Important Vocabulary

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3

piracy (n) ‫خ‬١‫اٌمشفٕخ\ عشلخ أدث‬ good-natured (adj) ‫ذح‬١‫ؼخ خ‬١‫ هج‬ٚ‫ر‬ innovation (n) ‫إثذاع \ اثزىبس‬
cheat (v/n) ‫ٍخ‬١‫غؼ \ ز‬٠ \ ‫غؾبػ‬ stereotype ‫خ‬١‫سح ّٔط‬ٛ‫ف‬ immersive(adj) ‫ش \غبِش‬ٙ‫ِج‬
omission (n) ‫ص‬ٚ‫إّ٘بي \ ردب‬ prejudice (n) ‫ض‬١‫ظٍُ \ رس‬ surround (v) ‫ط‬١‫ذ‬٠
announce(v) ‫غ‬٠‫ز‬٠ \ ‫قشذ‬٠ \ ٍٓ‫ؼ‬٠ cheerful (adj) ‫ح \ ِشج‬ٙ‫ِجز‬ immerse (v) ‫غطس‬٠ \‫غّش‬٠
mislead (v) ‫خذع‬٠ \ ًٍ‫ن‬٠ grumpy (adj) ‫ت \ ِزأفف‬١ٕ‫ٔىذ \ و‬ implement (v) ‫ٕفز‬٠ \‫طجك‬٠
inaccurate (adj) ‫ك‬١‫ش دل‬١‫غ‬ petrified (adj ‫خبئف خذا‬ mass-produced ‫ٕزح ثىثشح‬٠
casualty ‫خ‬١‫فبح \ مس‬ٚ ‫زبٌخ‬ patient (adj) ‫ل‬٠‫س \ ِش‬ٛ‫فج‬ approach (n) ‫مزشة‬٠ \ ‫مخ \ ِمبسثخ‬٠‫هش‬
claim (v/n) ‫ \ ادػبء‬ٝ‫ذػ‬٠ \ ‫طٍت‬٠ cross (adj) ‫غنجبْ \ِٕضػح‬ spectacularly(adv) ً٘‫ثؾىً ِز‬
demand (v/n) ‫طٍت \ هٍت‬٠ qualified (adj) ً٘‫ِؤ‬ inconvenient(adj) ُ‫ش ِالئ‬١‫غ‬
ruin (v/n) َ‫ذِش \ زطب‬٠ qualify (v) ً٘‫ؤ‬٠ process (n) ‫خ‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬
compensate (v) ‫ك‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ confident (adj) ‫اصك‬ٚ artificial intelligence ٝ‫اٌزوبء االفطٕبػ‬
bias (v/n) ًِ‫زسب‬٠\ ‫بص‬١‫رسبًِ \أس‬ confidence(n) ‫صمخ‬ experiment (v)(n) ‫ ردشثخ‬/ ‫دشة‬٠
convict (v/n) ٓ٠‫ذ‬٠ \ ْ‫ِذا‬ role model (n) ٍٟ‫ح \ِثً أػ‬ٚ‫لذ‬ sensor (n) ‫بص اإلزغبط‬ٙ‫ِغزؾؼش \ خ‬
violate(v) ‫ه‬ٙ‫ٕز‬٠ \ ‫خزشق‬٠‫ا‬ lecturer (n) ‫ِذبظش‬ astronaut (n) ‫سائذ فنبء‬
trap (v/n) ‫ذح \ فخ‬١‫سزدض \ ِق‬٠ tournament (n) ‫سح‬ٚ‫د‬ spacecraft (n) ‫ِشوجخ فنبء‬
investigate (v) ٜ‫زسش‬٠ \ ‫سمك‬٠ Grand Slams ‫الد رٕظ‬ٛ‫ثط‬ universe (n) ْٛ‫اٌى‬
tabloid (n) ‫شح‬١‫خ فغ‬١‫فخ ؽؼج‬١‫فس‬ round (n) ‫ٌخ \ فىشح ؽبئؼخ‬ٛ‫خ‬ astronomer (n) ‫ػبٌُ اٌفٍه‬
broadsheet (n) ‫شح‬١‫فخ وج‬١‫فس‬ impatient (adj) ‫س‬ٛ‫ش فج‬١‫غ‬ solar system (n) ‫خ‬١‫ػخ اٌؾّغ‬ّٛ‫اٌّد‬
state (v/n) ‫زوش‬٠ \ ‫ٌخ‬ٚ‫زبٌخ \ د‬ cruel(adj) ٟ‫لبع‬ surface (n) ‫عطر‬
placement (n) ‫مغ‬ٚ contribution (n) ّٗ٘‫ِغب‬ charge(v) ٓ‫ؾس‬٠ / ‫ أخش‬ٝ‫زمبم‬٠
incident (n) ‫الؼخ \ زذس‬ٚ \ ‫زبدس‬ award(v)(n) ‫ّٕخ جبئضح‬٠ \‫جبئضح‬ records (n) ‫خ‬١‫بع‬١‫عدالد\ اسلبَ ل‬
highlight (v/n) ‫ء‬ٛ‫غٍو اٌن‬٠ \‫جشص‬٠ obtain(v) ‫ّزٍه‬٠ \ ً‫سق‬٠ operation (n) )‫خ‬١‫خ (خشاز‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬
mention (v) ‫زوش‬٠ spark(v) (n) ً‫ؾؼ‬٠ \ ‫ؽؼٍخ‬ surrounding (n) ‫ِسجو‬
whilst (conj) ٓ‫ّٕب \ ِغ أْ \ ٌى‬١‫ث‬ defy(v) ٜ‫زسذ‬٠ \ ٗ‫اخ‬ٛ٠ surgeon (surgery) )‫خشاذ (خشازخ‬
celebrity (n) ‫سح‬ٛٙ‫ٗ ِؾ‬١‫ؽخق‬ challenging(adj) ٞ‫ش ٌٍزسذ‬١‫فؼت \ ِث‬ illustrated ‫س‬ٛ‫مر ثبٌق‬ِٛ
court (n) ‫ٍِؼت \ ِسىّخ‬ rank (v/n) ‫قٕف‬٠ \ٗ‫سرج‬ curious(adj) ٌٝٛ‫فن‬
support (v/n) ُ‫غبٔذ \ اٌذػ‬٠ \ ُ‫ذػ‬٠ fascinating (adj) ‫سائغ‬ competitive (adj( ٝ‫رٕبفغ‬
impact (v/n) ‫ش‬١‫أثش \ ربث‬ impressive (adj) ‫ش‬ٙ‫ِج‬ distant (adj) ‫ذ‬١‫ثؼ‬
spin(v/n) ‫ك‬١‫ٍفك \رٍف‬٠\‫س‬ٚ‫ذ‬٠ \ ‫ٍف‬٠ well-behaved(adj) ‫ِؤدة‬ opportunities(n) ‫فشؿ‬
crime (n) ‫ّخ‬٠‫خش‬ significant (adj) َ‫٘ب‬ audience (n) ‫خ‬١ّ‫ ِمبثٍخ سع‬/‫س‬ّٛٙ‫خ‬
criminal (n) (adj) ٟ‫ِدشَ \ خٕبئ‬ fair(adj) (n) ‫ ِؼشك‬/ ‫ػبدي‬ visuals (n) ‫خ‬٠‫ِؤثشاد ثقش‬
objective (adj) ٟ‫ػ‬ٛ‫م‬ِٛ inspire(v) ٍُٙ٠ conquer(v) ‫ش‬ٙ‫م‬٠ \ ‫خنغ‬٠ \ ٚ‫غض‬٠
shocked(adj) َٚ‫ِقذ‬ inspiring(adj) ‫ش‬١‫ ِث‬/ ٍُِٙ packaging (n) ‫ف‬١ٍ‫رؼجئخ \ رغ‬
balanced (adj) ‫اصْ \ ػبدي‬ٛ‫ِز‬ graph (n) ٝٔ‫ب‬١‫سعُ ث‬ display (v)(n) ‫ش‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ \ ‫ؼشك‬٠\ ‫ػشك‬
nosy (adj) ٌٟٛ‫ِزطفً \ فن‬ physics (n) ‫بء‬٠‫ض‬١‫ف‬ applications (n) ‫مبد \ ثشاِح‬١‫رطج‬
extract (v/n) ‫غزخشج \ ِمزطف‬٠ physicist (n) ٝٔ‫ب‬٠‫ض‬١‫ف‬ science fiction (n) ٍٝٙ‫بي ػ‬١‫خ‬
factual (adj) ٝ‫م‬١‫ \ زم‬ٝ‫الؼ‬ٚ treat (v) ‫ؼبٌح‬٠ / ًِ‫ؼب‬٠ evidence (n) ً١ٌ‫د‬
illegal (adj) ٝ‫ش ؽشػ‬١‫غ‬ treatment (n) ‫ ِؼبٍِخ‬/ ‫ػالج‬ balance (v)(n) ْ‫اص‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ \ ْ‫اص‬ٛ‫ر‬
stressed (adj) ‫رش‬ٛ‫ِز‬ mental (adj) ٍٟ‫ػم‬ constantly(adv) ‫ثبعزّشاس‬
strict (adj) َ‫فبسَ \ زبص‬ survey (n) ‫دساعخ‬ permanent(adj) ‫دائُ \ ِغزّش\ ثبق‬
afford (v) )‫زسًّ (رىٍفخ‬٠ scholarship (n) ‫خ‬١ٍّ‫ِٕسخ ػ‬ survive(v) ‫ؼ‬١‫ؼ‬٠ \ ٛ‫ٕد‬٠

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 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6
well-being (n) ‫ ٕ٘بء‬/ ‫ فسخ‬/‫عؼبدح‬ trend (n) ‫مخ‬ِٛ / ٖ‫اردب‬ productive (adj) ‫ ِٕزح‬/ ٝ‫إٔزبخ‬
frown(v) ‫ؼجظ‬٠ \ ُٙ‫زد‬٠ install(v) ‫شوت‬٠ / ‫ثجذ‬٠ productivity (n) ‫خ‬١‫أزبخ‬
pout (v/n) ‫ص‬ٛ‫ج‬٠ \‫ؾّئض‬٠ /‫اؽّئشاص‬ mute (adj) ‫ فبِذ‬/‫د‬ٛ‫ىزُ اٌق‬٠ change (v/n) ‫ش \ فىخ‬١‫غ‬٠ \ ‫ش‬١١‫رغ‬
burnout (n) ‫ذ‬٠‫ إس٘بق ؽذ‬/ ‫بن‬ٙٔ‫ا‬ switch (turn)…on ً‫ؾغ‬٠ assess (v) ٍٝ‫سىُ ػ‬٠ \ ُ١‫م‬٠ \‫مذس‬٠
scold(v) ‫ثخ‬ٛ٠ switch(turn)... off ‫طفئ‬٠ decline (v/n) ْ‫ٕمـ \ ٔمقب‬٠
cope with (n) ‫زبلٍُ ِغ‬٠ turn .... down ‫خفل‬٠ efficient (adj) ‫وفء\ فؼبي‬
alter (v) ‫جذي‬٠ / ‫ؼذي‬٠ \ ‫ش‬١‫غ‬٠ turn ... up ‫ذ‬٠‫ش‬٠ / )‫د‬ٛ‫شفغ (ف‬٠ efficiency (n) ‫وفبءح‬
self-care ‫خ ثبٌزاد‬٠‫اٌؼٕب‬ catch up with ‫ش‬٠‫غب‬٠ / ‫ٍسك‬٠ raise (v) ‫دّغ‬٠ \ ٝ‫شث‬٠ \ ‫شفغ‬٠
self-management ‫اداسح اٌزاد‬ look into ‫ذلك‬٠ \ ‫فسـ‬٠ vary (v) ‫ع‬ٕٛ‫ز‬٠ \ ‫خزٍف‬٠ \ ‫ش‬١‫زغ‬٠
stress (v/n) ٍٝ‫ؤوذ ػ‬٠ / ‫رش‬ٛ‫ر‬ keep up ٞ‫جبس‬٠ various(adj) ‫ع‬ٕٛ‫ِز‬
stressed (adj) ‫ذ‬ٙ‫ ِد‬/ ‫رش‬ٛ‫ؾؼش ثبٌز‬٠ plug in ً‫ص‬ٛ٠ \‫شوت‬٠ variety (n) ‫ع‬ٕٛ‫ٍخ \ ر‬١‫رؾى‬
stressful (adj) ‫ِش٘ك ٌالػقبة‬ employee (n) ‫ظف‬ِٛ state (v/n) ْ‫ب‬١‫زوش \ ث‬٠ \ ‫قشذ‬٠
time management ‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫اداسح ا‬ employer (n) ًّ‫صبدت اٌؼ‬ tend (v) ً١ِ \ ٌٝ‫ً إ‬١ّ٠
mental health ‫خ‬١ٍ‫اٌقسخ اٌؼم‬ logical(adj) ٟ‫ِٕطم‬ performance ‫خ‬١ٍ‫أداء \ إخشاء \ فبػ‬
frustrated ‫ِسجو‬ microphone ْٛ‫ف‬ٚ‫ىش‬١ِ interrupt (v) ‫مبهغ‬٠
experience (v/n) ‫دشة‬٠ / ‫ردشثخ‬ instant messaging ‫ؼخ‬٠‫سعبئً عش‬ procrastination ْ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ر‬/ ‫رجبهؤ‬/ ‫ف‬٠ٛ‫رغ‬
resilience (n) ‫ٔخ‬ٚ‫ِش‬ old-fashioned (adj) ‫ّخ‬٠‫مخ لذ‬ِٛ procrastinate ‫خش‬ٛ٠ / ً‫ّبه‬٠
suppose (v) ‫فزشك‬٠ technical(adj) ٕٝ‫ \ ف‬ٕٝ‫رم‬ analyse (v) ًٍ‫س‬٠
chemicals (n) ‫خ‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫اد و‬ِٛ communicate ً‫اف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ analysis (n) ً١ٍ‫رس‬
clear off(v) ٝ‫خزف‬٠ / ‫ٕقشف‬٠ interpersonal ‫ٓ االؽخبؿ‬١‫ٌٗ ػاللخ ث‬ evaluate (v) ُ١‫م‬٠
anxious (adj) ‫لٍك‬ version (n) ‫ ٔغخخ‬/ ‫إفذاس‬ inevitable ِٕٗ ‫ ال ِفش‬/ ّٝ‫زز‬
promote (v) ٝ‫شل‬٠ / ٓ‫سغ‬٠ / ُ‫ذػ‬٠ software (n) ‫ثشاِح‬ records (n) ‫عدالد‬
exhaustion(n) ‫اس٘بق‬ virtual meeting ٟ‫ِمبثٍخ افزشام‬ cyclists (n) ‫ اٌذساخبد‬ٝ‫ساوج‬
exhausted(adj) ‫ِش٘ك‬ decline ‫س‬ٛ٘‫س\ رذ‬ٛ٘‫زذ‬٠ depression (n) ‫ وغبد‬/‫اوزئبة‬
contagious (adj) ٞ‫ِؼذ‬ welfare officer ‫ي اٌغؼبدح‬ٛ‫ِغئ‬ response (n) ‫اعزدبثخ‬
perception (n) ‫اٌّؼشفخ‬ discussion (n) ‫ِٕبلؾخ‬ specific (adj) ‫ِسذد‬
gratitude (n) ً١ّ‫ػشفبْ ثبٌد‬ delay (v/n) ‫ؤخش‬٠ ، ‫ش‬١‫ربخ‬ anxiety (n) ‫رش‬ٛ‫ر‬
potential (n) ‫لذسح‬ share (v/n) ‫ت \ زقخ‬١‫ ٔق‬/ ‫ؾبسن‬٠ force (v/n) ‫ح‬ٛ‫ ل‬/ ‫ إخجبس‬/ ‫دجش‬٠
perfectionist (n) ‫ِست ٌٍىّبي‬ clarification (n) ‫ر‬١‫م‬ٛ‫ر‬ distracted ٓ٘‫ ؽبسد اٌز‬/ ‫ػ‬ٛ‫ِؾ‬
assume (v) ‫فزشك‬٠ respond (v/n) ‫ اعزدبثخ‬/ ‫ت‬١‫غزد‬٠ significantly ‫ظ‬ٛ‫ ثؾىً ٍِس‬/ ‫رّبِب‬
participant (n) ‫ِؾبسن‬ carry on(v) ‫سزّش‬٠ strategy(n) ‫ خطخ‬/ ‫خ‬١‫د‬١‫إعزشار‬
optimistic (adj) ً‫ِزفبئ‬ motivate (v) ‫ذفض‬٠ awareness ‫ إدسان‬/ ٝ‫ػ‬ٚ
influence (v/n) ‫ؤثش‬٠ / ‫ش‬١‫رأث‬ schedule (n) (v) ‫ي‬ٚ‫دذ‬٠ / ‫ي‬ٚ‫خذ‬ effectiveness (n) ‫خ‬١ٍ‫فبػ‬
urgent (adj) ‫ هبسئ‬/ ً‫ػبخ‬ independently ً‫ثؾىً ِغزم‬ error (n) ‫ٔزبئح‬
priority (n) ‫خ‬٠ٌٛٚ‫ا‬ repetitive ‫ِزىشس‬ delay(v/n) ‫ؤخش‬٠ / ‫ش‬١‫ربخ‬
counsellor (n) ‫ِغزؾبس‬ access (n) ‫ي‬ٛ‫اٌذخ‬ excuse(v/n) ‫شسي‬١٠ /‫ػزس‬
demonstrate (v) ‫ثجذ‬٠ / ‫مر‬ٛ٠ reliable (adj) ٗ‫ق ث‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ attach (v) ‫شفك‬٠
factors (n) ‫ ػٕبفش‬/ ًِ‫ا‬ٛ‫ػ‬ labour market ًّ‫ق اٌؼ‬ٛ‫س‬ evidence (n) ً١ٌ‫د‬
brainstorm (n) ٟٕ٘‫ػقف ر‬ advent (n) َٚ‫ لذ‬/ ‫ء‬ٟ‫ِد‬ reflection (n) ‫أؼىبط‬
technique (n) ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ أع‬/ ‫خ‬١ٕ‫رم‬ substitute (v) ‫غزجذي‬٠ chaos (n) ٝ‫م‬ٛ‫ف‬
psychologist ٝ‫ت ٔفغ‬١‫هج‬ emerge (v) ‫ش‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ permission (n) ‫ر‬٠‫ رقش‬/ ْ‫إر‬
disappoint (v) ٍِٗ‫ت ا‬١‫خ‬٠ \‫سجو‬٠ ancestors (n) ‫اعالف‬ preference ًِ‫ؽب‬
trick (v/n) ‫خذع\ خذػخ‬٠ separate (v) ً‫فص‬٠ mental / mentally ‫ب‬١ٍ‫ ػم‬/ٍٝ‫ػم‬
struggle (v/n) ‫ىبفر\ وفبذ‬٠ podcast (n) ٟ‫ثش اراػ‬ progress (n) َ‫رمذ‬
excerpts (n) ‫مقتطفات\ مقتبسات‬ mind map (n) ‫خ‬١ٕ٘‫طخ ر‬٠‫خش‬ grade(v) ‫ِزذسج‬/ ْ‫دسخخ اِزسب‬

