BIOLOGY

INVESTIGAT
ORY
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 PROJECT
INDEX:
1.INTRODUCTION…………
………………………6
2.HUMAN GENOME
PROJECT.……………..7 2.1-
OBJECTIVE…………………
….……………..8
2.2-STEPS………….
……………….…………….10

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 2.3-
RESULT……………………
…..……………..13
2.4-
APPLICATION……………
…………………15
2.5-
CONCLUSION………………
………………16
3.BIBLIOGRAPHY…………
……………………..17

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DETAILS:
NAME:T.MD
FARHATHULLAH
CLASS: XII
ROLL NO: 12138
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TEACHER:K.MANIM
EKALAI
YEAR: 2022-23

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TOPIC:HUMAN GENOME
PROJECT

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KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA
GILL NAGAR
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT, T.Md
FARHATHULLAH, OF CLASS XII
HAD SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
THE RESEARCH ON HIS BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC MENTIONED ABOVE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
K.MANIMEKALAI DURING THE
YEAR 2022-23. TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

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PRINCIPALS’S SIGNATURE OBSERVER’S SIGNATURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I TAKE THIS OPPURTUNITY TO

GIVE MY SPECIAL THANKS TO
OUR ESTEEMED PHYSICS
TEACHER:MRS.MANIMEKALAI.K
AND PRINIPAL:MRS.BINDHU.P
IT IS MUCH BECAUSE OF OUR
PHYSICS TEACHERS GUIDANCE
THAT ENDEAVOURS TO
ACCOMPLISH THIS PROJECT.

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INTRODUCTION:
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT WAS
INITIATED IN 1990 IN ORDER TO
SEQUENCE THE WHOLE GENETIC
CONTENT OF THE HUMAN GENOME
AND OTHER SPECIES TO KNOW GENES
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. THEY
STARTED THIS IDEA OF SEQUENCING
GENE WITH SOME GOALS, THAT IS;
o TO IDENTIFY ALL THE GENES IN A
HUMAN DNA[20-25000
GENES(APROX)
o TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT
WITHIN 13 YEARS(2003)
o TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF
THE 3 BILLION CHEMICAL BASE
PAIRS THAT MAKE UP HUMAN DNA
o TO STORE THIS INFORMATION IN
DATABASES(BIOINFORMATICS)
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 o IMPROVE TOOLS FOR DATA
ANALYSIS
o ADRESS THE ‘ELSI’ THAT MAY
ARISE FROM THE PROJECT
THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS PROJECT
WAS TO TREAT, DIAGNOSE AND ALSO
TO PREVENT THE THOUSANDS OF
DISORDERS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEINGS.
IT WAS ALSO CALLED AS A MEGA
PROJECT

HUMAN GENOME
PROJECT:
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT IS AN
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
WITH THE PRIMARY GOAL OF
DECIPHERING THE CHEMICAL
SEQUENCE OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN
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GENETIC MATERIAL (I.e., THE ENTIRE
GENOME). IT IDENTIFIES ALL 50,000 TO
100,000 GENES CONTAINED WITHIN
THE GENOME AND PROVIDES
RESEARCH TOOLS TO ANALYSE ALL
OF THIS GENETIC INFORMATION.
AFTER THE US GOVERNMENT PICKED
UP THE IDEA IN 1984 AND BEGAN
PLANNING, THE PROJECT WAS
FORMALLY LAUNCHED IN 1990 AND
COMPLETED IN 2003.
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)
AIMS TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE
OF CHEMICAL BASE PAIRS THAT
COMPRISE HUMAN DNA, MAP THE
ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME, AND
IDENTIFY ITS COMPLEX STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS.

OBJECTIVE OF HGP:
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THE GENOME IS SAID TO HAVE 3X109
B.P, ALSO THE COST FOR SEQUENCING
THE REQUIRED GENE IS 3$ PER BASE
PAIR(B.P).
THE TOTAL COST ESTIMATED FOR
THIS PROJECT WOULD BE
APPROXIMATELY 9 BILLION US
DOLLARS
THEY ALSO INTRODUCED A
TECHNIQUE CALLED AS
BIOINFORMATICS FOR NOTING DOWN
THE OBTAINED SEQUENCES.
TO PUT THIS ALL IN A NUTSHELL:
 TO SEQUENCE THE WHOLE
GENOME AT 3 BILLION BP’s.
 TO CREATE A PHYSICAL MAP OF
THE HUMAN GENOME.
 TO STORE THIS INFORMATION IN
THE DATABASE.
 TO IMPROVE THE TOOLS FOR DATA
ANALYSIS.

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  TO TRANSFER THIS INFORMATION
TO THE OTHER RELATED
INDUSTRIES.
 TO SOLVE ANY ETHICAL, LEGAL,
OR SOCIAL ISSUES REGARDING
THIS PROJECT.
 TO MAKE THE INFORMATION
AVAILABLE TO ALL THE
RESEARCHERS.
THESE WERE THE THINGS THEY AIMED
TO PROVE.

