M3S1: MEDIA AND INFORMATION
campaigns on health,
OPPORTUNITIES AND TRENDS
Opportunities and Challenges in Media
ECONOMIC SETTING
o OPPORTUNITIES
• Boosting tourism, trading, and
other digital economy locally
and internationally
• More job opportunities that
could reach even those who do
not have the means to work
outside their communities
o CHALLENGES
• Intellectual Property rights
violations such as trademark
and copyright violations
• Cybercrime-related activities
targeting businesses and
consumers
POLITICAL SETTING
o OPPORTUNITIES
• The government can keep the
people better informed of its
projects, actions, and other
undertakings.
• With political contents available
to everyone, political leaders are
becoming more wary and
accountable for their actions.
o CHALLENGES
• Propaganda and disinformation
initiated by different political
parties.
SOCIAL SETTING
o OPPORTUNITIES
• Prosocial effects of media
exposure
• Collaboration and connectivity
of people all around the globe
enabling different advocacy
environment, and the like
o CHALLENGES
• violence and aggression due to
media exposure
• Cybercrime-related activities
such as cyberbullying,
cyberlibel, cybersex...
EDUCATION SETTING
o OPPORTUNITIES
• Multitude of online learning
platforms
• Education made available for
everyone everywhere
o CHALLENGES
• Digital divide
Trends in Media and Information
Trends in Technology
o Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
learning. The increasing ability of
machines to learn and act intelligently
will absolutely transform our world. It is
also the driving force behind many of the
other trends.
o The Internet of Things (IoT) &
Intelligent spaces and smart places. IoT
refers to the ever-growing number of
“smart” devices and objects that are
connected to the internet. Such devices
are constantly gathering and
transmitting data, further fueling the
growth in Big Data and AI. Intelligent
spaces and smart places refer to seeing
physical spaces –like homes, offices, and
even whole cities –becoming
increasingly connected and smart.
o Wearables and augmented humans.
What started with fitness trackers has
now exploded into a whole industry of
wearable technology designed to
 improve human performance and help
us live healthier, safer, more efficient
lives. In the future, we may even see
humans merge with technology to
create “augmented humans” or
“transhumans.”
o Big Data and augmented analytics. Big
Data refers to the exponential growth in
the amount of data being created in our
world. Thanks to augmented analytics
(highly advanced data analytics, often
fueled by AI techniques), we can now
make sense of and work with
enormously complex and varied streams
of data.
o Cloud and edge computing. Cloud
computing –where data is stored on
other computers and accessed via the
Trends in Online Education
internet –has helped to open up data
and analytics to the masses. Edge
computing –where data is processed on
smart devices (like phones) –will take
this to the next level.
o Digitally extended realities.
Encompassing virtual reality, augmented
reality, and mixed reality, this trend
highlights the move towards creating
more immersive digital experiences.
o Digital twins. A digital twin is a digital
copy of an actual physical object,
product, process, or ecosystem. This
innovative technology allows us to try
out alterations and adjustments that
would be too expensive or risky to try
out on the real physical object.
o Natural language processing. This
technology, which allows machines to
understand human language, has
dramatically changed how humans
interact with machines, in particular
giving rise to voice interfaces and
chatbots–communicating with machines
by simply speaking or typing our
request.
o Computer vision and facial recognition.
Machines can talk, so why shouldn’t
they “see” as well? This technology
allows machines to visually interpret the
world around them, with facial
recognition being a prime example.
Although we will no doubt see greater
regulatory control over the use of facial
recognition, this technology isn’t going
anywhere.
o 5G. The fifth generation of cellular
network technology will give us faster,
smarter, more stable wireless
networking, thereby driving advances in
many other trends (e.g., more
connected devices and richer streams of
data).
o Adaptive learning technologies provide
students with learning activities, an
assessment of their learning, and
feedback on their learning. Based on
their level of achievement, they are
provided an adaptive pathway that is
personalized to their strengths and
weaknesses demonstrated on the
assessment. Importantly, adaptive
learning technologies are a broad
umbrella and can look very different
from one product to another.