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 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9
combine(v) ُ‫ؼ‬٠ \ ‫غّن‬٠ colossal (adj) ‫٘بئً \ ػخّأ‬ passion (n) ‫ٌن \ شغف \ هبؿفخ‬ٚ
councillor (n) ‫هؼشِغٍس‬ measure ‫س‬١‫م‬٠\ ‫بط‬١‫ ِم‬/ ‫ئعشاء‬ passionate(adj) ‫ف‬ٛ‫ \ شغ‬ٝ‫هبؿف‬
challenge (v)(n) ٞ‫ \ رؾذ‬ٜ‫زؾذ‬٠ intern (n)(v) ‫وزمً \ اهزمبي‬٠ \ ‫ِزذسة‬ life-changing ‫بح‬١‫ش ٌٍؾ‬١‫ِغ‬
challenging (adj) ‫\ طوت‬ٜ‫ش ٌٍزؾذ‬١‫ِض‬ internship (n) ‫ت‬٠‫فزشح رذس‬ life experience ‫بح‬١‫خجشح اٌؾ‬
overcome (v) ‫ش‬ٙ‫م‬٠ \ ٍٝ‫زغٍت ه‬٠ candidate(n) ‫ِششؼ‬ contribute (v) ‫زجشم‬٠ \ ُٙ‫س‬٠
elegant (adj) ً١ّ‫ك \ ع‬١ٔ‫ا‬ curriculum vitae (CV) ‫خ‬١‫شح اٌزار‬١‫اٌس‬ contribution (n) ‫ِسبّ٘خ\ ِشبسوخ‬
achievement (n) ‫ك \ أغبص‬١‫رؾم‬ work experience ًّ‫خجشح اٌو‬ common sense ‫\ؽسٓ رذثش‬ٜ‫سذاد اٌش‬
value (v)(n) ‫ّخ‬١‫ُ \ ل‬١‫م‬٠ be charged ْٛ‫ُ \ ِشؾ‬ٙ‫ِز‬ direction (career) ٌّٕٝٙ‫االرغبٖ ا‬
valuable (adj) ‫ّخ‬١‫ ل‬ٚ‫ُ\ ر‬١‫ل‬ be in charge of ٓ‫ي ه‬ٛ‫ِسئ‬ reinvent (v) ‫ظٍؼ‬٠ \ ً١٘‫ذ رب‬١‫و‬٠
inspire(v) ٍُٙ٠ charity work ٜ‫ش‬١‫هًّ خ‬ wise (adj) ُ١‫ؽى‬
inspiration (n) ٝ‫ؽ‬ٚ / َ‫ب‬ٌٙ‫ئ‬ apply (v) ‫ـجك‬٠ \ ‫فخ‬١‫ك‬ٌٛ َ‫زمذ‬٠ wisdom (n) ‫ؽىّخ‬
inspiring (adj) ٍُِٙ applicant (n) ‫فخ‬١‫ك‬ٌٛ َ‫ِزمذ‬ employment (n) ‫ف‬١‫ك‬ٛ‫ر‬
impress(v) ‫زشن أـجبهب‬٠ / ٝ‫صش ف‬ٛ٠ application (n) ‫ك‬١‫ؿٍت \ رـج‬ generation (n) ‫ذ‬١ٌٛ‫ً \ ر‬١‫ع‬
impression (n) ‫أـجبم‬ qualify (v) ً٘‫إ‬٠ entrepreneur ‫سائذ اهّبي‬
impressive(adj) ‫ش‬ٙ‫ِج‬ \ ‫ٌإلهغبة‬ ‫ش‬١‫ِض‬ qualified(adj) ً٘‫ِإ‬ entrepreneurship ‫بدح االهّبي‬٠‫س‬
powerlifting ‫سفن االصمبي‬ qualifications(n) ‫ِإ٘الد‬ entrepreneurial ٞ‫بد‬٠‫س‬
polio (n) ‫شًٍ اؿفبي‬ personal statement ٝ‫بْ شخظ‬١‫ث‬ motivation (n) ‫دافن‬
procedures (n) ‫اعشاءاد‬ individual (adj) ٜ‫فشد \ فشد‬ knowledge (n) ‫ِوشفخ‬
consult(v) ‫ش‬١‫سزش‬٠ full-time (adj) ًِ‫اَ وب‬ٚ‫د‬ working knowledge ًّ‫ِوشفخ اٌو‬
significant (adj) ٜ‫ ِغض‬ٚ‫٘بَ \ ر‬ part-time (adj) ٝٔ‫اَ عض‬ٚ‫د‬ pandemic (n) ‫عبٔؾخ‬
administrative ٞ‫ئداس‬ disaster (n) ‫وبسصخ‬ resilience (n) ‫ٔخ‬ٚ‫ِش‬
paraphrase (v) ‫فسش‬٠ \ ‫ششػ‬٠ nursing (n) ‫غ‬٠‫رّش‬ pointless(adj) ‫ثال ٘ذف \ ثال فبئذح‬
quality (n) ‫خ \ سّخ‬١‫ه‬ٛٔ \ ‫دح‬ٛ‫ع‬ digital marketing ٝٔٚ‫ك اٌىزش‬٠ٛ‫رس‬ agile(adj) ‫ف اٌؾشوخ‬١‫ك\ خف‬١‫سش‬
quote (v) ‫مزجس‬٠ \ ‫ذ‬ٙ‫سزش‬٠ colleague (n) ً١ِ‫ص‬ exist(v) ‫اعذ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ \ ‫عذ‬ٛ٠
signpost (n) ‫ئشبسح \ هالِخ \ الفزخ‬ advanced (adj) َ‫ِزمذ‬ respect(n) (v) َ‫ؾزشَ \ اؽزشا‬٠
summarise (v) ‫ٍخض‬٠ grade (n) (v) potential (n) ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ِؾزًّ \ اِىب‬
sponsor (n) ‫ب‬١ٌ‫ِب‬ ٝ‫شه‬٠ \ ٝ‫ساه‬ excellence (n) ‫بص‬١‫ق \ اِز‬ٛ‫رف‬ ingredients (n) ‫ش‬٠‫ِمبد‬
independent (adj) ً‫ِسزم‬ department (n) ُ‫لس‬ involve(v) ‫زـٍت‬٠ /ّٓ‫زؼ‬٠
facilities (n) ‫ ِوذاد‬/ ‫الد‬١ٙ‫رس‬ participate(v) ُ٘‫سب‬٠ \ ‫شبسن‬٠ debate (n) ‫ ِٕبكشح‬/ ‫ِٕبلشخ‬
pause (v)(n) ‫لف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ \ ‫ش‬١‫لف لظ‬ٛ‫ر‬ profile (n) ‫ٍِف‬ argument (n) ‫عذاي‬
memorize (v) ‫ؾفق‬٠ base (v)(n) ‫شوض‬٠ \ ‫لبهذح‬ alive (adj) ٟ‫ؽ‬
multiplication ‫خ اٌؼشة\ رىبصش‬١ٍّ‫ه‬ interests (n) ‫ا٘زّبِبد‬ tough (adj) ٝ‫ لبس‬/ ‫طوت‬
feedback (n) ‫خ اٌشاعوخ‬٠‫اٌزغز‬ hobbies (n) ‫بد‬٠‫ا‬ٛ٘ distance (n) ‫ِسبفخ‬
competition (n) ‫ِٕبفسخ \ ِسبثمخ‬ resources (n) ‫اسد‬ِٛ recipe (n) ‫طفخ‬ٚ
indicate (v) ٍٝ‫ذي ه‬٠ \ ٌٝ‫ش ئ‬١‫رش‬ multinational (adj) ‫بد‬١‫ِزوذد اٌغٕس‬ publish (v) ‫ٕشش‬٠
trust (v)(n) ‫ضك \ صمخ‬٠ achievable(adj) ٗ‫م‬١‫ّىٓ رؾم‬٠ creative (adj) ‫ِجذم‬
motivate (v) ‫ؾفض‬٠ lane(n) ‫ك‬١‫ك ػ‬٠‫ؽبسح \ ؿش‬ optimistic(adj) ٌٟ‫ِزفبئً \ رفبؤ‬
ceremony (n) ّٟ‫ِشاسُ \ اؽزفبي سس‬ concise(adj) ‫عض‬ِٛ \ ‫ِخزظش‬ vehicles (n) ‫ِشوجبد‬
diagram (n) ٟٔ‫ب‬١‫سسُ ث‬ factors (n) ًِ‫ا‬ٛ‫ه‬ regret(n)(v) َ‫ٕذَ \ ٔذ‬٠
visual aids ‫خ‬٠‫سبئً ثظش‬ٚ pave (v) ‫شطف‬٠ \ ‫ذ‬ّٙ٠ qualities (n) ‫خظبئض \ سّبد‬
evaluate (v) ‫مذس‬٠ \ ُ١‫م‬٠ lack (n) (v) ٗ‫ٕمظ‬٠ \ ‫ٔمض‬ celebrate (v) ً‫ؾزف‬٠
perseverance ‫ّخ‬٠‫هض‬ create (v) ‫جزىش‬٠ \ ‫ٕشئ‬٠ ignore (v) ً٘‫زغب‬٠
determination ‫ّخ \ ئطشاس‬٠‫هض‬ editorial (n) ‫خ‬١‫افززبؽ‬ consider (v) ٟ‫فىش ف‬٠ \‫وزجش‬٠
enthusiastic ‫ِزؾّس ٌـ‬ graduate (v)(n) ‫ظ‬٠‫زخشط \ خش‬٠ partner (n) ‫ه‬٠‫شش‬
role model ‫ح‬ٚ‫لذ‬ appropriately (adv) ُ‫ثشىً ِالئ‬ discussion (n) ‫ِٕبلشخ‬

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picturesque (adj) ٓ‫ فبر‬/ ‫خالة‬ appreciate (v) ّٓ‫ض‬٠ \ ‫مذس‬٠ fable (n) ‫خ‬٠‫ؽىب‬
contemporary(adj) ٗ٠‫ؽذ‬/‫ِوبطش‬ moving (adj) ‫ش ٌٍّشبهش‬١‫ِإصش \ ِض‬ myth (n) ‫سح‬ٛ‫خشافخ \ أسـ‬
commemorate (v) ٜ‫خٍذ روش‬٠ monolingual(adj) ‫ اٌٍغخ‬ٜ‫اؽبد‬ legend (n) ‫سح‬ٛ‫سـ‬
column (n) )ٟٕ‫ِج‬-‫فخ‬١‫د(طؾ‬ّٛ‫ه‬ bilingual (adj) ‫ اٌٍغخ‬ٟ‫صٕبئ‬ legendary (adj) ٞ‫س‬ٛ‫أسـ‬
heritage sites (n) ‫الن اٌزشاس‬ِٛ multilingual (adj) ‫ِزوذد اٌٍغبد‬ boast (v) ٝ٘‫زجب‬٠ \ ‫زفبخش‬٠
landmark (n) ‫هالِخ ثبسصح‬ multicultural(adj) ‫ِزوذد اٌضمبفبد‬ eternal (adj) ‫ \ ِخٍذ‬ٜ‫آثذ‬
temple (n) ‫ِوجذ‬ dominant (adj) ‫ـش‬١‫ّٓ \ سبئذ\ ِس‬١ِٙ cheer(v)(n) \ ‫شغن‬٠ \‫زف‬ٙ٠
monument (n) ‫\ اصش‬ٞ‫ٔظت رزوبس‬ identity (v)(n) ‫خ‬٠ٛ٘ slip (v)(n) ‫ٕضٌك \ أضالق‬٠
dedicate (v) ‫ىشط‬٠ \ ‫خظض‬٠ mother tongue (n) َ‫اٌٍغٗ اال‬ stretch out (v) \ ‫جسؾ‬٠ \ ‫ّذ‬٠
sculpture (n) ‫رّضبي\ ٔمش\ ٔؾذ‬ embrace (v) ً‫مج‬٠ \ ‫وزٕك‬٠ \ ّٓ‫زؼ‬٠ pass on (v) ً‫ٕم‬٠ \ ‫ّشس‬٠
port (n) ‫ٕبء‬١ِ widely spoken ‫اسن‬ٚ ‫ ٔـبق‬ٍٝ‫زؾذس ه‬٠ pass down (v) ‫اسس‬ٛ‫ز‬٠
remains(n) ‫ب\ اشالء‬٠‫ثمب‬ deep-seated (adj) ً‫ ِزأط‬/‫س‬ٚ‫ك اٌغز‬١ّ‫ه‬ look back ‫ٕلش ٌٍخٍف‬٠
tourist attraction (n) ٝ‫بؽ‬١‫عزة س‬ clear-cut (adj) ‫ ِؾذد‬/ ‫اػؼ‬ٚ humour (n) ‫ػ اٌذهبثخ‬ٚ‫فىب٘خ \ س‬
observatory (n) ‫ِشطذ‬ well-known (adj) ‫ف‬ٚ‫ ِوش‬/ ‫س‬ٛٙ‫ِش‬ humble (adj) َ‫اػن \ ِؾزش‬ٛ‫ِز‬
procession (n) ‫وت‬ِٛ well-balanced ْ‫اص‬ٛ‫ِز‬ honourable (adj) ‫لش‬ِٛ \ ‫ِششف‬
palace (n) ‫لظش‬ expatriate (n) (adj) ‫ِغزشة‬ flood (v/n) ‫غ‬١‫ف‬٠ \ ْ‫ؼب‬١‫ف‬
priest (n) ٓ٘‫وب‬ home-sick (adj) ٓ‫ؿ‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ِشزبق ئ‬ emergency (n) ‫اسئ‬ٛ‫ؿ‬
elaborate(adj) ‫ِشوت\ ِزمٓ\ ِومذ‬ obviously (adv) ‫ػ‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٛ‫ث‬ chop (v) ‫شك‬٠ \ ‫مـن‬٠
archaeology (n) ‫هٍُ االصبس‬ precious(adj) ٓ١ّ‫ص‬ fed up (adj) ‫ ٔبفز اٌظجش‬/ ‫ك‬٠‫ِزؼب‬
archaeologist (n) ‫هبٌُ اصبس‬ extended (adj) ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِـ‬/ ‫ِّزذ‬ evidence (n) ً١ٌ‫د‬
archaeological (adj) ٞ‫اصش‬ estimate (v/n) ‫ش‬٠‫ رمذ‬/ ّٓ‫ض‬٠ / ‫مذس‬٠ overall (adj) ٌٝ‫ \ ئعّب‬ٍٝ‫و‬
classify (v) ‫ظٕف‬٠ focus (v)(n) ‫ض‬١‫ رشو‬/ ‫شوض‬٠ fast-paced(adj) ‫شح‬١‫ر‬ٌٛ‫ن ا‬٠‫سش‬
carve (v) ‫ٕمش‬٠ \ ‫مـن‬٠ \ ‫ٕؾذ‬٠ dialect (n) ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ ٌغخ ِؾ‬/ ‫غخ‬ٌٙ timeless(adj) ‫خبٌذ‬
ramps (n) ‫ِٕؾذساد‬ roots (n) ‫س‬ٚ‫عز‬ association (n) ‫خ‬١‫عّو‬
mural (n) (adj) ٜ‫ عذاس‬/ٗ٠‫ؽخ عذاس‬ٌٛ nation (n) ‫اِخ \ شوت‬ perspective ‫س‬ٛ‫خ ٔلش\ ِٕل‬ٙ‫ع‬ٚ
artefacts ‫خ‬٠ٚ‫ذ‬١ٌ‫هبد ا‬ٕٛ‫اٌّظ‬ open-minded (adj) ً‫ِزفزؼ اٌوم‬ storyteller (n) ٞٚ‫سا‬
sacred (adj) ‫ِمذط‬ initiative (n) ٌٝٚ‫ح أ‬ٛ‫ خـ‬/ ‫ِجبدسح‬ make up (v) ‫إٌف‬٠ \ ‫خزشم‬٠
dig up (v) ‫سزخشط ثبٌؾفش‬٠ stick(v) َ‫ٍزض‬٠ tale (n) ‫خ \ ئشبهخ‬٠‫ؽىب‬
hand in (v) ٍُ‫س‬٠ endangered ‫ ِوشع ٌٍخـش‬/ ‫ذد‬ِٙ steady (adj) ُ‫صبثذ \ ِٕزل‬
associate (v) ‫شرجؾ ثـ‬٠ fluent (adj) ‫ؼ‬١‫غ\ فظ‬١ٍ‫ث‬ jealous (adj) ‫د‬ٛ‫س \ ؽس‬ٛ١‫غ‬
bury(v) ٓ‫ذف‬٠ fluently (adv) ‫ ثسالسخ‬/ ‫ثـاللخ‬ plot (n) ‫ؽجىخ اٌمظخ‬
well worth ‫ش ثـ‬٠‫عذ‬ obelisk (n) ‫خ‬١ٔٛ‫ِسٍخ فشه‬ behaviour ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫س‬
mummy(n) ‫بء‬١ِِٛ bury (v) ٓ‫ذف‬٠ chivalry (n) ‫بِخ‬ٙ‫خ\ ش‬١‫س‬ٚ‫فش‬
mark (v) (n) ‫ئشبسح‬ \ ‫ؾذد‬٠ \‫ض‬١ّ٠ mask (n) ‫لٕبم‬ sword (n) ‫ف‬١‫س‬
mysterious (adj) ‫غبِغ‬ fortunate (adj) ‫ذ‬١‫ف\ سو‬ٛ‫ِؾل‬ armour(n) ‫دسم‬
coffin (n) ‫د‬ٛ‫ربث‬ passionate (adj) ‫ف‬ٛ‫شغ‬ knight (n) ‫فبسط‬
sights (n) ‫ِٕبكش‬ \ ‫ِشب٘ذ‬ fascinating (adj) ‫ خالة‬/ ‫ش‬ٙ‫ِج‬ conflict (n) ‫طشام‬
gateway(n) ‫اثخ \ ِوجش‬ٛ‫ث‬ mixture (n) ‫ظ‬٠‫ ِض‬/ ‫ؾ‬١ٍ‫خ‬ moral (n) (adj) ‫ اٌمظخ‬ٜ‫ِغض‬
healing(n) ‫االٌزئبَ \ شفبء‬ rent (v) ‫غبس‬٠‫ ئ‬/ ‫إعش‬٠ occur (v) ‫من‬٠ \ ‫ؾذس‬٠
pillar (n) ‫ضح‬١‫سو‬ \ ‫د‬ِٛ‫هب‬ ancestors (n) ‫أسالف \ أعذاد‬ exaggerate(v) ‫جبٌغ‬٠ \ ُ‫ؼخ‬٠
decipher(v) ٖ‫ؾً شفش‬٠ majority ‫خ‬١‫االغٍج‬ generosity (n) َ‫سخبء\ وش‬
reign (n) (v) ُ‫ؾى‬٠ \ ُ‫فزشح ؽى‬ funeral (n) (adj) ٜ‫ عٕبئض‬، ‫عٕبسح‬ murder (n) ً‫مز‬٠ \ً‫لز‬
captivate (v) ٓ‫فز‬٠ \ ‫بسش‬٠ rhetorical question ٟ‫سإاي ثالغ‬ virtues (n) ‫ب‬٠‫فؼبئً \ ِضا‬
approximately ‫جب‬٠‫رمش‬ figure (n) ‫سلُ \ هذد‬ furious (adj) ‫غبػت \ ٘بئظ عذا‬
mausoleum(n) ‫ؼ‬٠‫ػش‬ temporary (adj) ٍٟ‫ِإلذ\ ِشؽ‬ purpose (n) ‫غشع \ ٘ذف‬
preserve (v) ‫ؾفق‬٠ sense of humour ‫ؽس اٌفىب٘خ‬ isolated ‫ِٕوضي \ ِٕفشد‬

