PRESSURE LINE AND PRESSURE ANGLE DRAWING METHOD SIMPLE SELECTION

• The line of centers OP 1) Select the number of teeth for pinion and gear.
connecting the rotation – Consider max gear ratios (slide 38)
axes of a pair of meshing – Select in the catalog among the standard teeth number (catalogue)
gears. The angle ϕ is 2) Select the material
called the pressure angle
3) Select the module
• The pressure line (also
4) Calculate the pitch diameter
called the generating line
or line of action) is 5) Calculate the pitch velocity (slide 38)
defined by the pressure 6) Calculate the Dynamic factor 𝐾𝑉 using Bart equation
angle 7) Calculate the transmitted load 𝑊𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟/𝑉
𝑊𝑡
8) Calculate an acceptable face width 𝐹 =
𝐾𝑉 𝑚𝑌𝜎𝑃
Where 𝜎𝑃 is the permissible bending stress (catalogue)
or select 𝜎𝑃
= 𝜎𝑀𝑎𝑥 /𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟(factor between 2-5)
56 59 62
DESIGN OF SLIDER-CRANK MECHANISM GEAR TOOTH PROFILE LEWIS FORMULA
• The most widely used tooth Calculation of the bending stress in gear teeth
form for spur gears is the full 𝑊𝑡
depth involute form 𝜎=
𝐹𝑚𝑌
• When two involute-form gear 𝑊𝑡 : transmitted load (N)
teeth are in mesh, there is a 𝐹: face width (mm)
constant velocity ratio
between them 𝑚: module
Displacement of the slider Angular velocity of the connecting rod 𝑌: Lewis form factor
𝑅
𝐿
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 When the load is delivered to
𝑥 = 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜙′ = 𝜔
𝑅 2
1/2 the teeth with some degree of impact
Also: 1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑊𝑡
𝐿
𝑅
2 1/2
Linear velocity of the piston 𝜎=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑥′ 𝜙′ 𝑟
𝐾𝑉 𝐹𝑚𝑌
𝐿 = −𝜔 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐿 𝜔 𝐿 6.1
23 58 where 𝐾𝑉 = (Bart equation) 𝑉: pitch line velocity 61
6.1+𝑉
DESIGN OF SLIDER-CRANK MECHANISM PRESSURE LINE AND PRESSURE ANGLE TOOTH DIMENSION FORMULAS Φ =20O AND Φ = 25O
• The resultant force vector
between a pair of
operating meshing gears
acts along this line
• The actual shape or form
of the gear teeth
depends on the pressure
angle chosen
Symbols • Current standard
𝐿: length of connecting rod pressure angles are 20o
𝑅: crank length: radius of crank circle and 25o, with the 20o
𝑥: distance from center of crankshaft A to wrist pin C
form most widely
𝜃: crank angle measured from dead center
available
𝜙: angular position of connecting rod
𝜔: constant crank angular velocity
22 57 m = module 60
 H-BRIDGE – SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE H-BRIDGE – LOCK-ANTIPHASE DRIVE
Assuming linear current change during When the whole system is in a steady state – the
both the on and the off time, the current motor doesn’t accelerates nor decelerates – the
deltas are the following: average current through it should be constant as
there’s no change in torque. So the current
change during the on-time (the peak-to peak or
ripple-current) should be equal to the change in
If we express Vg from this, we get: the off-time. In other words:
and since Toff=T-Ton If we express Vg from this, we get:
This is a second-order function (a parabola)
with its maximum at Ton = T/2. So the ripple
current reaches its maximum at 50% duty
cycle, and its value is:
10 _ 13
H-BRIDGE – SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE H-BRIDGE – LOCK-ANTIPHASE DRIVE
As said previously, the switches are operated using a PWM signal. On-time: Q1 and Q4 are closed.
Let’s see how the bridge operates: • Off-time: Q2 and Q3 are closed.
• On-time: Q1 and Q4 are closed. The left-side of the motor is connected to Duty cycle 50%: the two diagonal
pairs are on for the same amount of time,
Vbat, while the right-side is grounded. Current can flow from the supply
the average voltage on both terminals is
through the motor.
Vbat/2, and the average voltage across
• Off-time: Q1 stays closed, but Q4 opens and Q3 closes instead. Both of
the motor terminals are connected to Vbat, short-circuiting the motor. The the motor is 0. The motor is idle.
current can continue circulating around the in that loop. Duty cycle > 50%: Q1 and Q4 will be
on longer than Q2 and Q3 are. The
average voltage on the ‘B’-side of the
motor will be higher than on the ‘A’ side,
so it will start spinning in the forward
direction
Duty cycle < 50%: Q2 and Q3 will be
on longer than Q1 and Q4 are. The
average voltage on the ‘A’-side of the
motor will be higher than on the ‘B’ side,
so it will start spinning in the reverse
9 direction
H-BRIDGE – OPERATION MODES H-BRIDGE – SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE
In sign-magnitude drive, we have two binary choices:
There are 3 basic operation modes for an H-bridge: • ON-time: whether to keep the a-side or the b-side in a constant state
• Sign-magnitude drive • OFF-time: whether to keep the low-side or the high-side switch closed
continuously.
• Lock anti-phase drive During the ON-time, depending on which side is in constant state, the voltage
across the motor changes sign, and the motor reverse its rotation. So, a
• Asynchronous Sign-magnitude drive control signal is used to decide between a-side or b-side.
The first two operation modes are simpler and more The choice between low-side and high-side instead is usually made statically
intuitive, however have drawbacks that the third
one, albeit more complicated, solves. Depending on
the application, one of these three modes can be
more indicated.
8 11
H-BRIDGE – ASYNCHRONOUS SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE
You can see that I introduced three periods:
• is the on-time
• is the portion of the off-time
when the bridge is conducting current
• is the portion of the time when the
current is 0
• is the
conduction time.
There are some obvious relationships
between these:
•
•
Using this terminology, the difference between continuous and discontinuous current
modes is if is zero or not.
While many things are different, some of the knowledge that we’ve gained by
analyzing the simpler drive modes, carries over. For example, the slope of the current
change during the on and off-time (as long as it conducts) can be found by the
following equations:
× ×
• during the on-time during the off-time
16
H-BRIDGE – ASYNCHRONOUS SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE
What happens, when (during the off-
time) the current decreases to 0?
In both of the signmagnitude and lock
anti-phase drive modes the current is
free to turn negative, as the conducting
elements are bi-directional. Not the case
here!
The conducting diode (D3 for example)
will close as soon as the current reaches
0. If that happens, there’s no current
flow in the circuit for the rest of the cycle.
So, depending on the slopes of the on-
time and off-time currents and the time
spent in each state the current might
flow continuously or discontinuously in
the system:
12 15
H-BRIDGE – ASYNCHRONOUS SIGN-MAGNITUDE DRIVE
The switching patterns of this drive mode are a modification of the sign-
magnitude drive. The idea is that during the off-time we’ll leave only one of
the four switches closed, instead of two as with the sign-magnitude drive.
This will force the off-time current to flow through one of the catch-diodes.
The four combinations are the four possible answers to the two binary
questions:
• Is the on-time voltage applied in the forward or reverse direction?
• Does the high- or low-side switch stay closed during the off-time?
There usually is a control signal deciding the answer to the first question,
while the second one is usually answered during the design of the bridge.
14