o Open Education Resources (OER) is
course content, materials, or activities
that are open, meaning that they are
easily accessible by instructors and
students. They may be free or low cost,
are usually produced by members of the
community rather than publishers or
vendors and are usually easily accessible
rather than behind a paywall.
o A Learning Management System (LMS),
an example of OER, is a software-based
platform that facilitates the
management, delivery, and
 measurement of an organization’s
corporate e-learning programs. The
powerhouse of a complete learning
technology solution, an LMS is a
fundamental component of an effective
learning strategy.
o Learning management systems are used
to deploy a variety of learning strategies
across different formats, including
formal, experiential, and social learning
to manage functions…
o Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
are free online courses available for
anyone to enroll. MOOCs provide an
affordable and flexible way to learn new
skills, advance your career and deliver
quality educational experiences at scale.
o Millions of people around the world use
MOOCs to learn for a variety of reasons,
including career development, changing
careers, college preparations,
supplemental learning, lifelong learning,
corporate eLearning & training, and
more.
o Gamification is learning that
incorporates gaming elements into the
learning activity (content and
interaction), assessment, or course.
Common examples of this include point
systems and badges.
o Game-based learning is when games are
used to facilitate learning. This learning
is often related to the learning of
concepts to enhance cognitive
knowledge or the learning through the
simulation activities to enhance
students’ cognitive, behavioral, and
affective abilities that often parallels
real-life situations.
o Mobile devices are untethered devices
that offer cellular communications
including voice and data. The generation
of mobile devices is moving from the
dominant 4G or 4th generation to 5G
and next-generation wireless, WiFi6.
With the widespread adoption of mobile
devices, their fast data speed, and the
substantial number of applications
available, mobile devices have become
an extension of students. Their use of
mobile devices to access their learning
and their expectation of seamless
interactivity greatly influence digital
learning.
M3S2: MEDIA AND INFORMATION
LITERATE INDIVIDUAL
Media and Information Literate Individual’s
Skills
o Solution fluency refers to the capacity
and creativity in problem solving and
requires whole brain thinking executed
when students define a problem, design
the appropriate solution, apply the
solution, and assess the process and
result.
o Information fluency involves 3 subsets
of skills namely: ability to access
information, ability to retrieve
information, and ability to reflect on,
assess and rewrite for instructive
information packages.
o Collaboration fluency refers to
teamwork with virtual or real partners in
the online environment.
o Media fluency refers to evaluating
messages in a chosen medium as well as
having the creative ability to publish
digital messages.
o Creativity fluency is the proficiency in
the use of design, layout, colors, font
types and patterns in presenting a
message.
o Digital ethics is guided by the principles
of leadership, global responsibility,
environmental awareness, global
citizenship, and personal accountability.
Media and Information Literate Individual’s
Benefits
o Improved quality of life- “There is no
denying the extent of how the media
and information age has drastically
improved the lives of people.
Communication has been made easier.
Information has become widely
accessible. Conducting research has
become more convenient. All these and
more are enjoyed by media literate
individuals and prove just how much the
quality of life has improved thanks to
media and information.”
o Greater political participation- “The
media and the government have a long-
standing relationship in the fields of
public service. While the government
serves the people by leading the nation
towards progress, the media serve them
by informing the public about subjects
they need or want. Through the media
reports of government activities and
issues, the public is informed of the
political affairs in the country and are
further encouraged to take a more
active role in the government.”
o Better economic opportunities - “The
media industry has grown in number on
today’s information age both in content
and in the workforce... The influx of
media offerings has indeed led to the
creation of more jobs in the media. The
convergence of various media platforms
has created hybrid mediums that
require experts to run... As media and
information grow, so does jobs that
require media and information literate
individuals. And when jobs grow, so does
the economy. Employment or the lack
thereof persists as an economic problem
in most developing countries like the
Philippines. The media industry in the
age of information plays a vital role to
address that.”
o Improved learning environment - As
presented in our previous lecture,
education is also advancing with the
digital age. “Since the media is source
information and information age are
characterized by the abundance of data,
media and information have been
closely linked to the improvement of the
learning environment in the present age.