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 prepositions, Idioms & Expressions

wait with bated breath ‫ف‬ٍٙ‫ٔرظش ِر‬٠ cross with ِْ ‫ﻏبظة‬

in summary ‫ثبخرصبس‬ sum up, ‫ي‬ٚ‫خﻼصخ اٌم‬
make a contribution to ‫بَ ٌـ‬ٙ‫مدَ اس‬٠ take care of ٟ‫ساػ‬٠
keep in touch with ‫ ارصبي‬ٍٟ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫جم‬٠ make predictions ‫زٕجﺄ‬٠
participate in ٟ‫سبُ٘ ﻓ‬٠ set a goal ‫عغ ٘ذف‬٠ – ‫ذذد‬٠
break down ً‫رؼط‬٠ passionate about ‫ف ثـ‬ٚ‫ضغ‬

Synonyms
Word Meaning Synonym Word Meaning Synonym
compensate ‫ع‬ٚ‫ٌو‬ make up for / pay off tip ‫َﺼٍﺤﻪ‬ advice
rely on ٍٟ‫ٌورِد ه‬ depend on achieve ‫ٌُﺠﺰ‬ realize \ accomplish
honour / prize ‫عبئصح‬ award challenge ‫ٌﺘﺤذي‬ defy \ confront \ face
pros / merits ‫ِضاٌب‬ advantages impressive ‫يﺆﺛﺮ‬ remarkable / moving
burnout ‫االعﮭبد‬ weariness basic ً‫اﺳﺎﺳ‬ crucial \ essential
pout ‫ص‬ٚ‫ٌث‬ grouch /mope / sulk beneficial ‫يﻔٍذ‬ profitable \ useful
creative ‫ِجذم‬ imaginative /inventive spectacular ‫راﺋغ‬ amazing\ astonishing
support ُ‫ٌذه‬ help / assist beneficial ‫ِفٍذ‬ helpful \ useful
cons ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ه‬ disadvantages /demerits brave ‫شغبم‬ courageous \ daring
creative ‫ِثدم‬ imaginative /inventive humble ‫اػن‬ٛ‫ِز‬ modest
boost ‫ٌوصص\ ٌسبٔد‬ Increase \ support develop ٓ‫س\ ٌؾس‬ٛ‫ٌـ‬ improve

Antonyms
Word Meaning Antonyms Word Meaning Antonyms
objective ‫ِؽبٌد‬ biased frown ‫ٌوشس‬ smile
inequality ‫اح‬ٚ‫ِسب‬ equality scold ‫ٌؤف‬ praise
temporary َ‫دائ‬ permanent reduce ًٍ‫ٌم‬ increase
support ‫ٌذهُ – ٌسبٔذ‬ weaken /hinder optimistic ‫ِرفبئي‬ pessimistic
massive ُ‫ػخ‬ tiny /minute increase ‫د‬ٚ‫ٌص‬ reduce

Word Meaning Word Meaning

discourage … from َ‫ ٌصثؽ هص‬/ ْ‫ٌِٔن ه‬ impress (v.) ‫ٌصٌس اهعبة‬
encourage ........ to ْ‫ٌشعن ا‬ impressively (adv.) ‫ثشوي ِصٌس ٌالهعبة‬
award (‫عبئصح سسٌِﻪ )ٌِٔؼ عبئصح‬ impressive ‫ِصٌس ٌالهعبة‬
a ward ‫ عٔبػ‬ٚ‫هٔثس ا‬ impression ‫أؽثبم‬
reward ‫ ِوبفأح‬/ ‫ء‬ٟ‫ٌوبف‬ impressed by ‫ِوعة ة‬
inspire (v.) ٟ‫ؽ‬ٌٚ / َ‫ٌٍﮭ‬ cross (v.) ‫ ٌعربص‬/ ‫ٌمؽن‬/‫ٌوثس‬
respire (v.) ‫ٌرٔفط‬ cross (adj.) at/about/ with ‫شخص‬/ ‫ء‬ٟ‫غبػة ِْ ش‬
aspire to(v.) ٟ‫ \ ٌؽِؼ ف‬ٌٟ‫ق ا‬ٚ‫ٌر‬ grumpy (adj.) ‫ء‬ٟ‫ ِصاط س‬ٟ‫ف‬
conspire (v.) ‫ٌرأِس‬ stressful (adj.) ‫ِسثة ٌٍػغؽ‬
do / carry out an operation (‫ هٌٍِﻪ )ؽثٌة‬ٞ‫ٌعس‬ stressed (adj.) (َ‫ لثي االس‬ٟ‫ؽ )ال رأر‬ٚ‫ِػغ‬
have an operation (‫ ٌﻪ هٌٍِﻪ )ِسٌع‬ٞ‫رعس‬ personal (adj.) ٟ‫شخط‬

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 process (n.) ‫ ؽثٌوٌﻪ‬/ ‫هٌٍِﻪ طٔبهٌﻪ‬ personnel ٌٍِْ‫اٌوب‬ٚ ‫ْ االفساد‬ٚ‫شئ‬
operation(n.) ‫ أمبر‬/ ‫هٌٍِﻪ عساؽٌﻪ‬ set a record ٟ‫ٌؽمق سلَ لٌبس‬
raise / raised /raised ْ‫ ٌؽس‬/ ‫ِبال‬/ ‫ ٌعِن‬/ ‫ ٌصٌد‬/ ٟ‫ٌسث‬ break / beat a record ٟ‫ٌؽؿُ سلَ لٌبس‬
rise /rose / risen ‫ رشسق )فوي الصَ ( ٌٔﮭع‬/ ‫ٌسرفن‬ base )‫لبهدح )رِصبي – هسوسٌخ‬
find / found / found ‫ٌع د‬ basis ‫ؽمبئق‬ٚ ‫أسبط – لبهدح فوسٌخ‬
finding (n.) ‫ هِي‬ٌٚ ‫ٔرٌعخ ثؽس‬ basic (adj) ٞ‫ھس‬ٚ‫ – ع‬ٟ‫أسبس‬
found /founded / ٌَ‫ٌؤسط – ٌم‬ recipe َ‫طفخ ؽوب‬ٚ
founded = establish
intern (v) ‫ٌؽثط – ٌورمي‬ isolate (v.) (ْ‫ء\أسب‬ٟ‫ ٌفطي )ش‬ٟٔ‫ٌوصي ثِو‬
intern ‫ؽثٌة ِردسة – ِردسة‬ insulate ‫ ثِبدح ِؤٌﻪ‬ٚ‫ٌوصي )ؽساسٌب ( ا‬
internship ‫ِٔؽخ ردسٌثٌخ‬ economic ٞ‫الرطبد‬
keen to + v / on (v-ing)/ (n.) ‫ِرؽِط ٌـ‬ economical ‫فس‬ِٚ
enthusiastic (about) ٟ‫ِرؽِط ف‬ quiet ‫ء‬ٞ‫ھبد‬
imagine (v.) ‫ﯾرخﯾي‬ quit ْ‫لف ه‬ٚ‫ ٌر‬/ ‫ ٌغبدس‬/ ‫ٌرسن‬
imagination (n.) ‫خٌبي‬ quite ‫ ؽد ِب‬ٌٟ‫ ا‬/ ‫رِبِب‬
imaginative (adj.) ‫ِثدم‬ drought ‫اٌعفبف‬
imaginary (adj.) ٟ‫الو‬ٚ ‫ \ غٌس‬ٌٟ‫خٌب‬ draught (= draft) ‫اء ثبسد‬ٚ‫رٌبس ھ‬

Exercises on Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer:
1- When someone illegally copies and sells someone's work, they are doing ……………… .
a) piracy b) burglary c) robbery d) theft
2- The earth …………….. on its axis every twenty four hours.
a) spams b) spins c) stains d) spans
3- They ……….. that they own the farm but they can't prove it.
a) vow b) predict c) claim d) deny
4- The police are ……… the cause of the minister's sudden death.
a) investigating b) doing c) adding d) spoiling
5- I am sure that Egyptian youth are able to ................... history.
a) make b) take c) take d) give
6- ……………….. and poverty are the main reasons for social conflicts.
a) Tolerance b) Inequality c) Kindness d) Justice
7- I didn’t ……………you at first with your new haircut.
a) immunize b) sterilize c) realize d) recognize
8- I hadn't had enough sleep and was feeling a bit…………………… .
a) relaxed b) comforted c) grumpy d) excited
8- We did not have time to ………………… ourselves in technical details.
a) find b) make c) be d) immerse
9- Camels can ……………. in the extreme climate of the desert for storing much water.
a) revive b) survive c) involve d) submit
10- To remain competitive, the company encourages …………………………….
a) carelessness b) innovation c) negligence d) laziness
11- The instructions are printed so small I can ………………………. read them.
a) hard b) hardy c) hardly d) hardness
12- He can’t do anything as he is so tired and stressed; he suffers from ……….
a) burnout b) broken out c) torn out d) cutout

6
 13- Due to excessive work , he is …………………
a) exhausting b) exhaust c) exhaustion d) exhausted
14- My dad usually gives me some …… to avoid bad habits like smoking and staying up late .
a) advise b) advises c) tips d) blame
15- As a result of corona virus pandemic , the global economy ……….. from recession.
a) benefits b) suffers c) profits d) hides
16- He ………………… the university in 2010 and graduated in 2018 .
a) left b) abandoned c) joined d) ended
17- It is advisable to ………………… the important points to remember easily .
a) enlighten b) light c) highlight d) omit
18- It is ……………….. to answer the question . You can do it or not
a) necessary b) obligatory c) optional d) prohibited
19- It's a must to be ……………….. to our parents who spend their life caring for us.
a) gratitude b) grateful c) gracious d) grace
20- The prices of products have ……………….. due to the economic recession.
a) declined b) aroused c) raised d) arisen
21- …………………. has a negative effect on the students' standard.
a) Productivity b) Activity c) Procrastination d) leveling
22- Good time management definitely has a positive ………………….. on productivity.
a) effect b) impact c) influence d) a ,b &c
23- The pyramid are the most massive ancient building that exist now. the word massive is the
antonym of ……………
a) tiny b) immense c) huge d) old
24- That was an …… performance from such a young tennis player. We all admired him.
a) impressed b) pressing c) impressive d) suppressive
25- It is advisable not to …..your personal information with unknown people on the internet.
a) share b) divide c) cut d) participate
26- To ………………. is to write what the speaker says in your own ways.
a) quote b) paraphrase c) announce d) mention
27- Eman has all the ……………………… you need to be a good teacher.
a) quantities b) qualities c) equals d) qualifiers
28- She worked in the ministry of investment as a/an……………… to get experience.
a) employee b) employer c) intern d) trainer
29- The ………………… Ramses ll statue was moved to the New Grand Egyptian Museum.
a) tiny b) colossal c) closed d) modern
30- The statue stands on a ………………. of marble.
a) base b) bais c) basis d) basic
31- The Arabs made great …………………….. to the world's civilization.
a) contributions b) contributes c) cooperation d) operation
32- At the age of 49, I …………………… first prize in a short story competition.
a) gained b) earned c) won d) beat
33- A ……………. reason for doing sport is that it keeps me fit.
a) farther b) further c) far d) remote

7
34- People over sixty usually ……………………. from work and do whatever they want.
a) hire b) resign c) assign d) retire
35- People lined on both sides of the street see the ……………… of the king .
a) process b) convoy c) procession d) operation
36- He is a/an…………………. who excavated an extraordinary pharaonic site in Luxor.
a) zoologist b) sociologist c) zoologist d) archaeologist
37- It is illegal to remove the old buildings; they are part of our ……………..
a) heritage b) heir c) heiress d) inherit
38- He is dedicated to his work. The underlined word means ……………………….
a) trailed b) devoted c) trained d) busy
39- He always tells funny jokes ; he has a /an ………….. of humour.
a) feeling b) sense c) thought d) air
40- It’s thanks ……. my mum that I am lucky to have grown up using chopsticks and eating rice.
a) to b) for c) of d) at
41- English is the dominant language in the world. The synonym of 'dominant' is ………..
a) prevailing b) rare c) uncommon d) minor
42- He is an open-minded person; you can give and take with him. The underlined adjective is
equivalent to ……………………….
a) rigid b) kind c) flexible d) inflexible
43- A group of ……………. on their horse were heading to the palace to meet the king .
a) knights b) nights c) players d) dealers
44- He's very ……………………. about his success. He never boasts about it.
a) boastful b) humble c) humiliated d) proud
45- Could you slow down - I can't keep ……………………… with you.
a) piece b) pace c) peace d) spice

=========================================================================================

8
 *Past Simple Tense *
 He visited his friends.
ً‫ ٌٍفؼ‬ٟٔ‫ف اٌثب‬٠‫و ِٓ اٌزقش‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫ْ اٌّبم‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ .1
) didn't + inf ٍَٛ‫ ٌٍّؼ‬ٕٝ‫) \ (ِج‬wasn't weren't ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّد‬ٕٝ‫ )ِج‬: َ‫ ثبعزخذا‬ٝ‫زُ إٌف‬٠ ٚ -2
 I didn't play football yesterday. She wasn't ill yesterday. (Not didn't be ill)
 Did he buy a shirt yesterday? Did+ ً‫ اٌفبػ‬+ ً‫ ِصذس اٌفؼ‬+ ‫ رىٍّخ اٌجٍّخ‬+ ? : ‫ اٌسؤاي‬.3
 We studied French last week. ٟ‫ اٌّبم‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝٙ‫و ػٓ زذس أز‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫ؼجش اٌّبم‬٠ .4
 Ayman always played tennis, when he was young.
ٟ‫ اٌّبم‬ٟ‫ؼجش ػٓ ػبدح ف‬٠ .5
)Used to + Inf.( ْ‫ اػزبد ا‬ Ayman used to play tennis, when he was young.

A. ً‫ فبه‬+ be, get, become, grow + used to + (v + ing)/ Noun

 I am used to getting up early.
B. How long ago did............? = When did...............?
) ‫ اٌّنبسع‬ٟ‫ افزشاك ف‬ٚ‫خ ا‬١ِٕ‫ ا‬ٚ‫شػٓ سغجخ ا‬١‫ (ٌٍزؼج‬ٟ‫م‬١‫ش زم‬١‫ غ‬ٟ‫ؼزجش ِبم‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫شاد ا‬١‫غزخذَ ِغ اٌزؼج‬٠ ‫نب‬٠‫ا‬ٚ -
1- I wish + ً‫ فبه‬+ ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬  I wish I were tall. )I’m not tall(
2- It’s time + ً‫ فبه‬+ ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬  It’s time he arrived.
3- I would rather + ً‫ فبه‬+ ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬  I would rather she helped him.
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫و ِغ اٌىٍّبد ا‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبم‬٠
yesterday, ago, last, In the past, Once, once upon a time, in ancient times when I
In + ‫خ‬١‫ سٕخ ِبظ‬,was..., the other day, how long ago, always, usually, never, often, every
‫و‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫ي ِٓ اٌّبم‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّد‬ٕٝ‫* اٌّج‬
was / were + p.p

 He wrote the e-mail.  The e-mail was written by him

* The Past continuous tense *
was / were + v + ing

.ٟ‫ اٌّبم‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫لذ ِؼ‬ٚ ٟ‫ش ػٓ زذس رُ ف‬١‫غزخذَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ -1

 Tarek was eating dinner at noon yesterday.
ٝ‫ اٌّبم‬ٟ‫ اٌّغزّش ٌٕزسذس ػٓ زذس لبهؼٗ زذس اخش ف‬ٝ‫غبٌجب ِب ٔغزخذَ اٌّبم‬ٚ -2

 I was reading a book when my friend arrived.

