilation
2. Inhalation Anthrax: 1 week-2 months Fatality Rate:
3. Gastrointestinal: 1-7 days 1. Cutaneous - 20%/100%
• NOT hereditary 2. Inhalation - 100%/55%
• Primarily acquired through environmental 3. Gastrointestinal - 50%/60%
exposure
PREVENTION
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS 1. Vaccinations
1. Cutaneous Anthrax 2. Proper Handling of Animal
• Most common & least dangerous 3. Products & Environment
• Eschar sorrounded by swelling 4. Avoiding Consumption of Contaminated Meat
• Forms Scabs
SCABIES
2. Inhalation Anthrax • itchy skin rash
• Deadliest • caused by: sarcoptes scabiei hominis
• Respiratory distress (shortness of breath,sore • spread through skin-to-skin OR person-to-person
throat) contact
• Flu-like symptoms (Fever, cough) • usually in families, child care groups, school
• Severe respiratory distress, shock, & meningitis classes, nursing homes, prisons and communities

3. Gastrointestinal Anthrax SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Rare • severe itch
• Nausea & vomiting • itchy lines (linear burrows) and bumps (papules)
• Abdominal pain on fingers, wrists, arms, legs and belt area
• Diarrhea • enflamed bumps on male genitalia and female
• Fever & headache breasts
• larger rash in infants and small children CAUSATIVE AGENT: Treponema Pallidum
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual Contact
DIAGNOSIS INCUBATION PERIOD: 10-90 Days
• visual examination from head to toe
• dermatoscopy SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• micropsy of skin scrapings PRIMARY
treatment • Chancre that appears within 3 weeks at area of
• topical creams o permethrin cream o sulfur cream contact
• oral medications SECONDARY
• Ivermectin • Condylomata
• not to be taken by pregnant woman or children • Sore Throat
less than 15 kg • Mucus Patches of the Mouth
• Maculopapular Rash
PREVENTION TERTIARY
• avoid skin to skin contact with infested person • Gumma formation
• treat all members of the household • Cardiovascular & Nervous System involvement
• wash and dry beddings and clothing
• seal Items that cannot be washed LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
• clean, vaccuum, sweep rooms after infested • Darkfield illumination Test
person has been treated • Veneral Disease Research Laboratory Test
• Fluorescent Treponemal AntibodyTest
GONORRHEA (clap, drip, tulo)
TREATMENT
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Neisseria gonorrhocea • Penicillin
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual Contact • Tetracycline
INCUBATION PERIOD: 2-7 days • Erythromycin
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Practice Monogamy
• THICK PURULENT • Sex Education
• URETHRAL DISCHARGE
• FREQUENT URINATION (POLYURIA) AMONG TRICHOMONIASIS
FEMALES
• BURNING URINATION (DYSURIA) AMONG CAUSATIVE AGENT: Trichomonas Vaginalis
MALES FEMALES MODE OF TRANSMISSION: sexual, pregnancy
INCUBATION PERIOD: 4 - 7 days
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
• CULTURE OF SPECIMEN IN THE CERVIX FOR SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FEMALES FEMALES
• GRAM STAIN FOR MALES • genital itching painful urination frothy, yellow-gray-
green. discharge
TREATMENT • foul-smelly vaginal discharge
• PENICILLIN
• CEFTRIAXONE MALES
• DOXYCYCLINE • pain when peeing or during ejaculation
• needing to pee more frequent than usual
NURSING CARE • thin, white discharge from t penis
• SYMPTOMATIC • soreness, swelling and rednes around the head of
the penis foreskin
PREVENTION
• " CREDE'S PROPHYLAXIS (SILVER NITRATE DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
TETRACYCLINE culture and sensitivity tests
• AVOID CONTACT WITH SECRETIONS TREATMENT
• PRACTICE MONOGAMOUS SEXUAL CONTACT Metronidazole
PREVENTION
SYPHILIS • bstinence
• e faithful (monogamy)
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (sTi) that • orrect use of condoms (contraception)
can cause serious heaith problems without
treatment. CHLAMYDIA
• is a common sexually transmitted infection.
• caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. • Muscle aches and joint pain
• not difficult to treat • Rash
• sexual intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, sharing • Sore throat and painful mouth sores
sex toys, manual stimulation of genitals or anus. • Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
• Diarrhea
SYMPTOMS • Weight loss
• White, yellow or gray discharge • Cough
• pyuria • Night sweats
• Increased need to pee
• dysuria Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)
