PIONEER COMMERCE ACADEMY

STD:- 12TH EM SUB:- stat FORMULA SHEET

1ST Index Number

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃1

1) Index number (I) = × 100 = × 100
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃0

𝑃1
∑( )
𝑃0
2) General Index number = × 100
𝑛

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

3) Fixed base index number = × 100
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

4) Chain base index number = × 100
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

5) Conversion of fixed base index number into chain base index number
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Chain base index number = × 100
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

6) Conversion of chain base index number into fixed base index number then:-
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 × 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜. = .
100
100
7) 𝑷𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒
8) 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒈𝒆 = × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

9) 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 100
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Σ𝑃1 𝑞0
10) 𝑳𝒂𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒚𝒓𝒆’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓(𝑰𝑳 ) = × 100
Σ𝑃0 𝑞0

Σ𝑃1 𝑞1
11) 𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓(𝑰𝑷 ) = × 100
Σ𝑃0 𝑞1

Σ𝑃 𝑞 Σ𝑃 𝑞
12) 𝑭𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒓’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓(𝑰𝑭 ) = √𝐼𝐿 × 𝐼𝑃 𝑂𝑅 √Σ𝑃1𝑞0 × Σ𝑃1𝑞1 × 100
0 0 0 1

ΣIW
13) Index number by family budget method OR 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 =
ΣW
𝑃1
Where, 𝐼 = × 100
𝑃0
W = 𝑃0 𝑞0
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
14) Index number by total expenditure method :-
Σ𝑃1 𝑞0
= × 100 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞0 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 )
Σ𝑃0 𝑞0

Σ𝑃1 𝑞1
= × 100 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞1 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 )
Σ𝑃0 𝑞1

2nd Linear correlation

Correlation coefficient by karl Pearson method:
1) When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are perfect integer then
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ ) (𝑦−𝑦̅)
r=
√∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 √∑(𝑦−𝑦̅)2

2) When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are Decimal then
𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
r=
√𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 √𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2

OR
𝑛∑𝑢𝑣−(∑𝑢)(∑𝑣)
r=
√𝑛∑𝑢2 −(∑𝑢)2 √𝑛∑𝑣 2 −(∑𝑣)2

𝑐𝑜𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
3) r =
𝑠𝑥 × 𝑠𝑦

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ ) (𝑦−𝑦̅)
Where, cov(x,y) =
𝑛

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑦−𝑦̅)2
𝒔𝒙 = √ 𝒔𝒚 = √
𝑛 𝑛
Cov(x, y) Covariance of x & y
𝑠𝑥 Standard deviation of x
𝑠𝑦 Standard deviation of y
S2x Variance of x
S2y Variance of y
n No. of observation
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 The sum of square of deviation taken from mean
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) The sum of product of deviations taken from mean

∑𝑥𝑦−𝑛𝑥̅ 𝑦̅
4) r =
𝑛 ×𝑠𝑥 ×𝑠𝑦

Rank correlation coefficient by Spearman method:

6∑𝑑 2
5) r = 1 -
𝑛(𝑛2 −1)

Where d = Rx − Ry
d = difference of ranks
∑𝑑 2 = The sum of square of Difference of rank
6(∑𝑑 2 +𝑐𝑓)
6) r = 1 - (when tie in observation)
𝑛(𝑛2 −1)

𝑚3 −𝑚
Where Cf =
12

Cf = common factor
 3rd Linear regression

 Equation of regression line

𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
Where
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ ) (𝑦−𝑦̅)
b= (When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are perfect integer then)
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2

OR
𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
b= (When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are Decimal then)
𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2

OR
𝑛∑𝑢𝑣−(∑𝑢)(∑𝑣)
b= (When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are Decimal then)
𝑛∑𝑢2 −(∑𝑢)2