‫و‬١‫ ثغ‬ٝ‫ٌىٓ ٔغزخذَ ِبم‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٛ‫اٌس‬ٚ ‫ رقف اٌسبٌخ‬ٟ‫ اٌّغزّش ِغ االفؼبي اٌز‬ٝ‫ػبدح ال ٔغزخذاَ اٌّبم‬-3
seem, sound, look, love, like, hate, have, think, know, understand, see, taste, smell
 She seemed ill when I visited her.
 While I was at home, My friend phoned.

9
 * While \ As \ just as \ When ……. )‫ ِسزّش‬ٟ‫…… ِبظ‬. ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫(ِبظ‬
* While \ As \ just as \ When ……. )‫ ِسزّش‬ٟ‫…… ِبظ‬. ‫ ِسزّش‬ٟ‫(ِبظ‬
 While he was running, he fell down. )‫(ؽذس لـن االخش‬
 While I was studying, father was reading a newspaper. )ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫(ؽذصبْ اسزّشا ف‬
* When …….. ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬........ ‫ ِسزّش‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
 When he fell down, he was running.
* While (v+ing) ً‫ْ ﻓبػ‬ٚ‫ثذ‬

* During + noun
‫ اٌّغزّش‬ٝ‫ي ِٓ اٌّبم‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّد‬ٟٕ‫* اٌّج‬
(was \ were + being + p.p) + by
 While my car was being mended, I went shopping.

* The Present perfect tense*

has \ have + p.p

.)‫ اٌّنبسع‬ٟ‫شرجو ِغ خًّ ف‬٠ٚ( ‫ثب‬٠‫* ٔغزخذَ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ ٌٕزسذس ػٓ ازذاس رّذ زذ‬
.‫لذ اٌسبمش‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٝ‫اعزّش زز‬ٚ ٝ‫ اٌّبم‬ٝ‫غبٌجب ِب ٔغزخذَ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ ٌٕزسذس ػٓ زذس ثذأ ف‬ٚ *
 Ahmed has hurt his leg, so he can't play football today.
 Mona has studied English for ten years.

1. For
‫ ) ِذح ِؾذدح‬2years, 3 hours(
)‫يضﺎرع تﺎو (ِنبسع ربَ ِغزّش‬ a long time
for ages
the last (week)
 He hasn't met her for a week.

2. Since
‫خ ِذح‬٠‫ ) ثذا‬o'clock 3 ,2005(
noun

Since
v+ ing
) ‫يضﺎرع تﺎو (ِنبسع ربَ ِغزّش‬ )the last time ‫و ) (اخﺮ يﺮة‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫جًهت (ِبم‬
last (week) / the last match

 He hasn't met her since last week.

 I haven't eaten fish since I visited my uncle.
 She has stayed her‫ س‬since her marriage.
 He has known the same friends since his childhood.

10
 ْ‫ ال‬ٕٝ‫ ثّؼ‬Since َ‫ّىٓ اعزخذا‬٠
 I didn't buy a new bike since the shop was closed.
It's + ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ ِذح ص‬+ since + ‫و‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫خٍّخ ِبم‬
 It's 3 weeks since I ate fish.
1. lately ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟ‫ غبٌجب ف‬ٚ َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ االسزف‬ٟ‫ رسزخذَ ف‬- I haven't seen him lately.
2. recently َ‫ب‬ٙ‫االسزف‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٟ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ - I have joined a music club recently
3. yet َ‫ب‬ٙ‫االسزف‬ٚ ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ - I haven't met her yet
4. so far/up till now ْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫ؽز‬ - I have sent two invitations so far.
5. just/ already َ‫ب‬ٙ‫االسزف‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٟ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ - I have already bought a new shirt.
6. ever َ‫ب‬ٙ‫االسزف‬ٚ ٟ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ - Have you ever been to America?
7. never ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ - I have never been to America.
8. have gone to ‫ثلً ٕ٘بن‬ٚ ْ‫ز٘ت ٌّىب‬٠ - He has gone to Aswan = (he is still there)
9. have been to ‫د‬ٛ‫ثو‬ٚ ْ‫ز٘ت ٌّىب‬٠ - He has been to Aswan = (he came back)
10- have been in ‫ اسزمش‬ٚ ‫ر٘ت‬ - He has been in London for 3 years.
:‫غزخذَ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ ِغ‬٠ *
This the first time.... / This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
َ‫ي ِٓ اٌّنبسع اٌزب‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّد‬ٟٕ‫* اٌّج‬
have / has + been + p.p
 My car has been mended recently.

* The Present perfect continuous Tense *

have / has + been + ing
‫رشن اثش‬ٚ‫شح أ‬١‫بء فؼً ِٕز فزشح لق‬ٙ‫ أز‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬١ٌ َ‫غزخذ‬٠
 Her clothes are dirty because she has been mending the car.
‫سذس‬٠ ‫ِبصاي‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبم‬ٟ‫ اْ فؼً ثذأ ف‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬١ٌ َ‫غزخذ‬٠ٚ
 I have been living in Giza for ten years now. (I am still living in Giza)
recently / lately / since / ever since / for / all day / all week : ‫ويستخدم مع الكلمات االتية‬
: ‫ب اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ ثذال ِٓ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ اٌّغزّش‬ٙ١‫غزخذَ ف‬٠ ‫زبالد‬
َ‫ٔغزخذَ ثذٌٗ اٌّنبسع اٌزب‬ٚ ‫ صِٓ االعزّشاس‬ٟ‫ ال رأد ف‬ٟ‫ ال ٔغزخذَ صِٓ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ اٌّغزّش ِغ االفؼبي اٌز‬.1
know / be / understand / realise / love / seem / belong / own / recognise / believe / hear

 I have understood you.  I have known him for ten years now.
‫ظ اٌّنبسع اٌزبَ اٌّغزّش‬١ٌٚ َ‫ ػٕذ روش ػذد ِشاد اٌسذس ٔغزخذَ اٌّنبسع اٌزب‬.2
twice / three times / four / many / a lot / several ….
 He has read 3 books for a month. They have visited the zoo twice recently.
Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- While the food (was cooking – was being cooked – has cooked – cooked) I entered the kitchen.
2- I (was - have been - has been - were) ill since yesterday.
3- While (walk – was walking – walked – walking) to school, I met my friend.
4- When the fire alarm rang, Dina (is combing - was combing - combs - comb) her hair.
5- I haven't seen the cinema (from - since - for - ago) over a month.

11
 * The Past perfect Tense *
had + p.p
)‫و‬١‫ لجً زذس اخش (ِبمی ثغ‬ٝ‫ اٌّبم‬ٝ‫ؼجش ػٓ زذس رُ ف‬١ٌ َ‫ اٌزب‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبم‬٠ .1
 I had finished my work before I took a break.
:‫ط‬١‫ اٌجس‬ٟ‫اٌّبظ‬ٚ َ‫ اٌزب‬ٟ‫خ ِغ صِٓ اٌّبظ‬١ٌ‫اثط اٌزب‬ٚ‫الدظ اٌش‬
‫و‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبم‬
as soon as ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + p.p ‫و‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبم‬

 As soon as I arrived, the train left.  As soon as I had finished, I went to bed.
‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
After ً‫ ﻓبػ‬+ had + p.p ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
V + ing

 After I had finished, I went to bed.  After I finished, I went to bed.

 After finishing, I went to bed.
‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
Before v + ing ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

 Before I sent the letter, I had written it.  Before sending the letter, I had written it
By the time …… ‫…… يﺎضً بسٍط‬ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبم‬
 By the time I sent the letter, I had written it
) ً‫ فبػ‬+ + didn’t + ‫ ِقذس‬+ until \ till َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبم‬
 He didn't go out till / until he had taken the money.
no sooner than
hardly when
ً‫ ﻓبػ‬+ scarcely + had + p.p when + ً‫ ﻓبػ‬+ ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

barely when

 He had no sooner arrived than the train left.  She had hardly studied when she slept.
 No sooner had he arrived than the train left.  Hardly had she studied when she slept.

‫يﺎضً بسٍط‬ ‫يﺎضً بسٍط‬

when ‫يﺎضً بسٍط‬ ‫يﺎضً تﺎو‬

‫يﺎضً تﺎو‬ ‫يﺎضً بسٍط‬
 When I arrived at the station, the train left.
 When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
 When the train had stopped, they went outside.

12
1. Before that ‫ = لجً رٌه‬after
 I watched the match on TV but before that, I had done my homework.
2. After that ‫ = ثؼذ رٌه‬Before
 She had cooked lunch and after that, she set the table.
3. It was only when َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬that ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
 It was only when he had seen her that he left.
4- It wasn’t until َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬that ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
 It wasn't until I had watched the film that I slept.
5. َ‫ اٌزب‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ال" ﻓ‬ٚ‫ دذس ا‬ٞ‫( ٔعغ اٌفؼً اٌز‬after \ as soon as) ‫د صﻼصٗ اﻓؼبي ِغ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ػٕذ‬
 As soon as I arrived home, I realised that I had lost my keys.
6. َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬ٚ‫ط ِضجذ ا‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫( ِبظ‬till \ until) ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
 He stayed in bed until half past nine.
.7‫ ٔفس اٌٍذظخ‬ٟ‫ٓ ﻓ‬١ٍ‫س اٌفؼ‬ٚ‫ دذ‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬٠ٚ (ing) + ً‫( اٌفؼ‬on) ‫رسزخذَ ثؼذ دشف اٌجش‬
 On seeing the robber, I called the police.
 On arriving home, I smelt smoke.
8. once \ the moment = as soon as
 Once \ the moment he had had his breakfast, he began to work.
9. Having + p.p ……. ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
 Having studied, he slept.
10. Having + been + p.p …… ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
 Having been arrested, he was taken to prison.

‫المبهى للمجهول من الماضى التان‬

had + been + p. p
 After the students had answered the exam, The teacher marked it.
 After the exam had been answered, it was marked.
 After being answered, the exam was marked.
 Having been answered, the exam was marked.
* The Past perfect continuous Tense *
had + been + v + ing
‫اء ثؼذ‬ٛ‫لذ س‬ٌٛ‫س ا‬ٛ‫ْ ِزو‬ٛ‫ى‬١٘ٚ ً٠ٛ‫لذ ط‬ٚ ‫ٌىٕٗ اسزغشق‬ٚ ‫دذس رُ لجً دذس اخش‬
since, for, all
َ‫ رب‬ٝ‫ٌىٓ ٔسزخذَ ِبظ‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٛ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ‫ رصف اٌذبٌخ‬ٟ‫ اٌزبَ اٌّسزّش ِغ االﻓؼبي اٌز‬ٝ‫ػبدح ال ٔسزخذاَ اٌّبظ‬
Possess, belong, want, own, know,.....
 After I had been playing for 30 minutes/ all the morning/ since 2: 30, I went home.
 After he had been knowing Mona for 3years, he married her. XXX
 After he had known Mona for 3years, he married her. √√√

13
 Adjectives
"am, is, was, were
ُ‫لجً االس‬ I bought an expensive car
"am, is, are, was, were, be" ‫ثوذ‬ They are smart
‫ظغ اٌصفخ‬ِٛ "smell, taste, sound, feel : ‫ثوذ أفوبي اٌؾس‬ The soup smell delicious
seem, look appeare sound :‫ش‬ٙ‫ثوذ أفوبي اٌّل‬ you seem happy
become, change, convert: ‫ش‬١١‫ثوذ أفوبي اٌزغ‬ She became beautiful
"stay, remain, keep" :‫ثوذ أفوبي اٌجمبء‬ I'm staying late at the office tonight

as ‫ اٌقفخ‬as : ٞٚ‫ اٌزغب‬ٚ‫رغزخذَ ػٕذ اٌّّبثٍخ أ‬

 English is as difficult as French.  Ahmad is as old as Samy.
‫وعهد الهفى نستخدم‬
not as / so + ‫ صفخ‬+ as
 Mona is not as/ so clever as Eman.
the same +ُ‫اس‬
 Mona is as tall as Nada. = They have the same height
 Ahmad is as old as Samy. = Ahmad and Samy have the same age

comparative adjectives
َ‫شح اٌّمطغ ٔسزخذ‬١‫ ِغ اٌصفبد لص‬- 1
‫ طفخ‬+ er + than
 Tamer is taller than Basant.  French is easier than Chemistry.
: َ‫ٍخ اٌّمطغ ٔسزخذ‬٠ٛ‫ ِغ اٌصفبد ط‬- 2
more + ‫اكثر من …………… الصفة‬

less + ‫ اٌصفخ‬+ than ........... ِٓ ً‫أل‬

 My book is more interesting than yours.
 My car is less expensive than yours.
‫الحظ أى األيم يف الدرجة الجانية يو إنًا مقارنة بني اثهني‬
 which is the easier language, German or French?
 which is longer the Nile or the Amazon?
 who is the taller of the twins?

) ‫ وٍّب‬........... ‫( وٍّب‬
 The harder you study, the higher marks you get . ٍٟ‫ دسجبد أػ‬ٍٟ‫وٍّب راوشد ثجذ أوضش وٍّب دصٍذ ػ‬
 The more you eat, the fatter you are.

14
 :‫ذ ِمذاس٘ب‬٠‫غخ اٌّمبسٔخ اٌسبثمخ ٌزذذ‬١‫( لجً ص‬slightly / a bit / much / a lot / a little / far)َ‫ّىٓ اسزخذا‬٠
 This lesson is a bit more difficult than the previous one.
 You have to move a bit faster.
Superlative adjectives
: ‫ وع الصفات قصرية املكطع‬- 1
The + ‫ طفخ‬est
 Tamer is the tallest boy in the class.
: ‫ وع الصفات طٕٖمة املكطع‬- 2
The most + ‫ٍخ‬٠ٛ‫ اٌصفخ اٌط‬.........‫األوضش‬

The least + ‫ٍخ‬٠ٛ‫…… اٌصفخ اٌط‬. ً‫األل‬

 Ali is the most popular man in our village.
 He is the most intelligent boy in the school.
: ً‫جذ ثؼط اٌصفبد اٌطبرح ِض‬ٛ٠ *
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better than the best
bad worse than the worst
much more than the most
many more than the most
Little less than the least
far farther/ further than the farthest/ furthest

: ‫) هٕذ ِمبسٔخ اٌّسبفبد‬farther( َ‫ ٔسزخذ‬- 1

 Cairo is farther than Benha.
: ‫ اوضش ِٓ رٌه‬ٕٝ‫) ثّو‬further) َ‫ ٔسزخذ‬- 2
 He gave me further details.
‫بء‬١‫األش‬ٚ ‫) ِن األشخبص‬older/oldest( َ‫ ٔسزخذ‬- 3
 Samy is older than Wafaa.  The pyramid is older than the museum.
)than( – ‫ ثوذ٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫) ال‬elder( ْ‫الؽق ا‬ٚ ‫) هٕذ اٌّمبسٔخ داخً ٔـبق األسشح‬elder/eldest( َ‫ ٔسزخذ‬- 4
 Waleed is my elder brother.

Adverbs
:‫ف‬ٚ‫اسزخذاِبد اٌظش‬
1. They were running slowly ً‫صف ﻓؼ‬٠ ‫دبي‬
2. Soha is quite tall girl. ‫صف صفخ‬٠ ‫دبي‬
3. Adel walks very quickly. ‫صف دبي‬٠ ‫دبي‬
4. Personally, life is not easy nowadays. ‫صف جٍّخ‬٠ ‫دبي‬

15
 ‫ف‬ٚ‫اع ِٓ اٌظش‬ٛٔ‫ٕ٘بن ػذح أ‬
1. Adverbs of manner : ‫اٌذبي‬
‫م اٌؾذس‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ف‬١‫ روجش هٓ و‬ٟ‫ف اٌز‬ٚ‫ اٌلش‬:
Fast, quickly, carefully, bravely,..
 I closed the window carefully.  The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time ْ‫س اٌفؼً ظشف صِب‬ٚ‫خ صِٓ دذ‬١‫ف‬١‫رؼجش ػٓ و‬
next, now, yesterday, ....
 I'm going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.  What's going to happen next?
3. Adverbs of place ْ‫ع اٌذذس ظشف ِکب‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ ْ‫رؼجش ػٓ ِىب‬
nowhere, anywhere, here, there, out * I shall stand here.
 I've looked everywhere for my lost pen.
4. Adverbs of frequency : ‫ف اٌزىشاس‬ٚ‫ف ظش‬ٚ‫ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌظش‬ٚ .‫ء‬ٟ‫س اٌط‬ٚ‫رخجشٔب ػٓ ػذد ِشاد دذ‬

always ‫ دائّب‬often ‫ ﻏبٌجب‬usually ‫ ػبدح‬sometimes ‫بٔب‬١‫ أد‬seldom ‫ ٔبدسا‬Rarely ‫ ٔبدسا جذا‬Never ‫أثذا‬

