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西村 義樹(1996)
西村 義樹(1996)
日本認知科学会
■特集 一 認知言語学
対照研究への認知言語学的アプロ ー チ
西村義樹
Among the central features of a major strand of cognitive linguistics (R. W. Lan
gacker's cognitive grammar) is its symbolic view of grammar (syntax in particular):
grammar can be adequately characterized as a system composed of form-meaning pair
ings (rather than a purely formal component organized independently of semantic fac
tors). By way of illustrating how the symbolic view can give us insights into cross
linguistic variation, cognitive accounts are provided of two areas of grammar where
English and Japanese exhibit marked contrasts . It is suggested that apparently ar
bitrary ways some grammatical units (e.g. grammatical relations and constructions)
behave begin to make perfect semantic sense if (1) construal (as opposed to conceptual
content) is held to form an essential part of an expression's semantic value, (2) proper
attention is given to the ubiquity in language of categories built around experientially
grounded prototypes (rather than classical categories defined by sets of necessary and
sufficient conditions), and (3) a usage-based model of linguistic structure (in contrast
to the traditional reductionist view of grammar as an algorithmic device) is adopted.
Keywords: the symbolic view of grammar(記号体系としての文法),construal(解釈),
subjectivity(主観性),prototype(プロトタイプ),motivation(動機づけ)
「
らを統合した理論を 認知意味論」と呼ぶ)が
1. はじめに
要請されるが , 以下ではその中で も,(1)( 「 客
二つの文法現象(「知覚構文」と 使役構文」) 「
する) 「概念主義的」意味観および(2)(必要
一 「
に対する認知言語学の潮流に属する つの理 十分条件によって規定される 古典的」カテ
の意味に関するいくつかの新しい考え方(それ
2. 理論的背景
A Cognitive Approach to Contrastive Linguistics, by
Yoshiki Nishimura (University of Tokyo). 現在「 認知言語学」 と呼ばれる言語理論の