OR
𝑐𝑜𝑣(𝑥,𝑦) ̅) (𝒚−𝒚
∑(𝒙−𝒙 ̅)
b= (Where cov(x,y)= )
𝑠2 𝑥 𝒏

OR
𝑠𝑦
b=r×
𝑠𝑥

OR
∑𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑥̅ 𝑦̅ Coefficient of correlation = r
b=
𝑛.𝑠 2 𝑥
Coefficient of regression = b
a = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑐𝑦 Coefficient of determination = R2
 byx = bvu×
𝑐𝑥

 error (e) = y - 𝑦̂
 Coefficient of determination / verify the reliability of regression model.
(i) When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚
̅ are perfect integer then
2
2 2 ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ ) (𝑦−𝑦̅)
R =r =[ ]
√∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 √∑(𝑦−𝑦̅)2

(ii) When 𝒙̅ & 𝒚

̅ are Decimal then
2
2 2 𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
R =r =[ ]
√𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 √𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2

OR
2
𝑛∑𝑢𝑣−(∑𝑢)(∑𝑣)
R2 = r2 = [ ]
√𝑛∑𝑢2 −(∑𝑢)2 √𝑛∑𝑣 2 −(∑𝑣) 2
 4th Time series

1) Trend by least square method

𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡
𝑛∑𝑡𝑦−(∑𝑡)(∑𝑦)
Where b =
𝑛∑𝑡 2 −(∑𝑡)2

a = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑡̅
∑𝑡
𝑡̅ =
𝑛

∑𝑦
𝑦̅ =
𝑛

e= 𝑦 − 𝑦̂

2) Additive model of time series

Yt= 𝑇𝑡 + 𝑆𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡 + 𝑅𝑡
 1st Probability

Favourable outcomes m
1) 𝑷(𝑨) = =
total outcomes n

2) 𝑷(𝑨’) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝐴)
3) At least one event occur OR Law of addition of probability:-
 For two events of A & B
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ 𝐵)
 For three events A, B & C,
P(A U B U C)= P(A)+ P(B) +(C) – P(A∩B) – P(B∩C) – P(A∩C) + P(A∩B∩C).
4) If two events A & B are “mutually exclusive” then
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
5) If three events A, B & C are “Mutually exclusive” then
P(AUBUC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C).
6) If two events A & B are “mutually exclusive & exhaustive event” then
P(A) + P(B) = 1
7) If three events A, B & C are “mutually exclusive & exhaustive events” then,
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
8) If two events A & B are “Equi-Probable events” then
1
P(A) = P(B) =
2

9) If three events A, B & C are “Equi-Probable events” then

1
P(A) = P(B) = P(C)=
3

10) “Difference Event” or “Only one event occur”

 Event A occur but event B does not occur.
P(A-B) or P(A ∩ B’) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B).
 Event B occur but event A does not occur.
 P(B-A) or P(A’∩ B) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B).
11) Conditional probability
P(A∩𝐵)
 Event B occur under the condition event A occur then P(B/A) =
P(A)
P(A∩𝐵)
 Event A occur under the condition event B occur then P(A/B) =
P(B)

12) A & B are two independent event or “Law of multiplication of probability”

then
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B).
P(A∩B∩C) = P(A) × P(B) × P(C)
13) (i) P(A’∩ B’ ) = 1 – P(AUB)
(ii) P(A’U B’) = 1 – P(A∩B)

14) P(A ∩ A’) = 0

P(A U A’) = 1
P(U)= 1
P(∅) = 0
15) The range of value of probability of A , 0 < P (A) < 1.
16) Conditional probability
P(A∩𝐵)
 If A then find the probability of B . P(B/A) =
P(A)
P(A∩𝐵)
 If B then find the probability of A . P(A/B) =
P(B)
 2nd Random Variable & Discrete Probability Distribution

1) ∑ p(xi) = 1

2) Mean or expected value ∑(x) = ∑xi.p(xi)

3) Variance V(x) = E(x2) – [E(x)]2

Where E(x2) = ∑xi2.P(xi)

 Binomial probability distribution:

1) P(x) = 𝑛𝑐𝑥 . 𝑝 𝑥 . 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
2) p+q=1
3) Mean = np
4) Variance = npq
5) Standard Deviation = √𝑛𝑝𝑞
6) The relation between mean & variance np > npq
1
7) If P > then positive skewness for n.
2
1
8) If P < then negative skewness for n.
2
1
9) If P = then zero or symmetric skewness.
2
 3rd Normal Distribution

1) Probability density function of normal distribution.

