Skeletal System

Major Bones of the Skeletal System

The bone, cartilage,

tendons, and
ligaments of the
skeletal system
are all connective
tissues. Their
characteristics are
largely determined
by the composition
of their extracellular
matrix.
Type of connective tissue.
Proteoglycans- are large molecules consisting of
polysaccharides attached to core proteins
Cartilage- contains collagen and proteoglycans.
The matrix always contains collagen, ground substance,
and other organic
Collagen-is a tough, ropelike protein.it makes
cartilage tough,
Four categories of bone
-Long bones are longer than they are wide. Most
of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are long
bones.
- Short bones are approximately as wide as they are
long; examples are
the bones of the wrist and ankle.
- Flat bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape.
Examples of flat bones are certain skull bones, the
ribs, the scapulae (shoulder blades), and the sternum.
- Irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial
bones, which have shapes
that do not fit readily into the other three categories.
Structure of a Long Bone
Diaphysis- long bone consists of a central shaft,
Epiphysis- the end part of a long bone, initially growing
separately from the shaft.\
articular cartilage covers the ends of the epiphyses
where the bone articulates (joins) with other bones.
epiphyseal plate, or growth plate- composed of
cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis The
epiphyseal plate is where the bone grows in length
Epiphyseal line- When bone growth stops, the cartilage
of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and
becomes an epiphyseal line
Bones contain cavities, such as the large medullary
cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the
epiphyses of long
bones and in the interior of other bones.
Yellow marrow consists mostly of adipose
Tissue
Red marrow consists of blood-forming cells and is the
only site of blood formation in adults. Children’s
bones have proportionately more red marrow than do
adult bones because, as a person ages, red marrow is
mostly replaced by yellow marrow.
Periosteum- Most of the outer surface of bone is
covered by dense connective tissue
Endosteum- is a thin vascular membrane of connective
tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that
forms the medullary cavity of long bones
Histology of Bone
The periosteum and endosteum contain osteoblasts
which function in the formation of bone, as well as in
the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoclasts- bone-eating cells are also present and
contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing
existing bone.
Lamellae- Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix
called lamellae
Lacunae- with osteocytes located between the
lamellae within spaces called lacunae. a cavity or
depression
Canaliculi- little canal
Compact bone- is mostly solid matrix and cells.
Spongy bone, or cancellous bone, consists of a lacy network
of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces.
Compact Bone
Compact bone (figure 6.3) forms most of the diaphysis of a
long bone and the thinner surfaces of all other bones.
Osteons- Each osteon consists of concentric rings of lamellae
surrounding a central canal.
Spongy Bone
Spongy bone- is located mainly in the epiphyses of long
bones.Spongy bone consists of delicate interconnecting
rods or plates of bone called trabeculae
Trabeculae-Spongy bone consists of delicate
interconnecting rods or plates of Bone. which
resemble the beams or scaffolding of a building. Like
scaffolding, the trabeculae add strength to a bone
without the added weight that would be present if the
bone were solid mineralized matrix.
Bone Ossification
Ossification-( to make) is the
formation of bone by osteoblasts. After an osteoblast
becomes completely surrounded by bone matrix, it
becomes a mature bone cell, or osteocyte.
Skull
The 22 bones of the skull are divided into those of the
braincase and those of the face.
braincase, which encloses the cranial cavity, consists
of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the
brain.
facial bones- 14 bones form the structure of the
face. Thirteen of the facial bones are rather solidly
connected to form the bulk of the face. The mandible,
however, forms a freely movable joint with the rest of
the skull. There are also three auditory ossicles (in
each middle ear (six total).