ALWIN MEMORIAL PUBLIC

SCHOOL
2023-2024

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

DNA EXTRACTION

DONE BY
SHEFALI FATHIMA A
XI G
 SHEFALI FATHIMA A
11G33
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I REALLY WANT TO THANK EVERYONE
WHO HAS HELPED ME WITH THIS
PROJECT. I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS
MY SPECIAL THANKS TO MY SCHOOL’S
PRINCIPAL, D.V LAVANYA, AND MY
BIOLOGY TEACHERS, MRS. DIVYA,
MRS. SUSHAMA, BOTH GAVE ME THE
WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO
COMPLETE THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT
ON THE TOPIC OF "DNA EXTRACTION"

I AM ALSO GRATEFUL TO MY PARENTS

AND FRIENDS FOR THEIR ASSISTANCE
IN COMPLETING THIS PROJECT IN A
TIMELY MANNER. I’D ALSO LIKE TO
THANK MY CLASSMATES FOR THEIR
HELPFUL INSTRUCTIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

~INTRODUCTION
~DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
~DISCOVERY OF DNA
~ABOUT DNA EXTRACTION
~EXPERIMENT
~CONCLUSION
~BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRO:
THE WORLD HAD STARTED FROM A
SINGLE CELL AS WE ALREADY KNOW.
AT PRESENT, THE POPULATION OF
THE WHOLE WORLD IS ALMOST 8
BILLION. HAVE WE EVER THOUGHT
THAT IF THERE WAS A SINGLE CELL IN
THE BEGENNING OF THE WORLD,
THEN EVERYONE IN THE WORLD AT
PRESENT HAVE SOMETHING VERY
COMMON? CELLS ARISE FROM THE
PRE-EXISTING CELL.
HOWEVER, PEOPLE ARE RELATED TO
EACH OTHER BY THE CELL WHICH
CONSISTS OF A CELL ORGANELLE
CALLED NUCLEUS. IN ADDITION TO
THAT, IT CONSISTS OF HEREDITARY
INFORMATION FROM ONE
GENERATION TO THE NEXT
GENERATION .
DNA:

NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE THE ORGANIC

MATERIALS PRESENT IN ALL ORGANISMS
IN THE FORM OF DNA OR RNA. THESE
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE FORMED BY THE
COMBINATION OF NITROGENOUS BASES,
SUGAR MOLECULES AND PHOSPHATE
GROUPS THAT ARE LINKED BY DIFFERENT
BONDS IN A SERIES OF SEQUENCES. THE
DNA STRUCTURE DEFINES THE BASIC
GENETIC MAKEUP OF OUR BODY. IN
FACT, IT DEFINES THE GENETIC MAKEUP
OF NEARLY ALL LIFE ON EARTH.
 IT CONSISTS OF TWO LONG STRANDS
FORMING A DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE.
EACH STRAND IS COMPOSED OF
NUCLEOTIDES, WHICH CONTAIN A
SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE), A PHOSPHATE
GROUP, AND ONE OF FOUR
NITROGENOUS BASES: ADENINE (A),
THYMINE (T), CYTOSINE (C), AND
GUANINE (G). THE PAIRING OF
COMPLEMENTARY BASES (A WITH T, C
WITH G) HOLDS THE TWO STRANDS
TOGETHER, FORMING THE
CHARACTERISTIC DOUBLE HELIX.
ABOUT DNA EXTRACTION:

WHAT IS DNA EXTRACTION ?

DNA EXTRACTION IS A PROCESS TO
ISOLATE DNA FROM CELLS. COMMON
STEPS INVOLVE CELL LYSIS, PROTEIN
REMOVAL, AND PRECIPITATION OF
DNA. DIFFERENT METHODS EXIST,
LIKE USING KITS, PHENOL-
CHLOROFORM EXTRACTION, OR CTAB
EXTRACTION.

DNA EXTRACTION INVOLVES:

1.CELL DISRUPTION: INITIAL STEP

WHERE CELLS ARE BROKEN OPEN,
RELEASING CELLULAR CONTENTS,
INCLUDING DNA.
 2.PROTEIN REMOVAL:ENZYMES LIKE
PROTEASES ARE EMPLOYED TO DIGEST
PROTEINS, ELIMINATING THEM FROM THE
DNA SOLUTION.
3. CENTRIFUGATION: AFTER LYSIS,
CENTRIFUGATION SEPARATES CELLULAR
DEBRIS FROM THE LIQUID CONTAINING
DNA.
4.PRECIPITATION:DNA IS THEN
PRECIPITATED USING ALCOHOL (USUALLY
ETHANOL OR ISOPROPANOL) TO
CONCENTRATE AND SEPARATE IT FROM THE
SOLUTION.
5. WASHING:THE DNA PELLET IS
WASHED TO REMOVE
IMPURITIES, SALTS, AND OTHER
CONTAMINANTS.

6. RESUSPENSION: THE FINAL

STEP INVOLVES DISSOLVING THE
PURIFIED DNA IN A SUITABLE
BUFFER FOR DOWNSTREAM
APPLICATIONS.