Occasionally ‫خش‬٢ ٓ١‫ِٓ د‬

Adverbs of manner ‫ف اٌذبي‬ٚ‫ظش‬
.‫ إىل الصفة‬ly ‫ٖتكُٕ احلاه بإضافة‬
slow ….. slowly quick ……. quickly
sad …… sadly great ……. greatly
.well ‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫اٌظشف‬ٚ )good( ً‫ ٕ٘بن زبالد ؽبرح ِث‬.1
 He is good at Italian.  He speaks Italian well.
ally ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫د‬ٚ‫ض‬٠ ic ‫خ ثـ‬١ٙ‫ اٌقفخ إٌّز‬.2
fantastic ……. fantastically terrific ……… terrifically
irregular ً‫ٕفظ اٌؾى‬٠ ‫ظشف‬ٚ ‫ ٕ٘بن وٍّبد رغزخذَ وقفخ‬.3
Fast, hard, late, early
 He took a fast train. (adj)  The train runs fast. (adv)
‫ومحٕظة‬
:ً‫لذ ِث‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٍٟ‫ ففبد ِؼظُ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد رذي ػ‬ٚ‫ف أ‬ٚ‫ْ ظش‬ٛ‫ ِٓ اٌّّىٓ أْ رى‬ly ‫ ثـ‬ٟٙ‫ رٕز‬ٟ‫ ثؼل اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬.1
monthly, yearly, daily, weekly
 A daily newspaper is published daily.  We get up early to catch an early train.
lovely, neighbourly, friendly : ً‫غذ زبي ِث‬١ٌٚ ٗ‫ب فف‬ٙٔ‫ ِغ ا‬ly ‫ ثـ‬ٟٙ‫ثؼل اٌىٍّبد رٕز‬
in (a\ an) + ‫ اٌصفخ‬+ way :‫ٔحتٕه بّذٓ الطزٖكة‬
 He treats us in a friendly way.
Adjectives and adverbs of degree
‫الصفات الكٕٖة ٔظزٔف الدرجة‬
ordinary/weak tired angry frightening hot cold
extreme /strong exhausted furious terrifying boiling freezing

16
 ‫ وع الصفات العادٖة‬quite / very / really / exteremly ً‫الصفات الكٕٖة ٖكُٕ وعٍاِا أقٕى بكجري وَ الصفات العادٖة ٌستخد‬
 I'm very tired.  Taha is extremely tired.(very)
‫خ‬٠ٛ‫ ِغ اٌصفبد اٌم‬absolutely / completely/ entirely َ‫ٔسزخذ‬
 The film was absolutely terrifying.
 Fareeda was completely exhausted after the race.
‫الحظ اُ وكارٌة الظزٔف وجن الصفات‬
 Modern machines work more efficiently than the old ones.
The rabbit runs more quickly than the tortoise.
 He works harder than you.
=======================================================================

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- When I saw him , I remembered that I (met - had met - was meeting - have met) him before.
2- When I reached the garage , I found out that my car (had stolen - was being stolen - has been
stolen - had been stolen).
3- (Hardly - No sooner - Before – After) had he left home than he heard an explosion.
4- We were good friends. We (have known - have been knowing - had known - had been knowing)
each other for years.
5- Having (arrested – being arrested – been arrested – arrest), the thief was taken to prison.
===========================================================================

Future forms and tenses

The future simple
1. (will + infinitive)
• We use the future simple (will + infinitive)
1. make predictions (with no evidence) ً١ٌ‫ْ د‬ٚ‫ اٌزٕجؤ ثذ‬I think it will be hot tomorrow.
2. for future facts ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ دمبئك ِسزمج‬Mariam will be 7 years old next month.
3. for offers ‫ ٌٍؼشض‬I will help you if you like.
4. quick decisions ‫غ‬٠‫ ػًّ لشاس سش‬A: The phone is ringing.
B: I will answer it.
5. promise ‫ػذ‬ٚ ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ ٌٍزؼج‬I will pay you back next week.
6. threat ‫ذ‬٠‫ذ‬ٙ‫اٌز‬ ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ ٌٍزؼج‬If you don't come early, he will punish you.
7. Warning ‫ش‬٠‫ رذز‬Don't smoke or you will develop cancer.

17
 :‫تستخدً اٖضا" وع ِذٓ الكمىات‬
(Think, suppose, expect, Predict, hope, believe, I'm sure, perhaps, probably)
2. am/ is/ are + going to + if
‫ٌستخدً وع اخلطط ٔ الٍٗة لعىن ش٘ء ٔالكزارات‬
1. To plane, decide, intend to do something in the future.
 I've decided that I'm going to buy a new phone not month.
 I am going to visit Alexandría in summer.
2. To predict with evidence ً١ٌ‫اٌزٕجؤ ثذ‬
 There are a lot of clouds. I think it is going to rain.
3. Warning ‫ش‬٠‫اٌزذز‬
ْٗ‫كمىات التحذٖز أ التٍب‬
take care /look! / Watch out! /Look out! - Watch out!
 Watch out! The baby is going to fall.
3.The present Continuous
(am / is / are + (v.ing)
:ً‫ رٌه وٍّبد ِض‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬٠ ٚ , ‫جبد ِسجمخ‬١‫د رشر‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ دبٌخ‬ٟ‫ش ػٓ اٌّسزمجً ﻓ‬١‫سزخذاَ اٌّعبسع اٌّسزّش ٌٍزؼج‬٠ - 1
arranged /made arrangements / prepared / booked /packed reserved / got / bought
 He has arranged everything. He's spending his holiday in Paris.
 They are flying to Paris next Friday. They bought the tickets
4. The present Simple
‫ ٖستخدً املضارع البسٗط لمتعبري عَ املستكبن‬-
‫ اٌخ‬.... ‫ اٌّذسسخ‬ٚ ‫ّٕب‬١‫ اٌس‬ٚ ‫اٌّسشح‬ٚ ‫اصﻼد‬ٌّٛ‫سبئً ا‬ٚ : ‫ذ صبثزخ‬١‫اػ‬ِٛ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ ثجذا‬1
 The train leaves at six o'clock tomorrow.
ً‫ اٌّسزمج‬ٟ‫خ ﻓ‬١‫خ االر‬١ِٕ‫اثط اٌض‬ٚ‫ اٌّعبسع اٌزبَ ثؼذ اٌش‬ٚ‫ط أ‬١‫ ٔسزخذَ اٌّعبسع اٌجس‬- 2
After
as soon as
before by the time + ‫ؾ‬١‫ ِؼبسم ربَ \ِؼبسم ثس‬+ Will + infinitive

when if
Once

 After he plays, he will have lunch.

 Once you've finished / finish your homework, will you tidy your room please?.

Will not (won't) + infinitive + Until +(‫ؾ‬١‫(ِؼبسم ربَ \ ِؼبسم ثس‬

 I won't go out until I have lunch.

18
 5. the future continuous
(will +be+ -ing)
ً‫ اٌّسزمج‬ٟ‫لذ ِب ﻓ‬ٚ ٟ‫ْ ِسزّشح ﻓ‬ٛ‫ سزى‬ٟ‫ ٌٕزذذس ػٓ االدذاس اٌز‬will + being ‫ ٔسزخذَ اٌّسزمجً اٌّسزّش‬-1
 This time next week, I will be travelling to Cairo.
 - Don't ring at 8 o'clock. I'll be having dinner with my family.
may be + V.ing
ً‫ اٌّسزمج‬ٟ‫ْ ِسزّشح ﻓ‬ٛ‫ش ِؤوذح سزى‬١‫س أدذاس ﻏ‬ٚ‫ش ػٓ أدذاس ِذزٍّخ اٌذذ‬١‫سزخذَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ -2
 I can't visit you because I will / may be doing my homework this evening.
6. The Future Perfect
ً‫ اٌّسزمج‬ٟ‫ٓ ﻓ‬١‫لذ ِؼ‬ٚ ً‫ رُ لج‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟٙ‫ْ لذ أز‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ش ػٓ دذس س‬١‫سزخذَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ -1
 By the end of next year, the government will have built a new school in the village.
:ً‫خ ِض‬١ِٕ‫شاد ص‬١‫سزخذَ اٌّسزمجً اٌزبَ ِغ رؼج‬٠ -3
- In (a year's / four months' / five weeks' / an hour's / ten minutes' /.......) time
- By next Monday / by 2025 .... etc.)
- Before (four o'clock / tomorrow morning / next Monday.... etc.)
ِٓ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫ اٌّج‬ٟ‫ْ اٌّسزمجً اٌزبَ ﻓ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ -4
(will have been + pp)
 This school will have been built by 2030.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- After we finish this last video, I (will see – see – will have seen – am going to watch)
all of this director's movies.
2- Next year, my grandfather (will be – is – will have been – is being) 75 years old.
3- The programme (starts – is starting – will start – will be starting) at seven o’clock this
evening.
4- We (are having – will have had – have – have had) a family party on Saturday. Would you like
to come?
5- Look out! A car (is coming – is going to come – will be coming – will come) towards you.
==============================================================================

19
 Making suggestions
* How / what about + v-ing ….?
 How about going to the Zoo?
* Have you considered / thought about + v-ing?
 Have you considered making a study plan?
 Have you thought about travelling abroad?
* Why don’t you / we + infinitive ………………….?
 Why don’t you try a new sport?
 Why don’t you start studying for that exam in February?
* You should / could + inf.
 We could try that new Japanese restaurant.
 You could do your homework with other students.
 You should plan your revision.
* Let's + infinitive ……………………………. .
 Let's go to the zoo tomorrow.
* Shall we +infinitive ……………………………………… ?
 Shall we visit the zoo?

Obligation/ Necessity

present past future

must
It is necessary for + ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬

‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬+It was necessary for

It will be necessary for + ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬

have to had to will have to
has to ٌ‫كﺎٌ يضطﺮ ا‬
have got to
To + inf

To + inf

To + inf
has got to

need/needs to
needed to will need to

must
 You must stop smoking
 You must remember to drive on the left.
ْ‫ش ػٓ أ‬١‫ ٌٍزؼج‬ٚ‫خ ٔظش اٌّزىٍُ أ‬ٙ‫خ‬ٚ ِٓ ‫ء‬ٟ‫سح ػًّ ؽ‬ٚ‫ ثنش‬ٞٛ‫ش ػٓ إزغبط ل‬١‫بد ) ٌٍزؼج‬١ِٕ‫ اال‬ٚ‫– رغزخذَ ( اٌّؾبػش ا‬
‫ زبٌخ اٌغؤاي‬ٟ‫ ف‬you ‫ِغ‬ٚ I \ we ‫ ٘زٖ اٌسبٌخ رغزخذَ فمو ِغ اٌنّبئش‬ٟ‫ف‬ٚ ‫ُ ثبٌٕغجخ ٌٕب‬ِٙ ‫ء‬ٟ‫ؽ‬
 We must tell the truth.
 I must visit my grandparents more often.
 We must buy a present for Ali’s birthday.
 I must work hard for the exams next week.

20
 ‫ش ػٓ ِؾبػش فبدلخ‬١‫ اٌزؼج‬ٚ‫ح أ‬ٛ‫ٗ دػ‬١‫خ‬ٛ‫ زبٌخ ر‬ٟ‫وّب رغزخذَ ف‬
 You must come to my party tonight.
 You must try a piece of my cake
must

It is necessary/ important (for+…) to

must = It is obligatory (for+…) to +‫ِقذس‬
It is a must/ necessity (for+…) to

Lack of Necessity
‫سح‬ٚ‫ػذَ اٌنش‬
present past future
ٌ‫نى َضطﺮ أ‬ ‫ص‬
ٌ‫ ال داػً أ‬- ‫غٍﺮ يضطﺮ‬ ٌ‫نى َضطﺮ أ‬ won't have to

wasn't necessary for+ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬

won't be necessary for + ‫يﻔؼول‬

needn't didn't have to
isn't necessary for + ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬

don't Have to didn't need to

doesn't have to ‫نى ٌكٍ ضﺮورٌﺎ فؼم شى ونى‬
hasn’t got to ‫َﻔؼهﻪ‬ won’t need to

To + inf+
To + inf+

To + inf +
haven’t got to
don't/doesn't need to needn't have +p.p
‫نى ٌكٍ ضﺮورٌﺎ فؼم شى ونكٍ تى‬
‫فؼهﻪ‬

‫مبعٍى ممٍٕع أٔ غري وسىٕح كىا تعٍى أُ ٍِاك قٕاعد ٔ قٕاٌني جيب إتباعّا ٔ املخالفة تعزضك لمعكاب‬mustn't.ً‫ٌستخد‬
‫غٍﺮ يسًوح‬Be not allowed to
‫يًُوع‬Be forbidden to
mustn't = ‫يًُوع‬Be prohibited / banned to ‫يﺼذر‬ +
ٌ‫ضذ انقﺎَو‬It's against the law to

 You mustn’t park here = it is not allowed to park here = You are forbidden to park here.

Modal verbs
‫ يجب ان‬should + inf. \ ought to + inf.
 You should (ought to) listen to your father’s advice.
‫ كان يجب ان‬should have + p.p \ ought to have + p.p
 You should have listened to your father’s advice last year.
‫يجب ان ال‬shouldn’t + inf. \ oughtn’t to + inf.
 You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) smoke as it is a bad habit.
‫كان يجب ان ال‬shouldn’t have + p.p \ oughtn’t to have + p.p
 You oughtn’t to have raised your voice like that.

21
 can + inf.‫يستطيع‬
could + inf.‫استطاع‬
 I can speak English, but I can’t speak Spanish.
 When I was young, I could swim well.
managed to + inf
succeeded in + v + ing ‫د‬ٛٙ‫ٕخ رسزبج ِد‬١‫ش ػٓ لذساد ِؼ‬١‫ٌٍزؼج‬
was \ were + able to + inf.
 The prisoner managed to escape.
 The prisoner succeeded in escaping.
 The prisoner was able to escape.
can’t be)‫ال يمكه ان يكون (استنتبج منفي‬
can’t have + p.p \ couldn’t have + p.p
 He failed the test, he can’t be happy.
 You can’t have seen \ couldn’t have seen Omar today because he’s in London at the moment.
could have + p.p ‫يستخدم للتعبير عه شيئيه‬
1

 I travelled by bus, but I could have travelled by taxi.

2

 Nader could have (might have \ may have) been absent yesterday, I am not sure of that.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- Today is Andy’s party (let’s – how about – would you like – why don’t) buying a present for him?
2- (Must – Should – Could – Will) you go already? You only arrived an hour ago!
3- You (should have paid – have to pay – might have paid – should pay) attention to what you eat and
drink, but you got ill.
4- You (mustn’t – needn’t – shouldn’t – may not) drive over 90 kilometers an hour. It is the maximum
speed limit.
5- You (mustn’t – needn’t – don’t need – don’t have) drink this juice if you don’t like.

==============================================================================

22
 Phrasal Verbs
ٍٟ‫ اٌفؼً األص‬ٟٕ‫ش ِؼٕب٘ب ػٓ ِؼ‬١‫زغ‬٠ٚ ‫ أوضش‬ٚ‫ب دشف جش أ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ‫ أﻓؼبي‬ٟ٘ ‫خ‬١‫ األﻓؼبي اٌظشﻓ‬. 1
look at /go to ‫ش‬١‫زغ‬٠ ٌُ ً‫ اٌفو‬ٕٝ‫ الْ ِو‬phrasal verb ‫س‬١ٌ
look for/ look after ‫ش‬١‫ اٌفوً رغ‬ٕٝ‫ الْ ِو‬phrasal verb
 You are doing very well, Ahmed. I want you to go on.
: ٟ‫ر‬٢‫أﻓؼبي الصِخ وب‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ أﻓؼبي ِزؼذ‬ٌٟ‫رٕمسُ ا‬ٚ .2
(Transitive Phrasal verbs) ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ِفؼ‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬٠‫*أﻓؼبي ِزؼذ‬
look for ٓ‫جذش ػ‬٠ look into ‫فذص‬٠ take to ِٓ‫ذ‬٠ run into ‫مبثً ثبٌصذﻓخ‬٠
look after ‫ ثـ‬ٟٕ‫ؼز‬٠ wait for ‫ٕزظش‬٠ apply for ‫زمذَ ٌـ‬٠ search for ٓ‫جذش ػ‬٠

 He applied for the job.  I had to work hard to catch up with the others.
(Intransitive Phrasal verbs ( ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ِفؼ‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫* أﻓؼبي الصِخ ال‬
run out ‫ٕفز‬٠ grow up ‫ىجش‬٠ get up ‫مق‬١‫سز‬٠ come out ‫ رٕشش‬/ ‫ش‬ٙ‫رل‬
go on ‫ؾذس‬٠ / ‫سزّش‬٠ turn up ً‫ظ‬٠ Take off ‫ رمٍن‬break down ‫بس‬ٕٙ٠ / ً‫زوـ‬٠

 The bus broke down.  The plane takes off on time.

 My shoes wore out.  war broke out in 1939.
‫ ثؼذ دشف اٌجش‬ٚ‫ي ( اسُ ) لجً أ‬ٛ‫ اٌّفؼ‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫* أﻓؼبي ظشﻓ‬
use up ‫ٍه‬ٙ‫سز‬٠ get over ِٓ ٟ‫شف‬٠ put out ‫ء‬ٟ‫ـف‬٠ put away ٗٔ‫ ِىب‬ٟ‫ؼن ف‬٠
let down ‫خزي‬٠ take off ‫خٍن‬٠ put off ً‫إع‬٠ turn\ switch on ‫بص‬ٙ‫فزؼ ع‬٠
make up ‫خزٍك‬٠ put on ٞ‫شرذ‬٠ turn / switch off ‫بص‬ٙ‫ء ع‬ٟ‫ـف‬٠

 Turn the computer on.  Turn on the computer.

‫ دشف اٌجش‬ٚ ً‫ٓ اٌفؼ‬١‫ االسُ ث‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫* أﻓؼبي ظشﻓ‬
turn …… up ‫شفن‬٠ throw …. into ً‫ ف‬..... ً‫ ٌﺮي‬pick …. up ‫ظـؾت‬٠
turn ….. down ‫خفغ‬٠ throw …. away ِٓ ‫زخٍض‬٠ tell …. off ‫ثخ‬ٛ٠

 I asked her to turn her sound up. They decided to throw the pearl into the sea.
‫ب‬ٍٙ‫ّىٓ ﻓص‬٠ ‫خ ال‬١‫*ٕ٘بن اﻓؼبي اصطﻼد‬
 He applied for the job. (√)  He applied the job for. (X)
 I had to work hard to catch up with the others. (√)
 I had to work hard to catch up the others with. (X)

23
 ‫دشف جش‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ االسُ ثؼذ أداح ظشﻓ‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫* أﻓؼبي ظشﻓ‬
look forward to ٌٟ‫زـٍن ا‬٠ keep out of ٓ‫جزوذ ه‬٠ run out of ‫سزٕفز‬٠
cope up with ‫اوت‬ٛ٠ keep away from ٓ‫جزوذ ه‬٠ catch up with ‫ٍؾك‬٠ \ ً‫اط‬ٛ٠

 We look forward to the holiday.  He turned out to be a thief.

