Modifiable Risk Factors Non-modifiable Risk

Factors
 Hypertension
 Coronary artery  Age (65- above)
disease
 Abnormal heart
rhythms (arrhythmias,
a-fib)

Failure to fill up/stretch or

failure to contract

Cardiac insufficiency

Systolic/diastolic
dysfunction

Decrease cardiac output

Failure of the right Failure of the left

ventricle ventricle
 Decrease forward Right side Forward effect Left side congestion
flow congestion

Left ventricle fails to push out Backflow

Decrease pulmonary Backflow
sufficient blood through the
perfusion
aorta
Pulmonary
Systemic/
Decrease systemic congestion
body
congestion tissue perfusion
Impaired Gas
Decrease systemic exchange
blood pressure

CHEST X-RAY: 2DEcho result:

Vasoconstriction as a CARDIOMEGALY Moderate
 Pale result from the stimulated WITH pulmonary
renin-angiotensin- SUGGESTIVE hypertension
aldosterone loop. PULMONARY with pulmonic
CONGESTION regurgitation

Lab Result: Water and sodium are held on

to tightly by the body.
Sodium: 136.4  Sleep disturbance
(N: 135-148)  Tachypnea
Increase extracellular fluid  Orthopnea

Increase in the total blood volume

along with an increase in systemic
blood pressure.