THESE STEPS COLLECTIVELY

CONSTITUTE THE DNA
EXTRACTION PROCESS.
DISCOVERY OF DNA:

IN 1869, THE YOUNG SWISS BIOCHEMIST

FRIEDRICH MIESCHER DISCOVERED THE
MOLECULE WE NOW REFER TO AS DNA,
DEVELOPING TECHNIQUES FOR ITS
EXTRACTION. IN THIS PAPER WE EXPLAIN
WHY HIS NAME IS ALL BUT FORGOTTEN,
AND HIS ROLE IN THE HISTORY OF
GENETICS IS MOSTLY OVERLOOKED.
 HIS NAME WAS FRIEDRICH MIESCHER,
AND IF YOU HAVE NOT HEARD OF HIM,
YOU ARE NOT ALONE.
NOTWITHSTANDING HIS ABSENCE FROM
POPULAR ACCOUNTS OF THE HISTORY
OF GENETICS, MIESCHER ISOLATED
NUCLEIN. HE ALSO HYPOTHESIZED THAT
IT MAY SERVE AS THE MATERIAL BASIS
OF HEREDITY. IN HIS LATER YEARS,
MIESCHER PRIVATELY INTIMATED THAT
INHERITANCE COULD BE (AT LEAST
PARTLY) REALIZED BY SOMETHING
AKIN TO A CODE. BUT WHEN HIS
DISCOVERY IS MENTIONED, IF AT ALL,
MIESCHER’S THOUGHTS ABOUT THE
POSSIBLE ROLE OF NUCLEIN IN
HEREDITY ARE INVARIABLY OMITTED.
WHY HE BECAME FORGOTTEN TO
HISTORY IS LIKEWISE LEFT
UNDISCLOSED.
 THIS ORIGIN STORY PROCEEDS FROM THE
AVERY, MCCLEOD, AND MCCARTY
EXPERIMENT OF 1944, THROUGH THE
EXPLICATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
BY WATSON AND CRICK IN 1953, THROUGH
THE MESELSON–STAHL EXPERIMENT OF
1958, TO THE ELUCIDATION OF THE GENETIC
CODE IN THE SUBSEQUENT DECADE, AND
THE ENSUING GOLDEN AGE OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY.

RETURNING TO THE 19TH CENTURY AND

MIESCHER, HOWEVER, WE ARE ABLE TO
TRACE ANOTHER STORY. IN THIS TELLING,
THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NUCLEIN
AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS, NOW CALLED
“CHROMATIN,” WENT HAND IN HAND
WITH THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THESE
MOLECULES’ GENETIC SIGNIFICANCE FROM
THE VERY BEGINNING.
 HERE, WE SHOW HOW THE TWO
INTERLINKED CONCERNS WERE
GRADUALLY SEPARATED BY
COMPETITION BETWEEN DIFFERENT
FIELDS WITHIN THE LIFE SCIENCES,
INCLUDING CYTOLOGY, GENETICS,
AND BIOCHEMISTRY, OBFUSCATING
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE
MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF
HEREDITY. THE MIESCHER EPISODE
SHEDS IMPORTANT LIGHT ON HOW
GENETICS BECAME A DISCIPLINE,
ILLUSTRATING THE OFTEN TORTUOUS
PATH LEADING TO THE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERIES. IT LIKEWISE
EXEMPLIFIES THE WIDE RANGE OF
FACTORS, WITHIN AND BEYOND
SCIENCE, THAT AFFECT THE FATE OF
SCIENTIFIC IDEAS.
EXPERIMENT
AIM: TO EXTRACT DNA FROM BANANA
MATERIALS NEEDED:BANANA,ZIPLOCK
PLASTIC BAG,TABLE SALT, DISHWASHING
DETERGENT, WATER, ICE-COLD RUBBING
ALCOHOL,COFFEE FILTER OR CHEESECLOTH,
TEST TUBES OR SMALL CONTAINERS.

SOAP SOL. USED

PROCEDURE:

1.PEEL AND MASH THE BANANA IN A

ZIPLOCK BAG.
2.ADD 1/2 TEASPOON OF SALT AND A
FEW DROPS OF DISHWASHING
DETERGENT INTO THE BAG.
3. MIX GENTLY.ADD AROUND 10-15
ML OF WATER INTO THE BAG AND
MIX AGAIN.
4.FILTER THE MIXTURE THROUGH A
COFFEE FILTER OR CHEESECLOTH
INTO A CLEAN CONTAINER TO
REMOVE SOLID MATERIAL.
5.TAKE THE LIQUID AND TRANSFER IT
INTO A TEST TUBE OR SMALL
CONTAINER.
 6.ADD ICE-COLD RUBBING
ALCOHOL SLOWLY DOWN THE SIDE
OF THE CONTAINER, FORMING A
LAYER ON TOP OF THE BANANA
MIXTURE.
7.YOU SHOULD SEE THE DNA
PRECIPITATE AT THE INTERFACE
BETWEEN THE BANANA MIXTURE
AND THE ALCOHOL LAYER.

DNA OF BANANA
CONCLUSION:
IN SUMMARY, DNA EXTRACTION IS A
PIVOTAL PROCEDURE IN MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY, SERVING AS THE GATEWAY TO
UNLOCKING GENETIC INFORMATION
FROM DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL SOURCES.
ITS APPLICATIONS SPAN A WIDE RANGE
OF FIELDS, FROM SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND
FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS. AS
TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES, THE
REFINEMENT OF EXTRACTION METHODS
ENHANCES EFFICIENCY, ACCURACY,
AND ADAPTABILITY TO VARIOUS
SAMPLE TYPES. THE CONTINUOUS
EVOLUTION OF DNA EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUES UNDERSCORES ITS
INDISPENSABLE ROLE IN UNRAVELING
THE MYSTERIES ENCODED WITHIN THE
FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF
LIFE.
BIBLOGRAPHY
Thank
you!!