1 𝑥−𝜇 2
1 − ( )
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ×𝑒 2 𝜎 -∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
𝜎 √2π

Where 𝜋 = 3.1416 and e = 2.7183

2) Probability density function of standard normal distribution
−1 2
1 𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = ×𝑒 2 -∞ < 𝑧 < ∞
√2π
𝑥−𝜇
3) Standard score z =
𝜎

4) First Quartile 𝑄1 = 𝜇 − 0.675𝜎 (appx.)

Third Quartile 𝑄3 = 𝜇 + 0.675𝜎 (appx.)
2 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
5) Quartile deviation = 𝜎 or
3 2
4
6) Mean deviation= 𝜎
5
𝑄3 + 𝑄1
7) Mean = Median = Mode =
2

8) Extreme Quartile are Q1 and Q3.

9) Important area under normal curve:-
i. 𝜇 ± 𝜎 = 0.6826 or 68.26%
ii. 𝜇 ± 2𝜎 = 0.9545 or 95.45%
iii. 𝜇 ± 3𝜎 = 0.9973 or 99.73%
iv. 𝜇 ± 0.5𝜎 = 0.3830 or 38.30%
v. 𝜇 ± 1.96𝜎 = 0.95 or 95%
vi. 𝜇 ± 2.575𝜎 = 0.99 or 99%
Note : N(𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
 4th Limit

1. Neighbourhood form = 𝑁(𝑎, 𝛿)

2. Modulas form = |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿
3. Interval form = (𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿)
4. Closed Interval = [𝑎, 𝑏]
Example:- [1,5] = {1,2,3,4,5}
5. Open Interval = (𝑎, 𝑏)
Example:- (1,5) = {2,3,4}
6. 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
7. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏
8. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏
9. 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏)
10. 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏)
11. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
12. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
13. lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
 5th Differentiation

1. Derivative with the help of definition :

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝒏
2. If 𝒚 = 𝒙 then
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
3. If y = K (constant) then
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
4. If 𝒚 = 𝑼. 𝑽 then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑈× +𝑉×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑼
5. If 𝒚 = then,
𝑽
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑉× 𝑑𝑥 −𝑈×𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
6. Chain Rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
7. (𝑖 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) (𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑓"(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑐
8. Marginal cost =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑅
9. Marginal Revenue =
𝑑𝑥
−𝑃 𝑑𝑥
10. Elasticity of demand = ×
𝑥 𝑑𝑃
OR
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
11. The necessary condition for minimum cost
𝑑𝑐 𝑑2𝑐
=0& >0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
12. The necessary condition for maximum Revenue
𝑑𝑅 𝑑2𝑅
=0& <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
13. The necessary condition for maximum Profit
𝑑𝑃 𝑑2𝑃
=0& <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
 Most important questions

Part-2

Chap- 1st Probability

1.1:- Q.12,13,14,15
1.2:- Q.3,6,9,8,13,15,16
1.3:- Q.1,2,4,9,10,12
1.4:- Q.1,2,12,13,14
Sec-C:- Q.18,14,23,17,12,15
Sec-D:- Q.2,4
Illustration:- 18,21,23,35

Chap-2nd Probability distribution

Illustration:- 2,5,6,8,9,12,14,17,15
2.1:- Q.2,3,6,7,8,9
2.2 :- Q.1,2,3
Sec-C:- Q.2,4,8,10,6
Sec- D:- Q.1,3,6,8
Sec-E:- Q.1,2,4,5,6,7

Chap-3rd Normal Distribution

Sec-C:- Q.7,8,9,10,11
Sec-D:- Q.10,11,12
Sec-E:- Q.4,5,6
Sec-F:- Q.1,6,8
Illustration:- 10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18

Chap-4th limit
Sec-C:- Q.6,7,8
Sec-D:- Q.9,10,11,12,15,16,17
Sec-E:- Q.1,2,3,7,10
Illustration:- 16,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,28,29

Chap 5th Differentiation

Sec-D:- Q.8, 10, 11, 12, 13,14
Sec-E:- Q.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
Sec-F:- Q.1,2,3,4,5,6
Illustration:- 25,26,3233,34,35

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