Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heart
Failure
- Inability of the heart to pump sufficient
blood to meet the needs of the tissues
- A clinical syndrome with manifestations of
fluid overload/congestion; inadequate tissue
perfusion and poor activity tolerance
- Also referred to as Congestive Heart
Failure (because of its associated
pulmonary/peripheral congestion) Cardiac
Decompensation, Cardiac Insufficiency and
Ventricular failure
Classifications of Heart Failure
• Left vs Right (according to Location of
dysfunction)
Left-sided Heart Failure – a condition
that impairs the left ventricle’s ability to
pump blood into the aorta and the
systemic circulation
- Pulmonary s/sx predominate
Right-sided Heart Failure
- Right ventricle fails to pump blood into
the pulmonary artery and into the
pulmonary circulation
- Systemic s/sx predominate
• Backward vs. Forward (according to
direction of blood flow)
Backward Failure
- Involves the retrograde flow of
blood back to the pulmonary and
systemic circulation
Forward Failure
- Inability of the ventricles to pump
blood forward into the systemic
and pulmonary circulation
• High Output vs. Low Output
High Output Failure
- Despite normal or high cardiac output, the
heart cannot cope with the needs of the
body
Low Output Failure
- Poor ventricular contraction that leads to
decreased cardiac output
Acute vs. Chronic
Acute Heart Failure
- Sudden change in the heart’s ability
to contract; can cause life threatening
symptoms and pulmonary edema
C
Medical Management:
Objectives:
1. Eradicate or reduce any etiologic contributory
factors to HF especially those which are
modifiable and curable
2. Reduce cardiac workload
3. Prevent further myocardial damage
Dietary modifications
• Low sodium
• Fluid restrictions if with congestion or edema
Lifestyle changes
• Avoid smoking, alcohol and caffeine
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Exercise program
• Antiembolism stockings
Drug Therapy
• Oxygen administration
• Diuretics
• Inotropic Drugs/Cardiac Glycosides
• Sympathomimetics
• Vasodilators
Surgical Treatments
- Involves the treatment of the etiologic
disease
• Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
• Intraaortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
• Ventricular Assist Device
• Heart Transplant
Management of Pulmonary Edema
Nursing Management:
1. Provide adequate oxygenation
2. Promote balance between rest and activity
3. Decrease anxiety and stress levels
4. Facilitate fluid and electrolyte balance
5. Provide proper skin care
6. Promote proper nutrition and elimination
7. Facilitate learning through health teachings
8. Administer medications as prescribed and
monitor patient’s response.
9. Assist in medical and surgical diagnosis and
treatment.
After recovery, the patient must
remain under medical supervision and
should continue taking digitalis,
diuretics or potassium supplements
as needed.