A media and information literate
individual take advantage of this to
further his or her lifelong learning
process.”
o More cohesive social unit- “By keeping
them informed, as well as connecting
them in ways that weren’t possible
before, media and information literates
become more cohesive social units (i.e.,
more effective in working together). This
creates a bond that does not only have
relational implications but also creates
social impacts. The media is said to have
the power to affect social change. While
this is true, it is not the media that does
the heavy lifting to create change in
society, it is the individuals in the society
who developed a clamoring need for
change because of media. The media
may play a hand towards a holistic
development of the society, but without
media and information literate
individuals sharing the same goal,
development would not occur.”
M3S3: PEOPLE MEDIA
PEOPLE MEDIA
What is people media?
o It refers to persons that are involved
in the use, analysis, evaluation and
production of media and
information.
 o They are the sources of information People IN media
and are responsible in disseminating
o Media practitioners who provide
that information.
information coming from their expert
o They may also be defined as the
knowledge or first-hand experience of
utilization of people credible in their
event.
respective fields to talk about their
o they are the people behind another form
expertise.
of media
o People are media themselves since
o they use other forms of media such as
they have the ability for mass
text media, visual media, multimedia,
communication.
etc., in disseminating information and
People AS media imparting knowledge
o media practitioners
o People who are well-oriented to media
o Types of Journalist by media
sources and messages and able to
o Print Journalists
provide information as accurate and
• They are people who deal with
reliable as possible.
delivering news through
o They are media itself.
newspaper, magazines, etc.
o The person serves as the medium for
o Photojournalists
another person to learn or acquire new
• They are someone who
knowledge.
photographs, edits, and display
o Opinion Leaders
images in order to tell a visual
• highly exposed to and actively
story.
using media
• They are skilled at interpreting
• examples: Facebook and Twitter
and communicating an event
o Citizen Journalism
through photographs.
• People without professional
o Broadcast Journalists
journalism training can use the
• It deals with broadcasting news
tools of modern technology and
through television or radio.
internet to create, augment or
o Multimedia Journalist
fact-check media on their own
• They are storytellers who work
or in collaboration with others.
across many dimensions.
• examples: GMA News YouScoop
• They tell stories through
o Social Journalism
combination of text, images,
• Journalists are using social
sound, video, and graphics.
media to make their content
available to more people. M3S4: ADVERTISING MEDIA
o Crowdsourcing
• The practice of obtaining Nature and History of
needed services, ideas, or Advertising
content by soliciting
Definition of Advertising
contributions from a large group
of people and especially from o An impersonal communication of
the online community. information about products, services, or
• examples: Waze, Wikipedia ideas through the various media, and it
 is usually persuasive by nature and paid
by identified sponsors (Bovee, 1992).
o They are messages paid by those who
send them and are intended to inform or
influence people who received them
(Advertisement Association of the UK).
o It pertains to the techniques and
practices used to bring products,
services, opinions, or causes to public
notice for the purpose of persuading the
public to respond in a certain way
toward what is advertised.
History of Advertising
o Early Advertising
• People from the early times
were spreading information
which in fact is “promotion”.
The earliest form of advertising
can be traced to Babylonian
merchants hiring barkers to
shout out goods and prices.
• “By the 15thcentury, ads as we
know them now were abundant
in Europe” (Baran, 2021, p. 288).
o Industrialization and Civil War
• These phenomena expanded
advertising.
• In 1840s, VolneyB. Palmer
opened the first advertising
agency in Philadelphia and
established the roots of the
modern-day advertising agency.
o Magazine Advertising
Media and Advertising
• By the 20thcentury, “magazines
were financially supported
primarily by their advertisers
rather than by their readers, and
aspects of advertising we find
common today were already in
use.”
o The Advertising Agency and
Professionalism
• In the 1860s, advertising
agencies begun to establish
professional standards and to
regulate itself as advertising
became more complex and was
conducted on a larger scale.
o Advertising and Radio
• The first radio ad was broadcast
in 1922.
• Radio “allowed advertisers
access to sophisticated
nationwide consumer and
market information for the first
time.”
o Word War II
• “The advertising industry turned
its collective skills toward the
war effort, and what product
advertising that there was
typically adopted a patriotic
theme.”