 I can't put up with boring people.  We look up to our parents.

Phrasal Verbs
turn / switch on ‫فزؼ‬٠ take in ُٙ‫ف‬٠ / ‫خذم‬٠ / ‫ّزض‬٠ end up + ing ‫ ثـٗ اٌؾبي‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠
turn / switch off ‫ء‬ٟ‫ـف‬٠ take in ‫ك ِالثس‬١‫ؼ‬٠ / ٞٚ‫أ‬٠ come up with ‫ ثفىشح‬ٟ‫أر‬٠
turn up ً‫ظ‬٠ / ٍٟ‫و‬٠ take apart ‫فىه‬٠ come out ‫ رظذس‬/ ‫ش‬ٙ‫رل‬
turn down ‫خفغ‬٠ take off ‫خٍن‬٠ / ‫رمٍن‬ come across ‫مبثً ثبٌظذفخ‬٠
turn out to be ْ‫زؼؼ ا‬٠ take on ‫خ‬١ٌٛ‫زؾًّ ِسئ‬٠ / ‫كف‬ٛ٠ come around ‫س‬ٚ‫ض‬٠
catch up with ‫ٍؾك ثـ‬٠ take up ‫ض‬١‫شغً ؽ‬٠ clear up ‫فسش‬٠ / ‫شرت‬٠
cope up with ‫ش‬٠‫سب‬٠ take down ً٠‫ض‬٠ let down ‫خزي‬٠
look for ٓ‫جؾش ه‬٠ take to ‫ؾت ثشذح‬٠ / ِٓ‫ذ‬٠ let out ‫سن ِالثس‬ٛ٠
look up ُ‫ ِوغ‬ٟ‫جؾش ف‬٠ take over ‫خ‬١ٌٛ‫ ِسئ‬ٌٟٛ‫ز‬٠ make up ْٛ‫ى‬٠ / ‫خزٍك‬٠
look out ‫اؽزشط‬ take after ٗ‫شج‬٠ make up ‫ظ‬١‫ رزّى‬/ ‫رزجشط‬
look after ‫ ثـ‬ٟٕ‫وز‬٠ get over ِٓ ٟ‫شف‬٠ make out ‫ثخ‬ٛ‫ ثظو‬ٞ‫ش‬٠
look forward to ٌٟ‫زـٍن ا‬٠ keep up with ً‫اط‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٍٟ‫ ه‬ٟ‫جم‬٠ make up his mind ‫مشس‬٠
look up to َ‫ؾزش‬٠ keep up ‫ذ‬ٙ‫اطً ثزي اٌغ‬ٛ٠ find out about ٓ‫ىزشف ه‬٠
look down upon ‫ؾزمش‬٠ keep on ٟ‫سزّش ف‬٠ carry out ‫ٕفز‬٠
look into ‫فىش‬٠ / ‫فؾض‬٠ keep away from ‫جزوذ‬٠ carry on ً‫اط‬ٛ٠ / ‫سزّش‬٠
laugh at ِٓ ‫سخش‬٠ keep out of ٓ‫جزوذ ه‬٠ see off ‫دم‬ٛ٠
grow up ‫ٕؼظ‬٠ / ‫ىجش‬٠ break down ُ‫ؾـ‬٠ / ‫ىسش‬٠ knock on / at ‫ اٌجبة‬ٍٟ‫ـشق ه‬٠
put away ٗٔ‫ ِىب‬ٟ‫ؼن ف‬٠ break down ‫بس‬ٕٙ٠ / ً‫رزوـ‬ knock out َ‫ض‬ٙ٠
put on weight ْ‫ص‬ٚ ‫ذ‬٠‫ض‬٠ break out ‫ رٕذٌن‬/ ‫رٕشت‬ work on ‫م‬ٚ‫ ِشش‬ٟ‫وًّ ف‬٠
put on ‫خذم‬٠ / ٞ‫شرذ‬٠ break into ُ‫مزؾ‬٠ work out ُٙ‫ف‬٠ / ‫ؾست‬٠
Put off ً‫إع‬٠ break in َ‫الزؾب‬ work against ‫وًّ ػذ‬٠
put forward ‫ششؼ‬٠ go off ْ‫ش‬٠ / ‫رٕفغش‬ work up ً‫ٕبػ‬٠ / ‫ىبفؼ‬٠
put up with ًّ‫زؾ‬٠ go up ‫مزشة‬٠ / ‫ظوذ‬٠ work for ‫ ِإسسخ‬ٞ‫وًّ ٌذ‬٠
put out ‫ء‬ٟ‫ـف‬٠ go on ‫سزّش‬٠ - ‫رؾذس‬ Work in ‫ طبٌؼ‬ٟ‫وًّ ف‬٠
fill in / out ‫ّأل اسزّبسح‬٠ go out ٟ‫رٕـف‬ give away ‫ت‬ٙ٠
point to ‫ش ثأدة‬١‫ش‬٠ set up ‫إسس‬٠ give in ٍُ‫سزس‬٠
point at ‫لبؽخ‬ٛ‫ش ث‬١‫ش‬٠ set off / out ‫جذأ سؽٍخ‬٠ give up ٍُ‫سزس‬٠ / ‫مٍن‬٠
point out ٓ١‫ج‬٠ fall off ِٓ ‫من‬٠ give off ‫ـٍك غبص‬٠
use up ‫ٍه‬ٙ‫سز‬٠ fall over ‫رسمؾ‬ get to ٌٟ‫ثظً ا‬
cut down ‫ششذ‬٠ / ‫مـن‬٠ fall out with ُ‫خبط‬٠ get up ‫مق‬١‫سز‬٠
cut off ‫س‬ٚ‫مـن ِٓ اٌغز‬٠ throw away ِٓ ‫زخٍض‬٠ get on with ‫ٕسغُ ِن‬٠
cut out َ‫مـن ثبٔزلب‬٠ throw into ٟ‫ ف‬ِٟ‫ش‬٠ get in ‫ثخ‬ٛ‫ذخً ثظو‬٠
cheer up ‫ظ‬ٙ‫جز‬٠ run out of ‫سزٕفز‬٠ get over ِٓ ٟ‫شف‬٠
blow up ‫رٕفغش‬ run into ‫مبثً ثبٌظذفخ‬٠ get through ‫غزبص‬٠
blow out ‫ء‬ٟ‫ـف‬٠ run over ‫ذ٘س‬٠ get on ‫شوت‬٠
lie to ٍٟ‫ىزة ه‬٠ run away ‫شة‬ٙ٠ get off ‫ٕضي‬٠

24
 :ing ٌٗ ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ﻓؼً ِعبف‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫األﻓؼبي ا‬
admit/admit to ‫وزشف‬٠ resist َٚ‫مب‬٠ risk ‫خبؿش‬٠ imagine ً١‫زخ‬٠
avoid ‫زغٕت‬٠ resume ‫سزأٔف‬٠ include ًّ‫ش‬٠ complete ًّ‫ى‬٠
dislike ٖ‫ىش‬٠ put off ً‫إع‬٠ miss ‫فزمذ‬٠ deny ‫ٕىش‬٠
enjoy ‫سزّزن‬٠ delay ‫إخش‬٠ appreciate ‫مذس‬٠ involve ّٓ‫زؼ‬٠
finish ٟٕٙ٠ postpone ً‫إع‬٠ consider ٟ‫فىش ف‬٠ understand ُٙ‫ف‬٠
practise ‫ّبسط‬٠ necessitate َ‫سزٍض‬٠ / ُ‫ؾز‬٠ celebrate ً‫ؾزف‬٠ endure ًّ‫زؾ‬٠
‫ّٕن‬٠ ْ‫ن أ‬١‫سزـ‬٠ ‫ال‬
suggest ‫مزشػ‬٠ can't help spend (time) ٟ‫مؼ‬٠ fancy ً١‫زخ‬٠
ِٓ ٗ‫ٔفس‬

 He admitted / regretted / avoided making that mistake.

:to + inf. ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫األﻓؼبي ا‬
agree ‫ٌوافق‬ threaten ‫ٌﮭذد‬ seek ً‫ٌسؼً إن‬ manage ٍ‫ٌﺘًك‬
disagree ‫ٌﺮفض\ ال ٌوافق‬ afford "‫ٌﺘﺤًم يﺎدٌﺎ‬ want ‫ٌﺮٌذ‬ seem ‫ٌبذو‬
arrange ‫ٌﺮتب‬ swear ‫ٌقسى‬ deserve ‫ٌسﺘﺤق‬ tend ‫ًٌٍم‬
decide ‫ٌقﺮر‬ refuse ‫ٌﺮفض‬ request ‫ٌطهب‬ wish ‫ٌﺮغب‬
expect ‫ٌﺘوقغ‬ volunteer ‫ٌﺘطوع‬ guarantee ًٍ‫ٌض‬ determine ‫ٌﺼًى‬
hope ‫ٌأيم‬ prepare ‫ٌسﺘؼذ \ ٌﺠﮭﺰ‬ hesitate ‫ٌﺘﺮدد‬ hurry ‫ٌسﺮع‬
learn ‫ٌﺘؼهى‬ prove ٍ‫ ٌبﺮھ‬/ ‫ٌثبت‬ offer ‫ٌؼﺮض‬ promise ‫ٌوػذ‬
choose ‫ٌخﺘﺎر‬ pretend ً‫ٌﺘظﺎھﺮ\ ٌذػ‬ plan ‫ٌخطط‬ fail ‫ٌﻔشم‬

 Eman has decided to be a doctor.  I want to visit the Pyramids.

:ٟٕ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ط ﻓ‬١‫ ِغ اخزﻼف ثس‬ing ٌٗ ‫ ﻓؼً ِعبف‬ٚ‫ أ‬to + inf. ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫األﻓؼبي ا‬
love ‫ؾت‬٠ like ‫ذت‬٠
start ‫جذأ‬٠ prefer ً‫فع‬٠
continue ‫سزّش‬٠ begin ‫جذأ‬٠
to + inf ُ٘‫ ثؼذ‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ٍُٙ‫ لج‬would (d( ‫ارا اسزخذِذ‬ٚ
ٟٕ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫د اخزﻼف ﻓ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ ِغ‬ing ٌٗ ‫ ﻓؼً ِعبف‬ٚ‫ أ‬to + inf. ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ ‫أﻓؼبي‬
1. stop
stop + to + inf ‫ئب آخش‬١‫فؼً ض‬١ٌ ‫لف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ٚ ‫ئب‬١‫فؼً ض‬٠
stop + v + ing )ٕٗ‫مٍغ ػ‬٠( ‫ء‬ٟ‫لف ػٓ ﻓؼً ض‬ٛ‫ز‬٠

2.remember
remember + to + inf ٍٗ‫فؼ‬٠ ُ‫ء ص‬ٟ‫فؼً اٌط‬٠ ْ‫ززوش أ‬٠
remember + v + ing )ٖ‫ززوش‬٠ ْ٢‫ا‬ٚ ُ‫ء (اٌذذس ر‬ٟ‫ززوش أٔٗ ﻓؼً اٌط‬٠

3. forget
forget + to + inf )ٍٗ‫فؼ‬٠ ٌُ( ‫ء‬ٟ‫فؼً اٌط‬٠ ْ‫ أ‬ٝ‫ٕس‬٠
forget + v + ing ٍٗ‫ أٔٗ ﻓؼ‬ٝ‫ٌىٕٗ ٔس‬ٚ ‫ء‬ٟ‫ﻓؼً اٌط‬

4. regret
regret + to + inf )َ‫ ٌذظخ اٌىﻼ‬ٝ‫ذذس دز‬٠ ٌُ( ‫ء‬ٟ‫بسف ٌفؼً ض‬٠
regret + v + ing ‫ئب‬١‫ أٔٗ ﻓؼً ض‬ٍٝ‫طؼش ثبٌٕذَ ػ‬٠

25
 5. try
try + to + inf )ً‫فط‬٠ ٚ‫ٕجخ أ‬٠ ٓ‫ثخ (ِّى‬ٛ‫ء ثصؼ‬ٟ‫ي ﻓؼً ض‬ٚ‫ذب‬٠
try + v + ing )‫جخ‬١‫ إٌز‬ٜ‫ش‬٠ٚ( ‫ثخ‬ٛ‫ْ صؼ‬ٚ‫ء د‬ٟ‫جشة ﻓؼً ض‬٠

( the -ing form ) Be/get used to ‫ب‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ‫شاد‬١‫ثؼط اٌزؼج‬

look forward to ٌٝ‫زـٍن ا‬٠ be \ get used to ٍٟ‫وزذ ه‬٠
be busy ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِشغ‬be worth ‫سزؾك‬٠
have difficulty (in) ٟ‫ثخ ف‬ٛ‫غذ طو‬٠ it's a waste of money ‫وٗ ٌٍّبي‬١‫ِؼ‬
it's no good = It's no use ِٓ ‫ ال فبئذح‬it's a waste of time ‫لذ‬ٌٍٛ ٗ‫و‬١‫ِؼ‬
there is no point in ِٓ ‫ ال فبئذح‬feel like ‫ذ‬٠‫ش‬٠ \ ‫د‬ٛ٠
can't stand ًّ‫ؾز‬٠ ‫ ال‬how about ٟ‫ه ف‬٠‫ِب سأ‬
what about ٟ‫ه ف‬٠‫ ِب سأ‬don't mind ‫ّبٔن‬٠ ‫ال‬

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- If you’re ready to leave now, I can drop you (out – off – in – to) at your office.
2- Do you know when World War II (broke up - broke in – broke out – broke through)?
3- I regret (to buy – buying – buy – to buying) that book. It's not very good.
4- He admitted (to borrow – borrow – borrowed – borrowing) my pen without asking me.
5- Owing to circumstances beyond our control; we have run (out of – out – in – into) money.
=========================================================================

Causative
force ُ‫شﻏ‬٠ / ‫ججش‬٠ / ً‫جؼ‬٠
cause ‫سجت‬٠ / ً‫جؼ‬٠ ) ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ( ِفؼ‬+ to + ‫اٌّصذس‬
allow or permit
 The police forced the driver to pay the fine.
 The strong wind caused the trees to fall in the streets
 My father allows us to go to the cinema once a month.
make ‫ججش‬٠ \ ً‫جؼ‬٠
let ‫سّخ‬٠ \ ‫ذع‬٠ + ) ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ( ِفؼ‬+ ‫اٌّصذس‬

 Teachers make their students check their answers.

 The police made the driver pay the fine.
 My father lets us go to the cinema once a month.

26
 ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫ اٌّج‬ٟ‫ ﻓ‬make ‫ ِغ‬to َ‫ٔسزخذ‬
 The student was made to obey the school rules.
have ‫طٍت‬٠ )ً‫ي ػبل‬ٛ‫اٌّصذس (ِفؼ‬
get ‫مٕغ‬٠ )ً‫ي ػبل‬ٛ‫ (ِفؼ‬+ to + ‫ِصذس‬

 Please get Yasser to help you.

The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.
stop + ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬+ (from) + v + ing

The teacher stopped the students from making noise

 I stopped my sister from playing in the street.
) get / have ( + )ً‫ش هبل‬١‫ي غ‬ٛ‫ (ِفو‬+ p. p
ً‫ي اْ ضخص آخش لبَ ثبٌفؼ‬ٛ‫ ) ٌٕم‬have get + ‫ي‬ٛ‫ف اٌضبٌش اٌّفؼ‬٠‫ش ( اٌزصش‬١‫ٔسزخذَ ٘زا اٌزؼج‬
 I had got my house painted.
) ‫ذ‬١‫ ِٓ د٘ٓ اٌج‬ٛ٘ ‫ اْ ضخص اخش ِضً إٌمبش‬ٟٕ‫( اٌجٍّخ رؼ‬
 I don't cut my hair. I have the barber cut my hair. (Active causative)
 I don't cut my hair. I have my hair cut. (Passive causative)
 The students get their essays checked. )‫خ‬١‫ ِٓ لبَ ثبٌزصذ‬ٛ٘ ٍُ‫(اٌّؼ‬
 They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.
 He got his washing machine fixed.
======================================================================

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- My mother usually gets me (tidy – to tidy – tidies – tiding) my bedroom at the weekend.
2- Omar had his house (to paint – painted – paints – painting) last week by the painter.
3- I was made (study – to study – studying – studied) my lessons.
4- I must go to the doctor and (test my blood pressure - have my blood pressure tested -
have tested my blood pressure - get to test my blood pressure) before I go on holiday.
5- The teacher didn’t allow us (leave – leaving – left – to leave) early.
================================================================================

27
 Passive forms
present Simple am / is / are ‫ط‬١‫ِعبسع ثس‬
past Simple was / were ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬
present Cont. am / is / are + being ‫ِعبسع ِسزّش‬
‫ي‬ٛ‫ اٌّفؼ‬+ past Cont. was / were + being ‫ِبظی ِسزّش‬ + p.p
present perfect have/ has been َ‫ِعبسع رب‬
past perfect had been َ‫ِبظی رب‬

 Someone cleans this room every day.
 Somebody is mending my car.
 Somebody painted this room yesterday.
 They were decorating my house yesterday.
 Somebody has planted some trees.
 Someone had tided the room before we arrived.
- This room is cleaned every day.
- My car is being mended.
- This room was painted yesterday.
- The house was being decorated yesterday.
- Some trees have been planted.
- The room had been tidied before we arrived.

The passive: future, modal verbs

will / would / shall / should /can / could / may / might / has to have to / had
to / will have to / be to / needn't / must / ought to / used to / going to

 The teachers will mark the exams tomorrow. - The exams will be marked tomorrow.
 The government is going to build a new road. - A new road is going to be built.

Modal verbs ‫االﻓؼبي إٌبلصخ‬

 We could see many tourists in the pool. - Many tourists could be seen in the pool
 we may find more oil. - More oil may be found.

‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ي ِغ األﻓؼبي ا‬ٛٙ‫ اٌجٍّخ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫ف ٔج‬١‫ الدظ و‬-

say - think 1- It is + p.p
know -consider 2- a- Subject + (be) + p.p+to+ (inf) ً‫ِسزمج‬ٚ ‫ِعبسع‬
People announce - report b- Subject + (be) + p.p + to have + pp ‫ِبظی‬
expect - believe
claim - allege

 People expect that he will win the Nobel Prize.

 It is expected that he will win the Nobel Prize.
 He is expected to win the Nobel Prize.

28
 ) that + ‫ب ػبدح ػجبسح ػٓ ( جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ٌٙٛ‫ ٘زٖ األﻓؼبي ِفؼ‬-
 People say that women live longer than men.
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫) ػٕذ ثٕبء اٌجٍّخ ٌٍّج‬that( ‫ي جٍّخ‬ٛ‫ف ٔجذأ ثّفؼ‬١‫ الدظ و‬-
 People expect that She cooks lunch badly. - It is expected that She cooks lunch badly.
 She is expected to cook lunch badly. - Lunch is expected to be cooked badly.
) to have been + ‫ف صبٌش‬٠‫ي ٔسزخذَ ) رصش‬ٛ‫ أسدٔب أْ ٔجذأ ثبٌّفؼ‬ٚ ٟ‫ صِٓ ِبظ‬ٞ‫) أ‬that( ‫ إرا وبْ صِٓ اٌجٍّخ ثؼذ‬ٚ -
 Everyone believes that he has mended the car. - It is believed that he has mended the car.
 He is believed to have mended the car. - The car is believed to have been mended.

 The accident occurred early this morning.  She walked for three hours.
to be to + (inf

 I want you to tell the truth. – I want to be told the truth.

being ing

 I hate people telling me lies. (being) - I hate being told lies.

v.ing to (like / hate / love

 I don't like people cheating me. - I don't like being cheated

 I don't like people to cheat me. - I don't like to be cheated.
==============================================================

Exercises
choose the correct answer:

1- The car (was mending – was mended – has been mended – will be mended) last week.
2- Eman is looking forward to (rewarding – being rewarded – reward – rewarded) by her teachers.
3- Don’t let yourself (be – being – been – to be) deceived.
4- Egypt (is known- is knowing - knows – know) to be the land of history.
5- This picture is a wonderful example of cubist art. It (painted - has painted – was painted – was
painting) by Picasso in 1937.
========================================================================

29
 Quantifiers
all
All + ‫اﺳى يﻔﺮد ٌؼذ‬ ............ ‫فؼم يﻔﺮد‬
 All of my house has been decorated.
All + ‫اﺳى جًغ ٌؼذ‬ ............ ‫فؼم جًغ‬
 All my friends like music.
All + ‫اﺳى ال ٌؼذ‬ ............ ‫فؼم يﻔﺮد‬
 All my money was put in the bank.

a lot of
‫( مع االسماء التي تعد و االسماء التي ال تعد‬plenty of- a lot of) ‫تستخدم‬
 Ali has got a lot of / lots of/ plenty of books.
 We ate a lot / plenty of cheese.
‫ بذوٌ اﺳى‬a lot ‫ًٌكٍ اٌ َسﺘخذو‬
 I like films, so I go to the cinema a lot.
Many

 I haven't got many friends.  Do you have many friends?

 There are too many people in the bus.  Nader has so many jobs to do today.

Much

 Did you eat much cheese?  We didn’t eat much cheese

 I miss you so much .  There is too much water in the bottle.

a few

 I have a few pens for the lecture.

few

 Few people came to the meeting, so we cancelled it.

a little

 I have a little (= a small amount )sugar, but it is enough to make a cup of tea.

30
 little

 I have little sugar, so I can't make a cup of tea.

Very important:
1- We often use very little and very few.
 Nader has very little time for going out.
 Eman has very few friends in London.
2- We say only a little (not only little) and only a few (not only few):
 Hurry! We only have a little time. = (some, but not much time)
 The village was small. There were only a few houses. = (some but not many houses.)

none = not any of

‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٚ‫ؼذ ا‬٠ ُ‫ ِغ اع‬ٚ‫ ثالثخ فأوثش أ‬ٌٟ‫ش ا‬١‫رؾ‬ٚ ٟ‫ ٌٍٕف‬none َ‫رغزخذ‬
 None of my friends (is - are) here.
 None of this money is mine.
Some

somebody / someone / something

 I have some books.
 I have some money.
 There’s somebody at the door.
 I want something to eat.
.
 Would you like some tea? ) (
 Can I have some of these apples? ) (

any
.‫تأتـى قبـن اسـي ٖعـد أٔ اسي ال ٖعـد فى مجمـة استفّـاوٗـة أٔ وٍفـٗـة‬
anybody / anyone / anything
 I don't want any pens. ) (
 I didn't drink any water. ) (
 There isn’t anybody at the door.
 I don’t want anything to eat.
 He went out without any money.

: ‫تأتـى وـع الكـمىـات الدالـة عمـى الٍفـى وجـن‬

hardly – never – without – refuse – too …….. to
 He never had any luck.
 We hardly had any money.

31
 several
)‫د خّغ‬ٚ‫ذ ِٓ (اعُ ِؼذ‬٠‫ػذ‬
 While correcting my essay, my teacher found several mistakes.
 The government provided several jobs for young people.
Half (of)
Half (of) + ‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫اعُ ِفشد‬ ............ ‫فؼً ِفشد‬
- half of my house has been decorated.
Half (of) + ‫اعُ خّغ‬ ............ ‫فؼً خّغ‬
- Half (of) my neighbours are very cruel.
Half (of) + ‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫اعُ ال‬ ............ ‫فؼً ِفشد‬
- Half (of) the money is spent on food.
.‫( مع تعبريات الكنية واملسافة واالطوال و الفرتات الزمهية‬of) ‫ال نستخدم‬
half an hour \ half a loaf \ half a mile \ half a dozen
- My school is half a kilometre from here.
- I bought half a kilo of flour.
Every
:)‫تستخدم عادة الي االشارة الي كل اعضاء اجلناعه معا" (ككل‬
-Every teacher should work hard.
:‫قد تستخدم لبيان االحداث او االشياء املتكررة‬
- I visit them every two weeks.
Each
:‫تستخدم لالشارة العضاء اجلناعه كافراد‬
- Each girl plays the guitar well.
Note:
Each of + ‫اعُ خّغ‬ ............ ‫فؼً ِفشد‬
- Each of the boys is not polite.
:‫ملحوظة‬
(each)
- He was holding a pen in each hand.
(every)
- Every part of my body hurts after this long day.
(each) (every)
almost "‫ تقريبا‬practically "‫تقريبا‬
nearly "‫ تقريبا‬without exception ‫دون استثناء‬
- She has lost nearly every friend she had.

32
 Both
:‫تشري ال٘ شخصني أ شٗئني أ دلىٕعتني هلا وعين االثبات ٔ ٖتبعّا فعن مجع‬
- Both restaurants are very good.
- Both the apple and the orange I ate were delicious
Both ....... and ……… + ‫فؼً خّغ‬
- Both Nader and Ali are coming to the party tomorrow.
Either

:‫تشري ال٘ شخصني أ شٗئني أ دلىٕعتني ٖٔتبع باسي وفزد ٖعد‬

- I can stay at either hotel.
Either of + ‫اعُ خّغ‬ ‫ خّغ‬ٚ‫فؼً ِفشد ا‬
- Either of these two cameras (gives \ give) you a clear photo.
Either ...... or ٚ‫ ا‬..... ‫اِب‬
:ٌ٘‫الفعن ٖتبع الفاعن الجا‬
- Either the students or the teacher arrives at school late.
either ‫خ‬١‫خ اٌدٍّخ إٌّف‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ
- Nader doesn't like English and I don't like it either.
Neither + ‫اعُ ِفشد‬
- Neither answer is correct.
Neither ..... nor ‫ال رٌه‬ٚ..... ‫ال ٘زا‬
:ٌ٘‫الفعن ٖتبع الفاعن التا‬
- Neither they nor she speaks English well.
Neither of .... ‫ش خّغ‬١ّ‫ م‬ٚ‫اعُ ا‬ + ‫فؼً ِفشد‬
- Neither of my friends is lazy.
Note:
‫خ‬١‫خٍّخ ِٕف‬ neither + ‫ فؼً ِغبػذ ِثجذ‬+ )‫ش‬١ّ‫(فبػً\م‬
- Nader isn't short. Neither am I.
- He doesn't like English. Neither do I.
 Very important
- I watched two matches, but I didn't like either of them.
- I watched two matches, but I liked neither of them.
===========================================================================
Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- Two men wanted to marry her, but she accepted (either – every – neither - all) of their offer.
2- I go to evening classes (each – half – all - every) two days.
3- I don’t have (much – any – many – a little) friends, only a few.
4- Would you like (many – few – some – any) apple juice?
5- Can you give me (an – some – many – all) advice?

33
 Using modal verbs for making deductions
A) Present certainty
must + inf ‫ذ ِضجذ‬١‫رﺄو‬
can't + inf ٟ‫ذ ِٕف‬١‫رﺄو‬
may / might / could + inf ‫سذس‬٠ ‫ش ِزبوذ اْ ؽئ‬١‫غ‬

must + infinitive )ْ‫ ِٓ اٌّؤوذ (أْ الثذ أ‬/ ‫ذ‬١‫ثبٌزﺄو‬

 Alí must be happy. He has just won a gold medal. (I'm sure Ali is happy.)
can't + infinitive )ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ ‫ذ ال (ال‬١‫ثبٌزﺄو‬

 He can't be Egyptian He doesn't speak Arabic. (He is definitely not Arabic.)

:‫ قد تأتى بغض التغبىرات التي تظير التأكد نثم‬:‫نلحوظة ىانة‬
I'm sure \ certain \ certainly \ surely \ definitely \ There's no doubt \ undoubtedly....
B) Present possibility
may / might / could + infinitive )‫ِٓ اٌّذزًّ أْ (سثّب‬

 That tourist may be American. I am not sure.

‫نلحوظة ىانة‬

I'm not sure \ certain \ probably \ possibly \ likely \ perhhabs \ maybe \ I don't
know \ I have no idea....
c) Past certainty
must + have + p.p ‫ِزبوذ اْ ضئ لذ دذس‬
can't + have + p.p ‫ذذس‬٠ ٌُ ‫ِزبوذ اْ ضئ‬
may/might /could + have + p.p ‫ش ِزبوذ اْ ضئ لذ دذس‬١‫ﻏ‬

must + have + p.p )ْ‫ِٓ اٌّؤوذ أْ (الثذ أ‬

 He got full marks. He must have studied hard .)ْ‫ّىٓ (أ‬٠‫ِٓ اٌّؤوذ أٔٗ ال ال‬
can't + have + p.p

 They can't have had lunch. Their food is in the fridge.

34
 d) Past possibility
may/might/could + have + p.p )ٌُ ‫ِٓ اٌّذزًّ أٔٗ ٌُ (سثّب‬
.‫عودنا ىكون النتحدج غىر نتأكد نن أن شيء نا قد حدج في الناضي‬
 I can't find my book. I might have left it at home.
(Used to) + infinitive
past habits He used to live in Giza, but he moved to Alex last year.
Used to
repeated past action He used to get up early on Saturdays.
would repeated past action He would get up early on Saturdays when he was young.

‫نلحوظات ىانة‬
would Inf 1
 When I was young, I would visit my relatives.
2
didn't use to + inf  He didn't use to somke.
Did + ً‫ اٌفبػ‬+ use to  Did She use to go to the club.
‫نلحوظة‬
‫ف اٌزىشاس‬ٚ‫ ِٓ ظش‬ٜ‫ ارا وبْ ٕ٘بن ا‬ٝ‫ إٌف‬ٟ‫ ﻓ‬would َ‫ّىٓ اْ ٔسزخذ‬٠
used to ,would Always, sometimes, usually ) 3

‫ف اٌزىشاس‬ٚ‫ٌىٓ الدظ ِىبْ ظش‬ٚ

 When I was young, I would always help my mother.
 When I was young, I always used to help my mother.
 When I was young, I used always to help my mother.
used to 4
 Ahmed used to smoke, but now he doesn't.
 I used to like fish, but I never eat it now.
 There used to be an apple tree here, but there isn't now.
used to .5
I visited my uncle last week.
6. (be/get/become/grow )+( used to/accustomed to) + (v + ing/ Noun)
 I'm used to playing football.  Is he used to playing football?
 We aren't used to that heat.  He is accustomed to drinking black coffee.
 She becomes used to eating vegetables.
*) used to ( ‫سزخذَ ٌـ‬٠ ٕٝ‫*ثّؼ‬
‫ئ‬١‫ض‬+ is / are + used to + ‫ِصذس‬
‫ئ‬١‫ش‬+ is / are used for + v + ing
 A thermometer is used to measure temperature.
 A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.

35
 Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- Hala used to be thin, but now she (is – isn’t – hasn’t – doesn’t).
2- Maha used to wear glasses but now she (didn’t – isn’t – doesn’t – does).
3- Lamiaa (could pass – could have passed – must pass – can’t have passed) the exam if she’d
studied a bit more.
4- Ali (can’t – may – must – shouldn’t) have travelled to Alexandria this morning. He is ill in bed!
5- The knife is used to (cut – cutting – have cut – cuts) meat and other food.
=====================================================================================

Compound adjectives ‫اٌصفبد اٌّشوجخ‬

1. Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words.

2. These are often: adjective or adverb + past participle,

pp
3. Use a hyphen (-) to link the words together if the adjective is before the noun:

well-known, clear-cut, well-balanced

 It is a well-known fact that languages can improve some brain functions.
4. Don't use a hyphen if it follows the noun it describes:

 English is widely spoken all over the world.

‫امثلة لبعض الصفات المركبة‬
1- A ten-year-old boy
2- A ten-minute break \ Five-day holiday
3- Two-hours' walk
‫رسزخذَ وﺄسّبء‬ٚ ‫ اٌّسبﻓخ‬ٍٝ‫ رذي ػ‬ٟ‫ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬ ُ‫رجذأ ثشل‬
Walk, fly, drive, swim, ride
4- In three-weeks' time
An hour's time

5- deep-seated \ clear-cut \ old-fashioned \

long-sighted \ strong-willed \ green-eyed
red-handed \ open-minded \ absent-minded \ ‫ صفخ‬+ P.P.
narrow-minded \ broad-minded

36
6- good-looking \ friendly-looking adj ‫ صفخ‬+ V +ing

7- full-time \ last-minute adj ‫ صفخ‬+noun ُ‫اس‬

8- well-educated \ well-known \ well-balanced,

well-paid \ highly-respected \ widely-spoken \ adverb + p.p
badly-written

9- never-ending \ ever-lasting adverb + V +ing

10- middle-aged \ heart-broken \ left-handed noun + P.P

11- time-saving \ English-speaking \

noun + V +I ng
heart-breaking \ mouth-watering.

12- self-reliant \ smoke-free \ fat-free

world-famous noun + adj.

Relative Clauses ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫هجبساد ا‬

who whom which that
‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬ٚ ً‫ رذً ِذً ﻓبػ‬-1 .) ً‫ي ( ػبل‬ٛ‫ رذً ِذً ِفؼ‬-1 ً‫ش اٌؼبل‬١‫ رذً ِذً اٌغ‬-1 ًّ‫ ػ‬that ًّ‫ رؼ‬-1
.)ً‫(ػبل‬ .)‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬ٚ ً‫ ( ﻓبػ‬who- which - whom
ٝ‫ رؼط‬ٟ‫صً اٌز‬ٌٛ‫ جٍّخ ا‬ٟ‫ﻓ‬
.ً‫ ﻓؼ‬ٚ‫ش أ‬١ّ‫ ظ‬ٚ‫ب اسُ أ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ .2 .‫خ‬١‫ِبد اسبس‬ٍٛ‫ِؼ‬
.‫ش‬١ّ‫ ظ‬ٚ‫ب اسُ أ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ -2 .ً‫ ﻓؼ‬ٚ‫شأ‬١ّ‫ ظ‬ٚ‫ب اسُ أ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ -2 ‫ ثؼذ‬that َ‫ رسزخذ‬-2
It is all \ the best \ only
.‫ب دشف جش‬ٙ‫سجم‬٠ ‫ ال‬-3 .‫ب دشف جش‬ٙ‫سجم‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ ا‬٠ -3 ‫ب دشف جش‬ٙ‫سجم‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ ا‬٠ -3 ‫ب دشف جش‬ٙ‫سجم‬٠ ‫ ال‬-3

.ً‫ب ﻓؼ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ‫ ال‬-4 .‫ّىٓ اْ رذً ِذً جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬٠ -4

- My friend, who - This is the girl - The car which I - The nurse is the
lives in Alex, is a whom / who I met. bought is person who/that
doctor. expensive. looks after the
patients.
- The boy who - The man with whom - The shoes which
talked to was I lived was honest Nadia bought don't
smart. fit very well.

37
 whose where when
‫ن‬ٌٍّّٛ‫رزجغ ثبٌطئ ا‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ رذً ِذً اٌٍّى‬- 1 ْ‫ رسزخذَ ٌٍّىب‬-1 ِٓ‫ ٌٍض‬when َ‫ ٔسزخذ‬.1
= which + ‫دشف جش‬ = ‫ دشف جش‬+ which

‫ء‬ٟ‫ ض‬ٚ‫ن ٌطخص ا‬ٍِّٛ ُ‫ب اس‬ٙ١ٍ٠ - 2 ً‫ب ﻓؼ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ‫ ال‬-2 ً‫ب ﻓؼ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ‫ ال‬-2

ً‫ب ﻓؼ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ‫ ال‬-3 ِٓ ‫ ثذال‬Which َ‫جت اسزخذا‬٠ٚ -3 ِٓ ‫ ثذال‬which َ‫جت اسزخذا‬٠ -3

:‫خ‬١‫ اٌذبالد االر‬ٟ‫ ﻓ‬where :‫خ‬١‫ اٌذبالد االر‬ٟ‫ ﻓ‬When
ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫جذ دشف جش لجً ظ‬ٚ ‫*ارا‬ .ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫جذ دشف جش لجً ظ‬ٚ ‫*ارا‬
‫صً ِشرجط‬ٌٛ‫جذ دشف جش ثجٍّخ ا‬ٚ ‫*ارا‬ ‫صً ِشرجط‬ٌٛ‫جذ دشف جش ثجٍّخ ا‬ٚ ‫*ارا‬
.ْ‫ثبٌّىب‬ .ِٓ‫ثبٌض‬

- The tourist, whose stay
ended, should renew it.
- Ahmed is the boy whose
father is a teacher.
- The house where I live is - Friday is the day when I
very large visit my relatives in our
village.
- Friday is the day on which I
- The house in which I live is visit my relatives in our
very large. village.