STEPS INVLOVED
IN HGP:

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1.THE WHOLE DNA OF THE CELL IS
ISOLATED AND RANDOMLY BROKEN
INTO FRAGMENTS.
2.THEY ARE INSERTED INTO SPECIAL
VECTORS LIKE BAC (BACTERIAL
ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES) AND YAC
(YEAST ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES).
3.THESE FRAGMENTS ARE THEN
CLONED INTO SUITABLE HOSTS LIKE
BACTERIA AND YEAST.

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4.A POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
(PCR) IS USED TO MAKE COPIES OF
DNA FRAGMENTS.
5.THE FRAGMENTS ARE SEQUENCED
USING SANGER SEQUENCING.
6.THE SEQUENCES ARE THEN
ARRANGED BASED ON THE
OVERLAPPING REGIONS.
7.THE SEQUENCES WERE THEN
ANNOTATED AND ASSIGNED TO
DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES.
8.THE GENETIC AND PHYSICAL MAPS
ARE ALSO MADE WITH THE HELP OF
POLYMORPHISM OF
MICROSATELLITES AND RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASE.
NOTE;
 THEY FOCUSED ON IDENTIFYING
ALL THE GENES EXPRESSED AS
RNA

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 THEY FOLLOWED BLIND
APPROACH OF SIMPLY
SEQUENCING THE WHOLE SET OF
GENOME THAT CONTAINED ALL
THE CODING AND NON-CODING
SEQUENCES AND LATER
ASSINGNING DIFFERENT REGIONS
IN THE REGION WITH FUNCTION
 THEY USED THE METHOD OF
FREDERICK SANGER-WHICH WAS A
DEVELOPING METHOD FOR
PROTEIN SEQUENCING
 THE SEQUENCES WERE THEN
ARRANGED BASED ON SOME
OVERLAPPING REIONS PRESENT IN
THEM
 IT WAS COMPLETED IN 2006
 THE DNA WAS MADE INTO
FRAGMENTS WITH THE HELP OF
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE
COMMONLY KNOWN AS
MOLECULAR SCISSORS

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RESULT:
1.THE HUMAN GENOME IS MADE UP OF
3164.7 MILLION NUCLEOTIDES.
2.THE AVERAGE GENE IS 3000 BASE
PAIRS LONG. ON THE X-CHROMOSOME,
THE LARGEST GENE IS DUCHENNE
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. IT HAS 2.4
MILLION BASE PAIRS (2400 KILO). THE
GENES FOR B-GLOBIN AND INSULIN
ARE LESS THAN 10 KILOBASES LONG.
3.THE HUMAN GENOME CONTAINS
APPROXIMATELY 30,000 GENES. IT
WAS PREVIOUSLY ESTIMATED THAT IT
CONTAINED 80,000 TO 100,000 GENES.
THE NUMBER OF GENES IN HUMANS IS
ROUGHLY EQUAL TO THAT OF MICE.
4.MORE THAN HALF OF THE
DISCOVERED GENES' FUNCTIONS ARE
UNKNOWN.

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5.PROTEINS ARE CODED FOR IN LESS
THAN 2% OF THE GENOME.
6.REPETITIVE SEQUENCES ARE
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES THAT ARE
REPEATED HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS
OF TIMES. THEY DO NOT DIRECTLY
CODE BUT PROVIDE INFORMATION
ABOUT CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE,

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DYNAMICS, AND EVOLUTION.

APPLICATION OF
HGP:

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1.GENE DISCOVERY ALSO OPENS UP
THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING
GENE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR BOTH
HEREDITARY AND ACQUIRED
DISEASES.
2.IT'S DETAILED GENETIC, PHYSICAL,
AND SEQUENCE MAPS WILL ALSO BE
CRITICAL IN UNDERSTANDING THE
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF COMPLEX
DISORDERS CAUSED BY THE
INTERACTION OF MULTIPLE GENETIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES,
SUCH AS DIABETES, HEART DISEASE,
CANCER, AND PSYCHIATRIC
ILLNESSES SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM.
3.IT HELPS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF
MUTATIONS LINKED TO DIFFERENT
FORMS OF CANCER.
4.IT ALSO HELPS IN ADVANCING
RESEARCH IN FORENSIC SCIENCES.
5.AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY ARE SOME OTHER
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FIELDS THAT HAVE BENEFITTED FROM
THE USE OF HUMAN GENOME
PROJECTS.

CONCLUSION:
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP) IS
AN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH PROJECT THAT AIMED TO
IDENTIFY, MAP, AND SEQUENCE ALL OF
THE GENES IN THE HUMAN GENOME
FROM BOTH A PHYSICAL AND
FUNCTIONAL STANDPOINT. EACH
INDIVIDUAL'S "GENOME" IS UNIQUE;
MAPPING THE "HUMAN GENOME"
REQUIRES SEQUENCING A SMALL
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEN
ASSEMBLING THESE TO OBTAIN A
COMPLETE SEQUENCE FOR EACH
CHROMOSOME. AS A RESULT, THE
COMPLETED HUMAN GENOME IS A
COMBINATION THAT DOES NOT
REPRESENT ANY SINGLE INDIVIDUAL.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.WWW.VEDANTU.COM
2. 12TH BIOLOGY BOOK
3.GENETICEDUCATION.CO.IN
4.WWW.THOUGHTCO.COM

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