• “expansion of manufacturers’
advertising departments and of
advertising agencies”
o Advertising and Television
• Television commercials
prospered, but also drew
criticisms that led to the
formation of industry self-
regulation – “investigates
consumer complaints as well as
complaints made by an
advertiser’s competitors”.
o Advertising media are the means or
vehicles through which advertiser
communicates his message to
prospective customers to influence their
behavior.
o Major advertising media include press
media, direct advertising, outdoor
media, audio-visual media, advertising
specialties, and others.
Types of advertising according to Purpose of o National Consumer Advertising
advertising and the Target Market: • Constitutes the majority of what
we see in the media we
o Institutional or Corporate Advertising
routinely consume. It is usually
• Companies do more than just
product advertising,
sell products; companies also
commissioned by the
promote their names and
manufacturer.
reputation. If a company name
o Direct Market Advertising
inspires confidence, selling its
o Out-of-Home Advertising
products is easier. Some
• It can include ads on billboards,
institutional or corporate
street furniture, transit vehicles,
advertising promotes only the
and the digital screens. “More
organization’s image... But some
than half of all out-of-home ad
advertising sells the image at the
spending is on digital
same time it sells the product.
technologies, such as billboards
o Trade or Professional Advertising
that can be tailored by time of
• Typically found in trade and
day, weather, traffic conditions,
professional publications,
and even proximity of individual
messages aimed at retailers do
consumers as revealed by their
not necessarily push the product
smartphones” (Slefo& Poggi,
or brand but rather promote
2018 as cited in Baran, 2021, p.
product issues of importance
299).
to retailer–volume, marketing
o Public Service Advertising
support, profit potential,
• Advertising that does not sell
distribution plans, and
commercial products or services
promotional opportunities.
but promotes organizations and
o Retail Advertising
themes of importance to the
• A large part of the advertising
public.
we see every day focuses on
o Online Advertising
products sold by retailers. Ads
• “In the early days of the
are typically local, reaching
Internet, the ad world, was still
consumers where they live and
just like print or TV advertising.
shop.
Ads were created to reach as
o Promotional Retail Advertising
broad an audience as possible”
• Typically placed by retailers,
(Smooth, 2018).
promotional advertising focuses
not on a product but on a Propagandas in Advertising
promotion, a special event held
o Propaganda - It is an information that is
by a retailer.
biased or is used in such a way that it
o Industrial Advertising
misleads the targeted individual, in turn
• Advertising of products and
motivating them to think or act a certain
services directed toward a
way.
particular industry is usually
• It is the careful presentation of
found in industry trade
information in a way that
publications.
 influences how a customer or
potential consumer sees the
product or service and how they
act, think, or feel as a result.
Types of Propaganda Techniques
o Card-Stacking Propaganda
• most common type of
propaganda in advertising today
• an advertiser omits any
information that may affect
their image negatively and
includes just that information
that will lure you into the trap.
o Name-Calling Propaganda
• it is portraying the other product
negatively in comparison to
yourself to make you come out
on top and appear to be the
better one
• name-calling advertising is the
most common between two
brands that are similar, well-
known, and have a loyal fan
base
o Bandwagon Propaganda
• Advertisers know that it is
human nature to not want to be
the one left out.
• They know that if they convince
you that everyone else is buying
their product or using their
service, you will want to ‘jump
on the bandwagon’ too.
o Testimonial Propaganda
• Advertisers use the testimonials
of influencers, authority figures,
or experts in the field to
convince you that their product
is worth your money.
o Transfer Propaganda
• This is a technique in which an
advertiser tries to ‘transfer’ the
good or bad feelings you have
associated with something to
their brand, product, or service.
o Glittering Generalities Propaganda
• makes use of fancy words that
elicit a positive response or
feeling from you.
o Plain Folks Propaganda
• When applied to advertising this
basically means that they want
to see how a particular product
or service brought value to a
regular human being like
themselves.
• In other words, this is quite the
opposite technique to
testimonial propaganda where a
celebrity, a decision-maker or an
influencer is trying to tell you to
choose something over the
other.