‫ىواك ووعان نن ضنائر الوصم‬

Defining relative clauses
Who, which, whom = that

( , ) comma َ‫ ٘زٖ اٌذبٌخ ال ٔسزخذ‬ٟ‫* ﻓ‬

 The nurse is the person who/that look after the patient.
 Bees are small insects which / that make honey.
Non-defining relative clauses
Who \ which \ whom = that

) , ( comma َ‫ ٘زٖ اٌذبٌخ ٔسزخذ‬ٟ‫ﻓ‬

 My uncle, who lives in Aswan, is a doctor.

:‫الحظ‬
ٍٟ٠ ‫د ِب‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ دبٌخ‬ٟ‫ﻓ‬ٚ ً‫ذً ِذً اٌفبػ‬٠ ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٟ‫صً ﻓ‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫صً ارا وبْ ظ‬ٌٛ‫ ثذال ِٓ ػجبسح ا‬to + inf َ‫ّىٓ اسزخذا‬٠ *
the first / the second / the last / the only
 Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
 Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.

38
 :‫* الحظ ىذه الصىػة‬
* It + is / was ً‫ اسُ ػبل‬+ who / that ...
* It + is / was ً‫ش ػبل‬١‫ اسُ ﻏ‬+ which / that ...
 It was Graham Bill who/ that invented the telephone.
 It was the traffic which/ that delayed us

 I need to talk to someone who / that I can trust.

- I need to talk to someone I can trust.
The shoes which Nadia bought don't fit very well.
- The shoes Nadia bought don't fit very well.
verb to be 2

( verb to be)+( v + ing) ٚ‫ا‬

 The man standing there is my friend. - The man who is standing there is my friend.
 I like shirts made of cotton. - I like shirts which were made of cotton.
What = The thing that
 I didn't understand what he said.
 We'd better decide what we need to buy.
(of ( ‫ػخ ثـ‬ٛ‫خ ِزج‬١ّ‫ اٌى‬ٍٟ‫ ) ثىٍّخ داٌخ ػ‬whom - which( ‫ّىٓ أْ رسجك‬٠
 I saw three girls but all of whom were intelligent. (whom ‫د ﻓؼً ثؼذ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫( الدظ‬
 I bought many books but a few of which are interesting.
=================================================================

Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- It is a (good-known – well-known – well-know – well-knowing) fact that being bilingual can
improve some brain functions.
2- Egyptians are (strong-well – strong-willed – strong-willing – strongly-willed) people; they
never give up whatever troubles they face.
3- She has three brothers, two of (whom – where – which – who) are in the army.
4- The writer (who – whose – where – that) plays are the best seller, has been awarded
recently.
5- The girl (who standing – standing – stood – is standing) behind me, is one of my
classmates.
====================================================================================

39
 So + (‫ )صفة أو ظرف‬that+ ‫جولة‬
 That cake was so nice that I’ll have another one!
 They walked so slowly that they missed the train.
 Ola is so intelligent that she passed the exam easily.
{ ‫نقدم الفعل علي الفاعل‬ ( so ) ‫} عند البدأ بـ‬
 So slowly did we walk that we arrived at school late .

Such + ( ‫اسن هوصوف‬ ‫ ) اسن أو‬that +‫جولة‬

 It was such a useful book that I read it twice.
 He is such a friendly person that everyone likes him.
 She has such beauty that we admire her.
{ ‫نقدم الفعل علي الفاعل‬ ( such ) ‫} عند البدأ بـ‬
 Such an intelligent boy is he that he can answer our questions easily .
‫ صفة أوظرف‬+ enough + to + ‫الوصدر‬

‫خ‬١‫دبث‬٠‫( ففبد ا‬enough) ‫ ثؼذ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠

 Wael is tall and fast enough to be very good at basketball.
 Wael is clever enough to answer the difficult questions.
(enough) ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ اعُ ثؼذ‬٠
 I don't have enough money to buy a car.
 She has enough time to catch the train.

too + ‫ ظرف‬/ ‫ صفة‬+ to+‫الوصدر‬

‫خ‬١‫رشرجو ثقفبد عٍج‬ٚ ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟٕ‫ ِؼ‬ٟ‫رؼط‬
 They ran too slowly to win the race.
 The sea is too cold to swim in. = The sea is so cold that I can't swim in it
 The coffee was too hot to drink. = The coffee was so hot that I couldn't drink it.

Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d:

1- This book is ..................... famous that nearly everyone has read it.
a) very b) quite c) so d) such
2- I wanted to buy a new phone but it was .................. expensive for me to buy.
a) to b) too c) two d) tow
3- Ola is ................. to pass the exam easily.
a) so intelligent b) intelligent enough
c) enough intelligent d) too intelligent
4- This bag is very heavy. I'm not strong ....................... to lift it!
a) such b) too c) so d) enough
5- Ghada speaks English so ................ that I thought she was American.
a) fluency b) much fluent c) fluently d) fluent

40
 Reported statements
:ٝ‫ر‬٢‫جت ارجبع ا‬٠ ‫ش اٌّجبضش‬١‫ ﻏ‬ٌٟ‫خ ِٓ اٌىﻼَ اٌّجبضش إ‬٠‫ً اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬٠ٛ‫ٌزذ‬
1

said to told said said

that 2

 She said to me, "I want to visit Luxor." Direct

 She told me that she wanted to visit Luxor. Reported
3

‫ط‬١‫( ِعبسع ثس‬play/plays) ‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫( ِبظ‬Played)

‫( ِعبسع ِسزّش‬am/is/are playing) ‫( ِبظی ِسزّش‬was/were playing)
َ‫( ِعبسع رب‬have/has played) َ‫( ِبظی رب‬had played)
‫ط‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫( ِبظ‬Played) َ‫ رب‬/ ‫ط‬١‫) ِبظی ثس‬played / had played(
‫ ِعبسع ربَ ِسزّش‬have/has been playing ‫ ِبظی ربَ ِسزّش‬had been playing

will would shall Should \ would

can could may might

had to ‫سح‬ٚ‫ٌٍعش‬
Must must َ‫ْ ػب‬ٛٔ‫لب‬

:ٟ‫ر‬٢‫اٌّىبْ وب‬ٚ ْ‫ف اٌضِب‬ٚ‫ظش‬ٚ ‫ً أسّبء اإلضبسح‬٠ٛ‫زُ رذ‬٠

this that yesterday the day before - the previous day
these those last week the week before the previous week
Tow then next week the week after the following week
here there tomorrow the day after - the following the next day
today that day ago before/earlier
tonight that night

‫مالحظات يامة‬

‫ط‬١‫ صِٓ اٌّعبسع اٌجس‬ٟ‫ي ﻓ‬ٛ‫ إرا وبْ ﻓؼً اٌم‬-1

 He says to me, “I have worked in this school since 2000."
- He tells me He has worked in this school since 2000.
.‫مخ‬١‫ؼجش ػٓ دم‬٠ ‫اط‬ٛ‫ إرا وبْ اٌىﻼَ داخً األل‬-2
 The teacher said to us, "The earth orbits the sun."
- The teacher told us that the earth orbits the sun.
: ً‫ي ِض‬ٛ‫ رٌه ِغ ﻓؼً اٌم‬ٍٝ‫ٕ٘بن وٍّبد رذي ػ‬ٚ ,‫ٍخ‬١ٍ‫ً ِٕز ٌذظبد ل‬١‫ إرا وبْ اٌىﻼَ لذ ل‬-3
(have\ has just \ just now \ a moment ago \ a short time ago)
 He said to me just now," I'm writing a letter now.
- He told me just now he is writing a letter now.
.ً٠ٛ‫ش ظشف اٌضِبْ ثؼذ اٌزذ‬١‫زغ‬٠ ٌُ ‫ إرا‬-4
 Mona promised that she will be home tomorrow.

41
 :‫لكو الحظ‬
: ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫شاد ا‬١‫ ثؼذ اٌزؼج‬ٛ٘ ‫ط وّب‬١‫ اٌجس‬ٝ‫ظً اٌّبظ‬٠ -
I wish - would rather - It's time
 My mother said, "It's time you went to bed."
- My mother said that it was time you went to bed.
:‫ش‬١١‫ْ رغ‬ٚ‫ ثذ‬ٟ٘ ‫خ رظً وّب‬١‫ر‬٢‫شاد ا‬١‫اٌزؼج‬ٚ ‫ األﻓؼبي إٌبلصخ‬-
would - should - could - might - used to - ought to - could have - would have -
would rather - had better - would like – love – prefer
. ‫اٌضبٌضخ وّب ّ٘ب‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌضب‬:ْ‫ اٌذبٌزب‬ٝ‫رجم‬ٚ ,‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌذبٌخ اٌضب‬ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ رزذ‬ٌٝٚ‫ اٌذبٌخ األ‬ٟ‫ ﻓ‬if ‫د‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ ػٕذ‬-
:‫الحظ‬
:ً‫ ِض‬tell ٚ‫ أ‬say ِٓ ‫ ثذال‬ٜ‫ي أخش‬ٛ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ أﻓؼبي ل‬٠ -
explain ‫طشح‬٠ - report ‫جٍغ‬٠ - inform ‫خجش‬٠ - complain ٛ‫طى‬٠ - remark ‫ ِﻼدظخ‬ٜ‫جذ‬٠ -
mention ‫زوش‬٠ - indicate ‫ظخ‬ٛ٠ - assert ‫ؤوذ‬٠ - insis ‫صش‬٠ - exclaim ‫زؼجت‬٠
 He said, "The service in this hotel isn't good."
- He said / complained that the service in that hotel wasn't good.
: to + inf. ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ٚ ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ ثؼط األﻓؼبي‬٠ٚ
offer – promise – agree - refuse - decide + to + inf.
 My father promised that he would buy me a mobile phone on my birthday party.
- My father promised to buy me a mobile phone on my birthday party.
: v. + ing ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫ﺄر‬٠ٚ ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ ثؼط األﻓؼبي‬٠ٚ -
Suggest, deny ‫ٕىش‬٠ admit ‫ؼزشف‬٠ insist on ٍٝ‫صش ػ‬٠ ,object to ٍٝ‫ؼزشض ػ‬٠ apologize for+ v+ing
 Hend said/ admitted that she had broken my camera.
- Hend admitted breaking my camera.
=====================================================================
Key words for answer

then - at the moment - at that time - that day/ night was/were + v.ing
…………..

the ..... before - the previous / last ……. – earlier - had + P.P
already - since - for- lately - recently - by then

the following/next ……. – the ….. after - future - would + inf.

- was/were + v.ing
- was/were going to + inf.

42
 Reported Questions
Said \ said to asked \ wanted to know \ inquired \ wondered
 She said to him, "Are you going out this afternoon?"
- She asked him if/ whether I was going out that afternoon.
 He said to Menna, "Can you carry this bag by yourself?"
- He asked Menna if she could carry that bag by herself.
whether ٚ‫ أ‬if ‫ٔشثط ة‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٛ‫ دبٌخ اٌسؤاي ثفؼً ِسبػذ ٔذزف األل‬ٟ‫* ﻓ‬
or not ‫ اٌسؤاي‬ٟ‫جذ ﻓ‬ٚ ‫ إرا‬whether َ‫فعً اسزخذ‬٠ٚ
 I said to him, "Do you often read English books?"
- I asked him if he often read English books
whether ِٓ ‫ ثذال‬weather َ‫رسزخذ‬ٚ ‫ رزٍخجط‬ٝ‫ػ‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٚ ‫صذصخ‬
.َ‫ب‬ٙ‫بَ ٔشثط ثٕفس أداح االسزف‬ٙ‫* أِب إرا ثذأ اٌسؤاي ثﺄداح اسزف‬
.)‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٝ‫خ (ثبٌفبػً صُ اٌفؼً صُ ثبل‬٠‫بَ ثجٍّخ خجش‬ٙ‫ أداح االسزف‬ٚ‫) أ‬if whether ( ‫* رزجغ‬
 "Where did you go yesterday?" asked she.
- She asked Where I had gone the day before.

? Who/ What ٞ‫بَ ثزسﺄي ػٓ اٌفبػً ص‬ٙ‫ء ثىٍّخ اسزف‬ٜ‫ذ اٌسؤاي ثبد‬١‫ ٌم‬ٌٛ ٗ٠‫رؼًّ أ‬
ً‫بَ دٍذ ِذً اٌفبػ‬ٙ‫ ألْ أداح االسزف‬,ً‫ت ثؼذ٘ب ﻓؼً ِص ﻓبػ‬١‫ ٔج‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ِٓ اٌطج‬
 The teacher said, "Who helped you with your homework?"
- The teacher asks Who had helped me with my homework.

:‫الحظ‬
: ‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫ً اٌجٍّخ االسزف‬٠ٛ‫خ ػٕذ رذ‬٠‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬ٟ‫ﻼد اٌسبثك روش٘ب ﻓ‬٠ٛ‫رطجك ٔفس اٌزذ‬
.‫خ‬٠‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬ٟ‫اط وّب ﻓ‬ٛ‫اٌّىبْ داخً األل‬ٚ ْ‫ف اٌضِب‬ٚ‫ظش‬ٚ ‫أسّبء اإلضبسح‬ٚ ‫األﻓؼبي إٌبلصخ‬ٚ ‫ي األصِٕخ‬ٛ‫رذ‬
 I said to Ali, "What did you do yesterday?"
-I asked Ali what he had done the day before.
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ش اٌّجبضش ثبسزخذاَ اٌؼجبساد ا‬١‫خ ثغ‬ٙ١‫غخ ضج‬١‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ ص‬٠
Can/ Could you tell me/ Do you know + if/ whether/ َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أداح اسزف‬+ ً‫ فبه‬..... ?
 Could you tell me where I can buy a souvenir?
 Can you tell me what the time is?

"‫نيه حدا‬
.‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌجٍّخ االسزف‬ٟ‫خ ﻓ‬٠‫ي اٌخبصخ ثبٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬ٛ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ أﻓؼبي اٌم‬٠
 Emad didn't say whether she would visit me or not.
 I told my teacher why I hadn't done my homework.

43
 Reported imperatives, suggestions and advice
:‫لتحوىم حنلة األنر واالقتراح والوصىحة نن نباشر إلى غىر نباشر ىحب اتباع اآلتي‬
: ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ي ﻓؼً اٌم‬ٛ‫ذ‬٠ -1-
‫ذزس‬٠ - urge ‫ذش‬٠ - beg ٌٝ‫سً إ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ - tell ‫خجش‬٠ - ask ‫طٍت‬٠ - order ‫ﺄِش‬٠ - advise ‫ٕصخ‬٠ - warn ‫ذزس‬٠
teach ٍُ‫ؼ‬٠ - invite ٛ‫ذػ‬٠ - want ‫ذ‬٠‫ش‬٠ encourage ‫طجغ‬٠ instruct ٗ‫ج‬ٛ٠ ٍُ‫ؼ‬٠ - warn
. ‫ ثبٌّصذس‬ٝ‫ صُ ٔﺄر‬not to ٚ‫ أ‬to ‫ٔشثط ة‬ٚ (‫اط‬ٛ‫ص )األل‬١‫ رذزف ػﻼِبد اٌزٕص‬-2-
 "Open your books," said Mr Soliman.
- Mr Soliman ordered us to open our books.
 My father said, "Don't waste time."
- My father ordered me not to waste time.
 Ali said to his colleague, "Study science at university."
- Ali advised his colleague to study science at university.
 "If I were you, I'd take my coat," said my mother.
- My mother advised me to take my coat.
:ً‫جذد ػجبسح ِض‬ٚ ‫ إرا‬:‫ٌىٓ ػٕذ االلزشاح‬ٚ
What \ How about \ Shall we \ Why don't we \ Let's ......
‫وستخده الصىػة التالىة‬
v + ing
suggest / recommend + that + ً‫ ﻓبػ‬+ S ْٚ‫ِصذس اٌفؼً ثذ‬
that + ً‫ ﻓبػ‬+ )should( ً‫ِصذس اٌفؼ‬
 "Let's do Exercise 2 again," said Hagar.
- Hagar suggested doing / that I do Exersise 2 again.
 Mr Nader said, "You should organise your time."
- Mr Nader recommended organising / that we (should) organise our time.
 "Why don't we go for a walk?", said Hatem.
- Hatem suggested going for a walk.
:ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ش اٌّجبضش وب‬١‫ً ٌغ‬٠ٛ‫خ ثؼذ اٌزذ‬٠‫ْ ضىً اٌجٍّخ األِش‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ﻏبٌجب‬
told
asked
ordered
advised
encouraged to / not to
invited
warned

. ‫جذد‬ٚ ْ‫ إ‬please ‫ٔذزف وٍّخ‬ٚ ask \ beg َ‫ػٕذ اٌطٍت ٔسزخذ‬

 "Please, close the window," said she.
- She asked/begged me to close the window.
==========================================================

44
 ,Exercises
choose the correct answer:
1- Ashraf told Nader that he (has sent – is sending – was sending – had sent) him an e-mail the day before.

2- He (told – advised – ordered – asked) me if I had done my homework the day before.

3- She asked me where (would he go – he would go – will he go – he will go) the following week.
4- Eman (said – told - wondered – complained) how much I had paid for that suit.

5- The doctor asked the nurse (to – if – whether – that) take the patient’s temperature.

6- Eman (said – told – asked – wondered) her husband would buy her a present the following week.

6- Nader (said – told – asked – wondered) if he were not busy, he would visit us.

7- Eman (said – told – asked – wondered) her husband she had cooked the food the day before.
====================================================================================

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