• Bleeding in between periods • In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the
• Painful periods. body and in white blood cells. However, many
• dyspareunia people may not have any symptoms or infections
during this time.
• Itching of the vagina.
• Dull pain in the lower part of your abdomen. Symptomatic HIV infection
• Pain, discomfort, bleeding or a mucus-like As the virus continues to multiply and destroy your
discharge from your buttocks immune cells the cells in your body that help fight off
• Sorethroat germ
• Conjunctivitis • Fever
• Fatigue
LABORATORY • Swollen lymph nodes often one of the first signs
nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of HIV infection
• Diarrhea
TREATMENT • Weight loss
Doxycycline • Oral yeast infection (thrush)
Azithromycin • Shingles (herpes zoster)
• Pneumonia
PREVENTION
• Use condoms SYMPTOMS
• Use dental dams Progression to AIDS
• Don't share sex toys When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been
• Have sex with only one partner, who only has sex severely damaged.
with you • Persistent white spots or unusual
• Abstain from sex until your infection has cleared • Sweats
up. • Chills
• Contact all sexual partners. • Recurring fever
• Get tested for other STIs (HIV/AIDS, syphilis, • Chronic diarrhea
herpes, gonorrhea). • Swollen lymph glands
• Weakness
AIDS • lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
• Persistent, unexplained fatigue
•Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Weight loss
is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition • Skin rashes or bumps
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It Causes
can also be spread by: - HIV is caused by a virus. (human T-cell
• By having sex. lymphotropic
• By sharing needles. virus-type
• From blood transfusions. lymphadenopathy-associated virus)
• During pregnancy or delivery or through Risk factors
breastfeeding • Having unprotected sex
• Have an STI
SYMPTOMS • Use of illicit injection drugs
Primary infection (Acute HIV)
Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like Complications
illness within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the HIV infection weakens your immune system, making
body, may last for a few weeks. you much more likely to develop many infections
• Fever and certain types of cancers.
• Headache Infections common to HIV/AIDS
• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). DIAGNOSTIC TEST
• Candidiasis (thrush) • Visual Examination
• Tuberculosis (TB). • Microscopic Examination
• Cytomegalovirus. • Culture Test
• Cryptococcal meningitis PREVENTION
• Toxoplasmosis • Practice good hygiene
• Avoid irritating substances
PREVENTION • Healthy lifestyle
There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no • Probiotics
cure for HIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and
others from infection. TREATMENT
• Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). • Typically antifungal medication are prescribed
• Use treatment as prevention (TasP). which can be administered orally, topically or
• Use post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you've intravenously (IV).
been exposed to HIV. Common antifungal agents include:
• Use a new condom every time you have sex • Fluconazole
• Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. • Clotrimazole o Nystatin .Miconazo
• Use a clean needle.
• If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
• Consider male circumcision.

CANDIDIASIS
• Is an opportunistic infection caused by a type of
fungi called "Candida."
• "Candida Albicans"
• It can affect the oral cavity, vagina, penis, or other
parts of the body.

Thrush / Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

• an infection caused by the spread of candida
yeast to the mowth and throat
• most common fungal infection of the mouth
Signs and Symptoms:
• White or yellow patches on your tongue, lips,
gums, roof of your mouth, and inner cheeks
• Redness or soreness in your mouth and throat
• Cracking at the corners of your mouth
• Pain when swallowing

Vaginal Candidiasis
• This happens when too much yeast grows in the
vagina.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Extreme itchiness in the vagina
• Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva
• Pain and burning when you pee
• Discomfort during sex A thick, white "cottage
cheese" discharge from the
• A thick, white' vagina

Invasive Candidiasis
• Serious and life-threatening infection
• Happens when candida enters your bloodstream
and travels to your heart, brain, blood, eyes, and
bones.
Signs and Symptoms:
• Fever
• Chills