M4S1: Text information and
Multimedia
Text Information
o Text - a simple and flexible format
of presenting information or conveying
ideas whether hand-written, printed or
displayed on-screen
o Written
o Pictures
o Sounds
o Graphics
o Spoken Words
o Moving images
Parts of the Text
o Title–to identify the overall topic and to
understand the main idea
o Headings–to identify specific topics and
divide texts into sections
o Bold, Print, and Italic–highlighted
statement/s which are deemed
important
 o Illustrations–visual way of text
o Caption–used to explain illustrations
Advantages of Printed Text
o Printed materials are available in
different variety of topics
o Adjustable to many purposes
o Easily transported with or without the
use of machines
o Cheap to produce and purchase
Disadvantages of Printed Text
o The drawback of text as a knowledge-
building ad communication tool is that it
lacks the inherent expressiveness of
speech
o A transcript may accurately record the
spoken words, but the strategic and
emotive qualities and impact of speech
are diminished on the page
Text as Visual
o Visual Text - it is a text that we view
• the words and images work
together to create a meaningful
patterns, symbols, ideas, and
messages for the reader.
Design Principles and Elements
o Emphasis
• importance or value given to a
part of the text-based content
• example:
• make the text bold
• Italicized
• have a heavier weight
• darkened or lightened
• enlarged
o Appropriateness
• how fitting or suitable the text
is used for a specific audience,
purpose, or event
• example:
• Times NewRoman
• Arial
• Aharoni
• Rockwell
• Edwardian Script
• Jokerman
o Proximity
• how near or how far the text
elements from each other
o Alignment
• how the text is positioned in the
page
• left, center, right, or justified
o Organization
• Conscious effort to organize the
different text elements in a page
• Ensures that while some text
elements are separated from
each other, they are still
somehow connected with the
rest of the elements in the page
o Repetition
• consistency of elements
• unity of the entire design
• repeating some typefaces
within the page
o Contrast
• creates visual interest
• two elements are different
from each other
M4S2: VISUAL INFORMATION AND
MULTIMEDIA
Visual Information
o these are sources that are visible to the
naked eye and in form of visual aids,
visual presentations, models, displays,
still photographs, motion pictures or
clips with or without sounds
Visual Media
 o This involves any symbols, pictures,
icons, signs, and others that
communicate with one’s sense of sight.
Examples of Visual Media
o Ideograms
• These are graphical symbols
that represent ideas.
• Examples of such are signs,
logos, and symbols.
o Statistical Visualization
• This refer to the study and
creation of data using visual
representation
• Charts and graphs are examples
of statistical visualization.
o Pictures
• Photography, painting, drawing.
It is used widely by people to
express their ideas, opinions,
and sentiments.
o Graphic Design
• This refers to the art of
combining text and pictures to
communicate information.
• Examples of such are
infographics, posters, and
graphic advertisements.
o Video
• These are combination of
motion picture, or of motion
and audio.
• Example of this are films, short-
clips, and music videos.
o 3-D Image
• A three–dimensional visual
medium can be a sculpture, an
architecture, a real-life object,
or a person.
Visual information are the information that a
person gets from visual media: ideogram,
statistical visualization, picture, graphic design,
video and 3-D image.
Visual Literacy
o Visual Literacy = Reading Pictures
o Visual literacy has been defined as the
“ability to understand, interpret and
evaluate visual messages”
(Bristor&Drake,1994).
o It is about analyzing and creating
messages based on the images.
o It is based on the idea that pictures can
be “read” and that meaning can be
communicated through a process of
reading.
o Those who create visual images (such as
photographs) do so with a purpose in
mind, using certain techniques.
o In order to “read” or analyze an image,
the audience must be able to
understand the purpose and recognize
the techniques.
Understanding How Photographs
Communicate
o According to Baker, F (2012), the
following are techniques and strategies
by which a photo conveys meaning:
o Angle
• the vantage point or direction
from which the artist
photographs the subject
o Framing
• deciding where the edges of
the image will be, the
photograph determines what
you will (and will not) see –
whether the subject will fill
the frame and appear “close up”
or will be seen at a distance
as part of a larger context
o Light
• it is the most powerful tools
of the photographer. The
manipulation of light and dark
and the sharpness of contrast
between light and dark
 contribute to the mood a • Keep it simple
photograph conveys. • Be consistent
o Focus o For color
• the clarity or blurriness of • Use color to express a certain
the image. The range emotion.
between the nearest and • Use color to emphasize or play
farthest things that appear in an element down.
clear focus defines the • Use color to show differences or
photograph’s depth of field. similarities.
o Composition • Use color to help readers recall
• What is in the foreground? information or discover
• Are the elements arranged in new information.
any particular pattern?
• Do you see any geometric M4S3: AUDIO INFORMATIONAND
shapes? MULTIMEDIA
• Are the lines of the photograph
straight or curving, think or thin? Audio Information
• Do you see any visual o Audio - is the audible part of transmitted
elements repeat? signal that is a recording / reproduction
Pettersson (2015) enumerated a number of of acoustic signals (sound)
guidelines to make a visual message simple and • it is a sound, especially when
easy to understand… recorded, transmitted, or
reproduced
o For picture o Audio Media - media communication
• Write caption to explain the that uses audio or recordings to
pictures deliver and transfer information through
• Choose illustrations carefully the means of sound.
and use visual sequencing
Advantages of Audio Information and Media
techniques (photography,
drawing techniques, etc.) to o Inexpensive
present complex ideas. o Resistant to damage
• Leave out unnecessary o Read and easy to use
elements and avoid excessive o Reproducible
detail. o Can provide message to non-readers
o For symbols
• Use color, position, size, and Limits of Audio Information and Media
shape o Follow a fixed sequence
• Use a combination of o Does not monitor attention
pictographs and words o Potential for accidental erasure
• Use realistic figures rather o Audio Sources: Radio, Cassette, VHS
that abstract one Tape, CD, Stereo
o For maps
Types of Audio Information
• Restrict number of visual
symbols on maps.
 o Radio Broadcast
• live or recorded audio sent
through radio waves to reach a
wide audience
o Music
• vocal or instrumental sounds
combined in such a way as to
produce beauty of form,
harmony, and expression of
emotion
o Sound Recording
• recording of an interview,
meeting, or any sound from the
environment
o Sound Clips / Effects
• any sound artificially
reproduced to create an effect
in a dramatic presentation (ex.
sound of a storm, or a door)
o Audio Podcast
• a digital audio or video file or
recording, usually part of a
themed series, that can be
downloaded from a website to a
media player or a computer
• streaming or downloading of
audio files recorded and stored
on distant servers
Ways to Store Audio Information
o Tape
• a magnetic tape on which sound
can be recorded
o CD (Compact Disc)
• a plastic-fabricated, circular
medium for recording, storing,
and playing back audio, video,
and computer data
o USB Drive
• an external flash drive, small
enough to carry on a key ring,
that can be used with any
computer that has a USB Port
o Memory Card
• Storage Card - is a small storage
medium used to store data such
as text, pictures, audio, and
video, for use on small, portable,
or remote computing devices.
o Computer Hard Drive
• secondary storage devices for
storing audio files
o Internet / Cloud
• websites or file repositories for
retrieving audio files, and more
precisely the files are stored in
some datacenter full of servers
that is connected to the
Internet.
Audio File Formats
o MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3)- a common
format for consumer audio, as well as a
standard of digital audio compression
for the transfer and playback of music on
most digital audio players
o M4A / AAC (MPEG4 Audio / Advanced
Audio Coding)- an audio coding
standard for glossy digital audio
compression
• Designed to be the successor of
the MP3 format, AAC generally
achieves better sound quality
than MP3 at similar bit rate
o WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)- is
a Microsoft audio file format standard
for storing an audio bit stream on PCs
• It has become a standard file
format for game sounds, among
others
o WMA (Windows Media Audio)- is an
audio data compression technology
developed by Microsoft and used with
Windows Media Player
Units and Characteristics of Sound
Units of Sound
 o Decibel (dB)–noise of sound M4S4: MOTION INFORMATIONAND
measurement
MULTIMEDIA
o Hertz (Hz)–unit of sound frequency
o Phon–unit of subjective loudness Motion Media
Characteristics of Sound o a form of media that has the appearance
of moving text and graphics on a display
o Volume–intensity of a sound
(Roblyer, 2006)
o Tone–the audible characteristic of a
o an integrated sight-and-sound
sound
kinetic media (Shelton, 2004)
o Pitch–how high or low a sound is
o is visual media that gives the appearance
o Loudness–the magnitude of the sound
of a movement
heard
o can be a collection of graphics, footage,
Elements and Principles of Sound Design videos
o it is combined with audio, text and/or
Elements of Sound Design
interactive content to create multimedia
o Dialogue–speech, conversation, speech-
Advantages of Motion Media
over
o Sound Effects–any sound other than o Motion: better mastery of
music or dialogue procedures, as opposed to stagnant
o Music–vocal or instrumental sounds (or images
both) combined in such a way as to o Processes: operations where
produce beauty of form, harmony, and sequential movement is needed can be
expression of emotion. shown
o Safe Observation: observing
Principles of Sound Design
phenomena that might be dangerous to
o Mixing- the combination, balance, view directly
and control of multiple sound o Skill Learning: videos can be viewed over
elements and over; repeated observation of skills
o Pace- time control, editing, order of is possible
events (linear, non-linear or multi- o Dramatization: recreations of history
linear) and personalities; observing and
analyzing human relations problems
o Stereo Imaging- Using left and right
o Affective Learning: films for shaping
channel for depth. This refers to the
personal and social attitudes;
aspect of sound recording and
documentaries and propaganda films to
reproduction.
affect attitudes
o Transition- how you get from one
o Problem-Solving: open-ended
segment or element to another
dramatization can leave viewers to
Hearing- the act of perceiving sound by the ear solve problems themselves
o Cultural Understanding: appreciation for
Listening- requires concentration so that your other cultures by seeing video
brain processes meaning from words and depictions of them
sentences. Listening leads to learning.
 o Establishing Commonality: people
with different backgrounds can discuss
topics after watching a video
Limits of Motion Media
o Fixed Pace: cannot be interrupted
o Still Phenomena: motion media is
sometimes unsuitable to other topics
such as those involving a map, a wiring
diagram, etc.
o Misinterpretation: in documentation
and dramatization especially, intended
messages are quite deep and
complex; viewers tend to misinterpret
the message
o Cost: Equipment and materials for
motion media are expensive
Forms and Formats of Motion Media
o INFORMAL- created by individuals often
for personal use
o FORMAL- created by professionals who
follow industry standards in creating,
editing, and producing motion media
Film - also called a movie or motion picture
o a series of moving images
o Examples: Short Film, Documentary
Film, Animation
Motion Pictures (in television)
o Television– a telecommunication
medium for transmitting and
receiving moving images that can be
monochrome (black-and-white) or
colored, with or without accompanying
Elements of Motion Media
sound
o Examples: Commercial Advertisements
on TV, Drama, Reality Shows, Game
Shows, Talk Shows, Television News
Interactive Video - usually refers to a technique
used to blend interaction and linear film or video
Types of Interactive Video
o Customizable Online Interactive
Videos- allow the user to adjust
variables and then play a video
customized to the user’s particular
preferences
• however, the user does not
actually interact with the video
while it is playing
o Conversational Online Interactive
Videos-allow the user to interact with a
video in a turn-based manner, almost
as though the user was having a simple
conversation with the characters in the
video
• Examples: Videoconferencing,
Videophone
o Exploratory Online Interactive Videos-
allow the user to move through a space
or look at an object such as an artwork
from multiple angles, almost as though
the user was looking at the object in real
life
• the object or space is depicted
using video loops, not still,
creating a more “live” feel
o Others (i.e. phone gaming, computer
games, cinema)
• Livestream–a platform that
allows users to view and
broadcast video content using
a camera and a computer
through the internet
• YouTube–a video-sharing
website on which users can
upload, view, and share videos
o Speed
• a fast movement gives vigor and
vitality, intensifying emotions
• a slow movement connotes
lethargy, solemnity, or sadness
o Direction
 • indicates a movement from one
direction to another
• it can also refer to the growing
or shrinking of an object.
o Timing
• can be objective or subjective
• objective timing can be
measured in minutes, seconds,
days, etc.
• subjective timing is
psychological or felt.
• it can be used to clarify or
intensify the message or the
event
• using a pause can help time the
events.
o Transition
• used to switch between scenes
o Sound and Color
• adds meaning to the motion
o Blurring
• In animation, blurring can
provide the illusion of fast
movement
• In videos, it is often used to
censor information for security
or decency
Design Principles
o Timing
• is crucial when it comes to
leaving an impression
• may determine the way the
frames will need to be set up
• helps to express the emotion of
a scene
o Ease In / Ease Out
• works by adjusting frames in
order to give the impression of
something moving slowly then
rapidly as it would be in the real
world
• also applying it to camera
movement such as panning and
zooming
o Staging
• the process of arranging all of
the elements in a scene so that
the eye of the viewers is
directed towards the focal point
o Arcs
• can help make transition look
smoother
• in moving objects, arcs can
make the motion look realistic
o Action and Reaction
• this can be approached as
realistic or not
• sometimes animations can
involve a very dramatic reaction
to an event to emphasize a point
M4S5: MANIPULATIVE
INFORMATIONAND MULTIMEDIA
History of Manipulative Media
o Johann Heinrich Peztalozzi (1746 –
1827) – He asserted that students need
to learn through their senses and
through physical activity.
• He argued for “things before
words, concrete before
abstract.”
o Friedrich Froebel (1782- 1852) – He is
the “Father of Kindergarten,” and
established the world’s first
kindergarten in Germany.
• Influenced by Pestalozzi’s idea,
his kindergarten was filled with
toys which were categorized as
specific set of gifts (e.g. balls,
blocks, rings, tiles, and sticks).
• These gifts were carefully
designed to help children
recognize and appreciate the
 common patterns and forms
found in nature.
o Maria Montessori (1870- 1952) - She
Types of Manipulative Media
extended Froebel’s ideas by developing
materials for older children and inspiring
a network of schools in which
manipulative materials (Montessori
Materials) play a central role.
• In an effort to create an
“education of the senses,” she
developed new materials and
activities to help children
develop their sensory
capabilities.
• She hoped that her materials
would put children in control of
the learning process, enabling
them to learn through personal
investigation and exploration.
o Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) He theorized
that children must first construct
knowledge through “concrete
operations” before moving onto “formal
operations.”
• He believes that there is a need
for concrete manipulatives to
develop direct physical
experience, equilibration,
assimilation, and
accommodation.
Manipulative Media
o In the context of education, they are
physical tools for teaching and
engaging students with objects (e.g.
coins, blocks, puzzles, markers, etc.)
o The use of manipulatives is
constructivist because students are
actively engaged in discovery during the
learning process.
o The teacher will provide materials
along with a basic direction, but
students are allowed to explore the
materials and ask questions before and
during the lesson.
o TRADITIONAL - typically used in
certain schools wherein they use
different materials that the students
can use to have a hands-on
experience regarding the lesson
o Examples:
o Real Objects – most accessible and
involving materials in educational
use
• they give meaning to
abstract words
• ATTRIBUTE BLOCKS- can be
used to teach sorting,
patterns, and identifying
attributes
• GEARED CLOCKS- allow
children to explore telling
time on analog clocks and
calculating elapsed time.
• TWO-COLOR COUNTERS-
can be used to introduce
basic ideas of probability
• COLOR CUBES-hands-on
exploration of basic
mathematics and geometric
relationships as they stack,
count, sort, and work with
patterns
• PATTERN BLOCKS- makes it
possible for the shapes to
nest together and provides
for a wide range of
explorations
• ABACUS- used to perform
addition, subtraction,
division, and multiplication
o Models- three-dimensional
representations of a real thing
 • can provide learning
experiences that real things
can’t provide
• can be disassembled to
provide interior
• can be larger or smaller than
the real object they
represent

o Field Trips- excursion outside the

classroom
Good luck na lang
• for first-hand experience
• students can encounter - Ishi Pando
phenomena that can’t be
brought into the classroom
• particularly valuable for
learners who have
kinesthetic perceptual
strength
o VIRTUAL and DIGITAL- integration
of traditional media
• enable physical objects to
move, sense, and interact
with one another and, as a
result, make systems
related concepts more
salient to (can be
manipulated by) children